我們先來(lái)看看以下一組雅思考試真題:
1. An increasing number of people are changing careers during the working life. What do you think are the reasons? Do you think it is a positive or a negative trend? (2014/6/21)
2. In some countries, more and more people choose to live by themselves. Is that a positive or negative trend of the society? What are the causes? (2014/9/27)
3. Children find it difficult to concentrate on or pay attention to school. What are the reasons? How can we solve this problem? (2017/4/29)
4. In many countries, more and more fathers are staying at home to look after children, while mothers work full-time. What are the reasons? Is it positive or negative? (2017/12/14)
5. More and more people want to buy famous brands with clothes, cars and other items. What are the reasons behind this? Do you think it is a positive or negative development? (2018/6/23)
6. These days an increasing number of people in many cities know little about their neighbors and do not have a sense of community. What do you think are the causes and what solution can you suggest? (2018/7/19)
不難看出,這些題目的命題模式是一樣的,即先提出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,然后讓考生分析這些現(xiàn)象的原因,最后提出解決辦法或討論其優(yōu)劣。題目具體要求請(qǐng)看下表。
題號(hào) 現(xiàn)象 問(wèn)題
1 越來(lái)越多的人換工作 原因是什么?是好還是壞?
2 越來(lái)越多的人選擇獨(dú)居 原因是什么?是好還是壞?
3 孩子們很難專心學(xué)習(xí) 原因是什么?怎么解決?
題號(hào) 現(xiàn)象 問(wèn)題
4 家庭主夫越來(lái)越多 原因是什么?是好還是壞?
5 越來(lái)越多的人喜歡名牌 原因是什么?是好還是壞?
6 越來(lái)越多的人不關(guān)心鄰居 原因是什么?怎么解決?
這類題目中,我們完全不必去考慮給定現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題的合理性。比如第1題中,“越來(lái)越多的人換工作”,這個(gè)是題目給定的說(shuō)法,考生不需要考慮此說(shuō)法是否合理。即使在某些情況下,考生并不認(rèn)可題目給定的現(xiàn)象,也不能花大篇幅去討論,因?yàn)檫@類題目的重心在后面,即對(duì)產(chǎn)生這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的原因進(jìn)行分析??傮w來(lái)說(shuō),這類題目的行文結(jié)構(gòu)如下:
第1段:引出要討論的問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象
第2、3段:分析問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因
第4段:針對(duì)原因提出解決辦法或分析利弊
那么如何分析原因呢?老雅認(rèn)為,世界上任何一個(gè)現(xiàn)象都有其原因,而且這個(gè)原因是分層次的,也就是我們經(jīng)常說(shuō)的表層原因和深層原因,或內(nèi)因和外因。表層原因/內(nèi)因主要涉及個(gè)體和自身的原因,包括物質(zhì)原因、心理原因等;深層原因/外因則主要涉及個(gè)體之外的社會(huì)、歷史、文化原因等。如果我們以這種方式來(lái)考察任何現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因,我們就會(huì)找到很多素材,同時(shí)還能做到井井有條,邏輯有序。這是此類問(wèn)題的一般思維方式,烤鴨應(yīng)該結(jié)合不同題目選擇素材進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作。結(jié)合以上分析,老雅嘗試給出本文開(kāi)頭6道雅思作文真題的審題思路,供大家參考(本文僅列出分析原因部分)。
第1題:越來(lái)越多的人換工作,原因是什么?是好還是壞?
思路:(1)個(gè)人原因:追求更高收入;(2)心理原因:現(xiàn)在人們?cè)谛睦砩辖邮茴l繁更換工作這一做法;(3)社會(huì)原因:市場(chǎng)和技術(shù)變化越來(lái)越快,一輩子從事同一件工作的可能性越來(lái)越小,即社會(huì)迫使人們頻繁更換工作。
第2題:越來(lái)越多的人選擇獨(dú)居,原因是什么?是好還是壞?
思路:(1)個(gè)人原因:獨(dú)居減輕經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力;(2)心理原因:獨(dú)居帶來(lái)心理自由;(3)社會(huì)原因:網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展使獨(dú)居的人也不孤獨(dú),社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度的完善則使獨(dú)居者不再為老年生活擔(dān)憂。
第3題:孩子們很難專心學(xué)習(xí),原因是什么?怎么解決?
思路:(1)個(gè)人原因:孩子們受很多因素(比如網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲)的干擾;(2)心理/社會(huì)原因:接受教育似乎已經(jīng)不再是成功的唯一途徑,孩子們不再愿意投入那么多時(shí)間來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。
第4題:家庭主夫越來(lái)越多,原因是什么?是好還是壞?
思路:(1)個(gè)人/心理原因:現(xiàn)在,男人在家里做家務(wù)照顧孩子,也不是一件丟臉的事情;(2)社會(huì)原因:就業(yè)市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)改變,女人可以從事的工作越來(lái)越多,男人獨(dú)占的工作相對(duì)減少。
第5題:越來(lái)越多的人喜歡名牌,原因是什么?是好還是壞?
思路:(1)個(gè)人原因:名牌是質(zhì)量的保證,因此購(gòu)買名牌可以享受更好的產(chǎn)品;(2)心理/社會(huì)原因:使用名牌意味著擁有一定身份,容易被更多人接納和信任。
第6題:越來(lái)越多的人不關(guān)心鄰居,原因是什么?怎么解決?
思路:(1)個(gè)人原因:網(wǎng)絡(luò)及社交媒體的發(fā)展使人們不需要通過(guò)鄰居來(lái)獲得歸屬感;(2)心理原因:不信任鄰居;(3)社會(huì)原因:越來(lái)越多的媒體負(fù)面報(bào)道讓人們不再放心與鄰居交往。
下面是老雅原創(chuàng)的一篇范文,讀者可以結(jié)合實(shí)例看看這種原因分析類題目一般怎樣寫(xiě)。
題目
These days an increasing number of people in many cities know little about their neighbors and do not have a sense of community. What do you think are the causes and what solution can you suggest? (2018/7/19)
審題
在城市里,鄰居之間互不交往,鄰居發(fā)生了什么事情漠不關(guān)心,大家完全沒(méi)有社區(qū)意識(shí),這已經(jīng)是一個(gè)十分普遍的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。那么原因到底是什么?我們可以從哪幾個(gè)方面來(lái)分析?原因當(dāng)然是多方面多層次的,在短短的250字內(nèi)不可能談完談深。也許是受到媒體的影響,認(rèn)為鄰居可能不是好人,可能會(huì)搶我甚至害我(物質(zhì)層面);也許是家里的網(wǎng)絡(luò)給了我太多歸屬感,讓我沉醉在虛擬世界里(心理層面);也許是現(xiàn)在科技發(fā)達(dá),很多事情我們都可以自己獨(dú)立完成,不再需要鄰居幫忙(社會(huì)層面)。那么怎么辦?無(wú)非是遠(yuǎn)離手機(jī)、電腦,去與鄰居交流,去加入社區(qū)活動(dòng);新聞媒體應(yīng)該多報(bào)道社會(huì)的積極面,而不是那些聳人聽(tīng)聞的陰暗面,等等。
老雅范文
Now we have numerous newspaper reports about a child being robbed without anybody offering to help him or a ninety-year-old poor woman dead at home for days without anybody knowing it.[這個(gè)開(kāi)頭旨在通過(guò)具體案例描述題目給定的現(xiàn)象,即人們互不關(guān)心]All these reports point to one key problem city dwellers face nowadays, especially in big cities: they seldom interact with their neighbors, much less to say they care about their neighbors, and they feel lonely because they do not feel they belong to any community.[通過(guò)案例描述帶出需要解釋的現(xiàn)象]
When asked why they do not socialize with their neighbors, many people would respond by saying “Why should I? This is a dangerous city!”[這樣寫(xiě)主題句,比模板化的句子如“Firstly, people do not socialize with their neighbors because they think it dangerous to do so.”更生動(dòng)、靈活]Indeed, modern media such as TV, newspaper and the Internet have had way too much coverage about the city’s crimes like theft, robbery and murder. People constantly exposed to such reports of the dark side of the city life may harbor the idea that nobody is trustworthy, including their neighbors.[本段寫(xiě)第一個(gè)原因:人們看多了負(fù)面新聞,認(rèn)為鄰居都不可信任]
Meanwhile, people now do not feel any more the necessity to communicate with their neighbors or become part of a community.[主題句:人們不再有必要和鄰居交往]Anyway, they do not need their neighbors like they did before. They work, earn enough money, and go back home. When they want to talk, they can just pick up their cellphone and talk to anybody in the world; when they have some brilliant ideas they want to share, they can go online with a few simple clicks and then post their ideas there.[本段用例證的手法,論述人們現(xiàn)在不需要和鄰居交往]
But we all know that confinement is no good, no matter how many friends or fans we may have online. As part and parcel of the solution to the problem, I would suggest everybody have an “Internet-free moment”.[提出解決辦法之一:“無(wú)網(wǎng)時(shí)刻”]Simply put, we can set aside an hour every day, in which we try to reach out for our neighbors personally rather than with a cellphone or laptop.[解釋什么是“無(wú)網(wǎng)時(shí)刻”]Once we begin to care about real people around us, we will suddenly find ourselves living in a community that also cares about us. This experience is much more rewarding than having thousands of virtual friends who do not really know us. [討論“無(wú)網(wǎng)時(shí)刻”的好處] At the same time, all media should be fully aware of their share of responsibility in this problem, and try to bring more positive stories about the city life.[簡(jiǎn)要提出另外一個(gè)建議:媒體應(yīng)該多報(bào)道城市生活的積極面]? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? □
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