朱文一 岳 陽

在今天的北京老城四合院街區(qū)中，有一些在歷史發(fā)展中建造的多層建筑。這些多層建筑與老城四合院建筑高度相差很大，形成了高低“錯落無秩”的天際線。2019年清華大學建筑學院四年級畢業(yè)設計課程題目《老北京·微輪廓》（Old Beijing Micro Skyline）要求學生通過老城中既有多層建筑的改造設計，實現(xiàn)對老城街區(qū)天際線的優(yōu)化。

課程要求學生在北京老城范圍內選定一棟或一組既有多層框架結構建筑，進行調研和考察。10名學生分別自行選取了10片街區(qū)中的10組多層既有建筑（圖1）。課程提出了4項設計挑戰(zhàn)：第一是建立和加強老城保護意識。老城建筑及其街區(qū)整體上是傳承歷史文化的物質載體。如何保護歷史環(huán)境是文化可持續(xù)的體現(xiàn)。第二是強化對老城建成環(huán)境的認識。如何選擇既有建筑并在實地調研的基礎上策劃未來，提出設計任務書，需要學生具備社會觀察能力和專業(yè)考察能力。第三是以城市設計視角設計建筑。如何優(yōu)化既有多層建筑，使之與周邊四合院傳統(tǒng)建筑的關系更加和諧，要求學生特別注重建筑與周邊的關聯(lián)和建筑在城市中的定位。10名學生在10塊地段上，以10個不同的設計方案實現(xiàn)了“老北京·微輪廓”的課程教學目標。

高英洲同學的作業(yè)是“公棚”設計（圖2）。在調研北京磁器口地區(qū)有悠久傳統(tǒng)的“公棚”（古代鴿舍的稱謂）的基礎上，作業(yè)選址空置的某單位四層建筑，并將其設計改造為供居民養(yǎng)鴿、賞鴿以及了解鴿文化的當代城市“公棚”，實現(xiàn)了“老北京·微輪廓”的和諧天際線。

周敬硯同學的作業(yè)是“針灸景觀”（圖3）。在調研和分析護國寺中醫(yī)院建筑的基礎上，策劃了以針灸治療為主的設計任務，將現(xiàn)狀中醫(yī)院改造為針灸醫(yī)院。作業(yè)考慮了改造建筑與周邊四合院的關系，采用疊落方式柔化新老建筑群輪廓線，呼應了“老北京·微輪廓”的設計目標。

圖1 / Figure 1 10名學生自選的10個設計地段10 Sites in Beijing selected by Students Themselves

圖2 / Figure 2 城市“公棚”信鴿中心設計方案，高英洲Proposal “ONE LOFT”for carrier pigeon community by GAO Yingzhou

圖3 / Figure 3 針灸醫(yī)院設計方案，周敬硯Proposal Acupuncture Hospital by ZHOU Jingyan

圖4 / Figure 4 “史家書局”方案，傅懷穎Proposal Shijia Bookstore by FU Huaiying

圖5 / Figure 5 “放學市集”方案，沈伊茜Proposal Comunity Food Market by SHEN Yiqian

傅懷穎同學的作業(yè)是“史家書局”（圖4）。通過調研分析史家胡同片區(qū)的歷史文脈，策劃了增強傳承史家胡同文史傳統(tǒng)的公共讀書空間。通過對選址周邊建筑天際線分析，設計采用化整為零的方式，改造了兩組建筑，形成新的院落空間，體現(xiàn)了“老北京·微輪廓”的設計目標。

沈伊茜同學的作業(yè)是“放學市集”（圖5）。通過對宣武地區(qū)老城小學校前空間的類型化分析，作業(yè)策劃了主要服務于小學生及接送家長的“放學市集”功能。該作業(yè)將所選的小型醫(yī)院既有建筑改造成鮮蔬市場，既可以彌補街區(qū)缺失功能，又可為兒童和老人提供接送期間的休息活動空間。該作業(yè)的特點是將原有建筑底部及四周空間開放，同時營造出具有活力的中庭和頂部空間，回應了與周邊建筑的關系和“老北京·微輪廓”的設計目標。

Within the Siheyuan traditional courtyard houses area of Beijing old city today, there are some multistorey buildings built in past decades. These multistorey buildings differ greatly from the height of the traditional courtyard buildings, forming an unfriendly skyline. In 2019, Year 4 graduation design studio of Tsinghua University School of Architecture titled "Old Beijing Micro Skyline" requires students to optimize the skyline of Beijing old city through the redesigning of existing multi storey buildings.

The studio requires students to select one or a group of multi-storey frame structure buildings in the old city of Beijing for their design site (Figure 1). There are four design challenges as follows: thefirst is to establish and strengthen the awareness of the conservation of the old city. The old city buildings and their neighborhoods are the physical carriers of historical and cultural heritage. How to protect the historical environment is a manifestation of cultural sustainability. The second is to strengthen the understanding of the built environment of the old city.How to choose existing buildings and plan the future based onfield research, and propose a program for the design, students need to have social observation ability and professional ability. The third is to design the building from the perspective of urban design.How to optimize the existing multi storey buildings to make them more harmonious with the traditional architecture of the surrounding courtyards, requiring students to pay particular attention to the connection between the building and the surrounding, and the positioning of the building in the city. 10 students achieved the teaching objectives of the “Old Beijing -Micro Skyline” on 10 sites through 10 different design approaches.