閆躍
“a dream come true”這一結(jié)構(gòu),到底是對還是錯呢?倘若是對的,又該如何理解呢?如果說它是個句子,可謂語動詞又有語法錯誤;如果說它是個短語,那動詞短語come true又應(yīng)作何解釋呢?本文擬對這些問題作一探討。
我們知道,現(xiàn)代英語中,完成式由“have + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。然而,在古英語中,及物動詞完成式的結(jié)構(gòu)為“have + 過去分詞”,而不及物動詞完成式的結(jié)構(gòu)為“be + 過去分詞”。比如,古英語中說“He is come.”表示“他已經(jīng)來了?!闭\然,在現(xiàn)代英語中,不管動詞是否及物,其完成式均結(jié)合助動詞have加以構(gòu)成。但不可忽視的是,有少數(shù)不及物動詞仍蘊含古英語遺風,其完成式存在兩種結(jié)構(gòu)并存的情況,且這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的核心意義相同,不同之處在于,“be + 過去分詞”側(cè)重表示狀態(tài)(state),而“have + 過去分詞”側(cè)重表示動作(action)。例如:
Spring is come. 春天來了,萬物生機盎然。(= Spring has come and everything is full of life.)
The sun is set. 太陽下山了。(= The sun has set and is no longer in the sky.)
The city is fallen. 那座城市淪亡了。(= The city has fallen and is in a state of decay.)
The snow is melted. 雪化了。(= The snow has melted and none of it can be seen any more.)
The weeds are grown in the fields. 田里長滿了野草。(= The weeds have grown everywhere and the fields are now full of them.)
同樣地,以下例句均側(cè)重表示狀態(tài),如果要側(cè)重表示動作,則可將動詞be換成have:
All hope is gone. 所有的希望都沒了。
The curtains are faded. 這些窗簾已經(jīng)褪色了。
The enemy soldiers were fled. 敵兵已經(jīng)逃跑了。
Her father is now retired. 她父親現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)退休了。
They are agreed on that point. 他們在那一點上意見一致。
John is graduated with honors. 約翰已經(jīng)以優(yōu)異成績畢業(yè)。
As luck would have it, the guests were just departed/ returned. 客人們碰巧剛剛離開/回來。
Finally, (when they were) arrived at the top of the mountain, they decided to have a rest. 最終,到達山頂后,他們決定休息一下。
The concert was booked out, and in any case, most of the people (who were) gathered in the square could not afford the price of a ticket. 音樂會的票已預(yù)訂一空,不管怎樣,大多數(shù)聚集在廣場上的人都買不起票。
總的來說,就完成式的結(jié)構(gòu)而言,相對于“have +過去分詞”,“be + 過去分詞”的描述更加形象與感性,也更富有表現(xiàn)張力。想象一下,假如正值深秋,“The leaves have fallen.”只是對“葉子已經(jīng)落下”這一情況的客觀敘述,而“The leaves are fallen.”則更容易讓讀者聯(lián)想到“落葉滿地,時而隨風飄起”的畫面,濃濃的秋意也躍然紙上。
既然在古英語中,不及物動詞的完成式需利用助動詞be構(gòu)成,且現(xiàn)代英語里仍有這一用法的殘留,那么對于“關(guān)系代詞 + be + 不及物動詞過去分詞”而言,如果里面的be動詞是現(xiàn)在式(am/is/are)或過去式(was/ were),那么,關(guān)系代詞與be動詞就可同時省略,這便是不及物動詞過去分詞作定語的最初來源。只不過英語發(fā)展至今,不及物動詞過去分詞作定語時,單個的分詞一般只能前置;分詞短語則視情況而定,前置和后置的現(xiàn)象均存在。
現(xiàn)代英語中,大部分不及物動詞的過去分詞不能作定語,其完成式也不能通過助動詞be構(gòu)成,這類不及物動詞的“現(xiàn)代化”程度最高;但有些不及物動詞的“現(xiàn)代化”程度就低了些,它們的過去分詞可以作定語,這種不及物動詞有下面兩種類型:1. 只能結(jié)合助動詞have構(gòu)成完成式。例如:
the absconded debtor = the debtor who has absconded 潛逃了的債務(wù)人
the eloped lovers = the lovers that have eloped私奔的情侶
the exploded bomb = the bomb that has exploded 爆炸了的炸彈
the escaped prisoner = the prisoner who has escaped 逃掉的囚犯
the settled refugees = the refugees who have settled(down) 安居的避難者
assembled soldiers = soldiers that have assembled 集合完畢的士兵
revolted subjects = subjects that have revolted 反叛的臣民
vanished civilizations = civilizations that have vanished消失了的文明
wilted flowers = flowers that have wilted 已枯萎的花
過去分詞短語如果由“副詞 + 分詞”構(gòu)成,二者之間可加上連字符,構(gòu)成一個合成詞,用作前置定語。例如:
a well-read woman = a woman who has read a lot 一位博學的女子
recently-arisen problems = problems which have arisen recently 新出現(xiàn)的問題
much-traveled journalists = journalists who have traveled a lot 到過很多地方的記者
需注意的是,合成詞grown-up與run-away盡管也可用作前置定語,但其構(gòu)成形式為“分詞 + 副詞”。例如:
a grown-up son = a son who has grown up 已經(jīng)長大成人的兒子
run-away criminals = criminals who have run away 逃走的罪犯
2. 可以結(jié)合助動詞be構(gòu)成完成式。在完成式的構(gòu)成形式上,這類不及物動詞受古英語影響最大,其“現(xiàn)代化”程度也最低。例如:
an aged writer = a writer that is/has aged 一位已上了年紀的作家
a deceased partner = a partner that is/has deceased 一位已故的伙伴
the expired pact = the pact that is/has expired 期滿的協(xié)議
the failed candidate = the candidate who is/has failed失敗的候選人
a grown boy = a boy who is/has grown 一個已經(jīng)長大的男孩
the retired manager = the manager who is/has retired已退休的經(jīng)理
returned students = students who are/have returned 歸國留學生
the risen moon = the moon that is/has risen 已經(jīng)升起的月亮
a swollen face = a face that is/has swollen 腫起來的臉
departed youth = youth that is/has departed 消逝的青春
dated maps = maps that are/have dated 過時的地圖
fallen leaves = leaves that are/have fallen 落葉
faded colors = colors that are/have faded 褪了的顏色
increased prices = prices that are/have increased 已經(jīng)上漲的價格
withered roses = roses that are/have withered 已凋謝的玫瑰
a full-grown elephant = an elephant that is/has grown fully 一頭成年大象(full-grown中的full是副詞)
newly-arrived immigrants = immigrants who are/ have newly arrived 新到的移民
值得注意的是,在現(xiàn)代英語中,這類分詞有一部分可以直接用作形容詞,因此當它們位于be動詞之后時,所構(gòu)成的搭配存在兩種不同的解讀:一種視其為古英語完成式的殘留,另一種則將其看作現(xiàn)代英語中的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。然而,兩種解讀下,這一搭配的核心意義和語用效果是相同的,即均表示所述對象所處的狀態(tài)。此外,這類過去分詞與副詞、介詞短語、不定式等構(gòu)成的短語(含有連字符的合成詞不在此列),用作定語時需后置。例如:
a guest (who is/has) just arrived from America 一位剛從美國來的客人
the train (that is/has) recently arrived at Platform One 剛到一號站臺的列車
a man (who is/has) just gone to India 一個剛?cè)ビ《鹊娜?/p>
a gentleman (who is/has) returned from abroad 一位從國外回來的紳士