張麗虹

Passage 1

New drone footage1 gives a glimpse of the damage that Hawaii’s Big Island sustained in the wake of volcanic explosions in recent days. Smoke can be seen billowing off the lava as it creeps down roads and through wooded areas toward homes. Fires are visible with terrifying streams of brightness2 breaking through the surrounding areas of black. After a day of relative calm， Kilauea roared back in full force on Sunday， spewing lava 300 feet in the air， encroaching on a half mile of new ground and bringing the total number of destroyed structures to 35. There have been 1，800 residents evacuated from their neighborhoods where cracks have been opening and spilling lava. In evacuated areas with relatively low sulfur dioxide levels， residents were allowed to return home for a few hours to collect belongings on Sunday and Monday. Officials said those residents—a little more than half of the evacuees—were allowed to return briefly， and they would continue to allow residents in if it could be done safely.3

“Things got pretty active，” an official said at a Saturday press conference. “The eight volcanoes were pretty active， to the point where lava was spewing4 and the flow started spreading so we got additional damage out there. I’m not sure what the count is， but we thought it was just continuing to go. Fortunately， seismicity has laid down and the volcanoes have gone quiet now.” But officials had cautioned that while the lava flow was quiet， it wouldn’t be for long. “More volcanoes could open up， the existing ones could get active again. “There’s a lot of lava under the ground so eventually it’s going to come up.” The island was also rocked by a 6.9-magnitude earthquake on Friday， which caused landslides near the coast， but minimal structural damage. The United States Geological Survey （USGS） said Sunday the island had experienced more than 500 earthquakes—13 with a magnitude greater than 4.0—in the 24 hours following the 6.9-magnitude quake. But， the concern for residents continues to be the lava and gas emitted from volcanoes. “The lava is definitely destroying people’s homes—we don’t have an exact count—but it is a devastating situation.” Hawaii County head said Saturday. “There’s no way we could’ve predicted this.”

【注釋】

1. footage是未經(jīng)剪輯的“短片（cinema film）”，因由無人機(jī)拍攝，可譯為“航拍短片”。

2. 此處的streams隱喻“細(xì)長(zhǎng)流動(dòng)的東西”，直譯為“令人恐怖的光亮流”后讀起來生硬，因此可用我們語言文化中相同的隱喻手法來翻譯，即“恐怖的火龍”。

3. 這句子包含一個(gè)插入語（parenthetical），插入語是英語的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，非常普遍，尤其在新聞?dòng)⒄Z和學(xué)術(shù)英語中。作者根據(jù)自身的表達(dá)需要，幾乎可隨意把概念插入句子的任何一個(gè)位置。插入語前后一般用逗號(hào)、括號(hào)和破折號(hào)與句子的其他成分隔開。然而，中國(guó)人不習(xí)慣使用插入語，因此在英譯漢中，源語的插入語給譯者帶來無窮無盡的麻煩。這也是CATTI考試英譯漢部分的一個(gè)測(cè)試點(diǎn)，無論是三級(jí)筆譯，還是二級(jí)筆譯，插入語是必考內(nèi)容。根據(jù)評(píng)分規(guī)定，將源語插入語結(jié)構(gòu)照搬到目標(biāo)語中來就要被重重扣分。因此，如何處理插入語成了CATTI考試成敗的關(guān)鍵之一。

插入語一般可用以下方法翻譯：（一）根據(jù)上下句的語言邏輯，將插入語移至句首或句尾;（二）根據(jù)表達(dá)需要和源語的邏輯，增加主語;（三）少量插入語可按源語順序譯出。因此，本句可這樣處理：

官方表示，撤離的那些居民中僅有一半多一點(diǎn)的人獲準(zhǔn)短暫回家，在安全得到保障的前提下，他們將繼續(xù)允許居民進(jìn)入。（插入語移至句首）

另見本文中的其余兩個(gè)插入語：

a） The United States Geological Survey （USGS） said Sunday the island had experienced more than 500 earthquakes—13 with a magnitude greater than 4.0—in the 24 hours following the 6.9-magnitude quake.

美國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局周日稱，在6.9級(jí)地震發(fā)生后的24小時(shí)內(nèi)，這座島嶼已經(jīng)歷了500多次地震，其中13次震級(jí)超過4.0級(jí)。（插入語移至句尾）

b） “The lava is definitely destroying people’s homes—we don’t have an exact count—but it is a devastating situation.”

“這熔巖毫無疑問正在摧毀著人們的家園。我們沒有確切的數(shù)字，但這是種毀家奪命的情形?！保ò丛凑Z順序譯出）

4. 此句中有兩個(gè)active，第二個(gè)可照搬詞典釋義，但第一個(gè)active則要根據(jù)語境推斷其語境意義（contextual meaning）。“[形勢(shì)]嚴(yán)峻”“[情況]不穩(wěn)定”在這一語境中均可接受。因此譯為：情況變得相當(dāng)不穩(wěn)定，這8座火山非?；钴S，到了巖漿噴涌……的地步。

在詞義選擇的難度方面，語境意義僅次于隱喻意義，因?yàn)檫@種意義往往超越詞典的釋義。例如，根據(jù)《英漢大詞典》（陸谷孫主編），heritage表示：①繼承，繼承財(cái)產(chǎn)，世襲財(cái)產(chǎn);②繼承物，遺留物，傳統(tǒng);③長(zhǎng)子繼承權(quán);④命中注定的東西，命運(yùn)。但在下列句子中，這些釋義都難以解釋heritage的意義。因此根據(jù)語境，我們只能將heritage釋為“文物”。

Finally， Mr. Faggiano was allowed to resume his pursuit of the sewage pipe on condition that heritage officials observed the work.（2017年5月 CATTI三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)真題）

法賈諾先生最終獲準(zhǔn)繼續(xù)尋找污水管，條件是在文物官員監(jiān)督下進(jìn)行工作。

【譯文】

夏威夷近日發(fā)生火山爆發(fā)之后，新的無人機(jī)航拍短片向人們大概展示了大島部分地區(qū)遭受的破壞。熔巖沿著道路流淌，穿過林地流向家園，可以看到煙霧繚繞。隨著恐怖的火龍突破周邊的黑色區(qū)域，燃燒點(diǎn)清晰可見。相對(duì)平靜的一天過去后，周日基拉韋厄火山全力咆哮，向空中噴出300英尺高的熔巖，吞噬了半英里的新地，使毀壞的建筑物總數(shù)達(dá)到35棟。在數(shù)個(gè)街區(qū)，地面已經(jīng)開裂，流出熔巖，故此已有1800名居民撤離家園。在二氧化硫含量相對(duì)較低的疏散地區(qū)，居民可以在周日和周一回家?guī)讉€(gè)小時(shí)收集財(cái)物（收拾細(xì)軟）。官方表示，撤離的那些居民中僅有一半多一點(diǎn)的人獲準(zhǔn)短暫回家，在安全得到保障的前提下，他們將繼續(xù)允許居民進(jìn)入。

一名官員在周六的新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上表示：“情況變得相當(dāng)不穩(wěn)定，這8座火山非?；钴S，到了巖漿噴涌，熔巖流開始四處擴(kuò)散的地步，所以我們的損失就更大了。目前沒有確切的數(shù)字，但我們?cè)缦日J(rèn)為情況會(huì)持續(xù)惡化。所幸的是，地震活動(dòng)已經(jīng)停止，現(xiàn)在噴口也安靜下來了?！比欢俜骄嬲f，雖然熔巖流很平靜，但不會(huì)平靜太久?！翱赡軙?huì)有更多的火山噴發(fā)，眼前的火山可能會(huì)重新活躍起來。地下有很多巖漿，所以最終會(huì)噴發(fā)出來?！敝芪澹搷u還發(fā)生6.9級(jí)地震，導(dǎo)致海岸附近的山體滑坡，但對(duì)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞極小。美國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局周日稱，在6.9級(jí)地震發(fā)生后的24小時(shí)內(nèi)，這座島嶼已經(jīng)歷了500多次地震，其中13次震級(jí)超過4.0級(jí)。不過，居民仍然擔(dān)心火山口噴出的熔巖和氣體。夏威夷縣縣長(zhǎng)周六說：“這熔巖毫無疑問正在摧毀著人們的家園。我們沒有確切的數(shù)字，但這是種毀家奪命的情形。我們不可能預(yù)測(cè)到這一點(diǎn)。”

Passage 2

Just as in America， in Britain too， the story told by official statistics does not always match people’s experience. That is especially true in places like Newcastle， a former shipbuilding city， which lost out to competition from Asia in the 1970s and has seen living standards stagnate ever since. The U.S. economy， we are told， is booming. In the past two quarters， gross domestic product has risen by more than 3%， the stock market is soaring and unemployment is down to a 17-year low of 4.1%. Many people， though， don’t feel that upside. The perception gap is huge. Unemployment， more broadly measured， is higher than the headline number suggests because many people have simply given up looking for work or are working in part-time jobs when they want a full-time job. One of the prime faults of GDP is that it deals in averages and aggregates. Aggregates hide the inequality. And averages don’t tell us very much at all. Barring a few recessions， the U.S. economy has been on a near relentless upward path since the 1950s. Yet according to a Pew Research Center report， the average hourly wage for non-management private-sector work was $20.67 in 2014， just $1.49 higher than in 1964， adjusted for inflation5.

Studies suggest that people care more about relative than absolute wealth. If that is true， then as a minority have become richer， the majority have grown more miserable. In a famous experiment carried out at Emory University， two monkeys were put side by side and given cucumbers as a reward for performing a task. When one of the monkeys was given better-tasting grapes instead， the monkey receiving cucumbers became distraught， flinging its now despised reward at its trainer6. The problems with using GDP as a barometer go beyond masking inequality. Invented in the U.S. in the 1930s， the figure is a child of the manufacturing age—good at measuring physical production but not the services that dominate modern economies. How would GDP measure the quality of mental-health care or the availability of day-care centers and parks in your area？7 Even the Belarusian economist who practically invented GDP did not like the fact that it counted armaments and financial speculation as positive outputs. Above all， he said， GDP should never be confused with well-being. That suggests we need to find different ways of measuring our success. For the most part， we have become obsessed with a single measure that offers only limited information.

【注釋】

5. 該短語直譯的話是“根據(jù)通脹調(diào)整后”，但我國(guó)新聞報(bào)道和黨政文獻(xiàn)中常用的表達(dá)是“扣除物價(jià)上漲因素后”或“扣除通脹因素后”。

6. 由于上文有個(gè)distraught（憤憤不平），此句中的fling… at應(yīng)譯為“砸向”，而不是“扔給”，因?yàn)榻樵~at表示敵意，如to talk at John（含沙射影地說約翰）、to run at the stranger（撲向陌生人）。

7. availability是個(gè)抽象名詞，指“可用性”，即“你住的地方有多少日托中心和公園可供人使用”。但上文提到了質(zhì)量，下文可用數(shù)量與之相對(duì)。因此，整句可譯為：那么國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值如何才能衡量你所在地區(qū)的心理衛(wèi)生保健質(zhì)量或日托中心和公園的數(shù)量呢？

【譯文】

美國(guó)如此，英國(guó)亦如此，官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的報(bào)道并不總是和人們的體驗(yàn)相稱。這種情況在紐卡斯?fàn)栠@樣的地方尤其如此，紐卡斯?fàn)栐欢仁莻€(gè)造船城市，20世紀(jì)70年代徹底輸給了來自亞洲的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，從此生活水平停滯不前。據(jù)說，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)正在蓬勃發(fā)展。過去兩個(gè)季度，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值漲幅超過3%，股市飆升，失業(yè)率降至17年來的最低點(diǎn)4.1%。不過，很多人并未感受到那種好轉(zhuǎn)。感知差距巨大。更廣泛的統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，失業(yè)率高于新聞標(biāo)題數(shù)字所顯示的，因?yàn)樵S多人只是放棄了找工作，或者想找全職工作的時(shí)候只有兼職工作可干。國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的主要缺陷之一是其只關(guān)注平均值與總和的關(guān)系?？偤脱谏w了不平等的細(xì)微差別。而平均值根本不會(huì)告訴我們什么。除了幾次經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退外，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)自20世紀(jì)50年代以來一直在近乎持續(xù)上揚(yáng)的軌道上。然而，皮尤研究中心的一份報(bào)告顯示，扣除通脹因素后，2014年私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)非管理工作崗位的平均時(shí)薪為20.67美元，僅比1964年略高出1.49美元。

研究表明，人們更加關(guān)心相對(duì)財(cái)富，而非絕對(duì)財(cái)富。如果這屬實(shí)，那么隨著少數(shù)人變得更富裕，多數(shù)人則會(huì)變得更清苦。在埃默里大學(xué)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)著名實(shí)驗(yàn)中，將兩只猴子并排放在一起，完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，就獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)它們黃瓜。當(dāng)其中一只猴子得到更美味的葡萄時(shí)，得到黃瓜的猴子變得憤憤不平，把它現(xiàn)在瞧不上眼的獎(jiǎng)賞砸向?qū)嶒?yàn)員。把國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值作為晴雨表的問題遠(yuǎn)不止是掩蓋不平等。這一統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字誕生于20世紀(jì)30年代的美國(guó)，因此是制造業(yè)時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物;這一方法長(zhǎng)于衡量實(shí)體生產(chǎn)，卻短于衡量主導(dǎo)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的服務(wù)業(yè)。國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值如何才能衡量你所在地區(qū)的心理衛(wèi)生保健質(zhì)量或日托中心和公園的數(shù)量呢？即便是實(shí)際上發(fā)明了GDP統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的白俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，也對(duì)自己的創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)生了懷疑。他不喜歡把軍備和金融投機(jī)算作積極的產(chǎn)出。他說，最重要的是，永遠(yuǎn)不要把GDP與幸福感混為一談。這就意味著我們需要找到衡量成功的不同方法。在極大程度上，我們一直在為這單一的衡量方法歡呼雀躍，而這種方法只能提供有限的信息。