張皓馳
摘要:供電系統(tǒng)是機場建設工程的重要組成部分。南蘇丹屬于經(jīng)濟落后地區(qū),因為戰(zhàn)爭的原因電力設施非常落后,本文較詳細地介紹了適合于本項目的供電設計及改進措施的研究。
Abstract: Power supply system is very important for airport. South Sudan is a development country, the economic is very terrible. Due to the civil war, the power grid facility for airport is seriously damaged. This article introduces a real scheme power supply design project, which is fit for the current situation.
關鍵詞:機場;供電系統(tǒng);電力設施落后地區(qū);安全性;可靠性
Key words: airport;power supply system;backward economic and power facility area;safety;reliability
中圖分類號:F562 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文章編號:1006-4311(2019)12-0170-04
0 ?引言
供電系統(tǒng)在機場工程中至關重要,系統(tǒng)設計的可靠性及容錯性會直接影響涉及機場運行安全及舒適性的飛行區(qū)目視助航燈光、導航臺站、機場安保設施、航站樓內(nèi)的旅客電子信息引導等。南蘇丹為非洲的經(jīng)濟落后地區(qū),因為戰(zhàn)爭等原因外部電力設施處于半癱瘓狀態(tài),機場電力供應經(jīng)常因為外部原因中斷。筆者參與了本項目,認真調(diào)研了類似項目及現(xiàn)場實際情況、并考慮投資成本、運營成本、機場規(guī)模、預計吞吐量、氣候等眾多因素,提出了相對合理的設計方案及運營措施。
項目地處海外,屬于國家一帶一路戰(zhàn)略工程,項目除了要滿足合同制定的中國標準外,還要滿足當?shù)氐姆煞ㄒ?guī)、使用習慣,當?shù)赜胁簧倜绹O計標準的影子,業(yè)主在項目實施過程中明確表達了對中國規(guī)范并不熟悉,希望在項目設計過程中對比其它國際標準以確保供電系統(tǒng)的安全和可靠。
1 ?項目背景介紹
南蘇丹共和國位于非洲東北部,屬于內(nèi)陸國,東鄰埃塞俄比亞,南接肯尼亞、烏干達和剛果民主共和國,西鄰中非共和國,北接蘇丹。由于長期內(nèi)戰(zhàn),南蘇丹經(jīng)濟十分落后,國家電網(wǎng)處于半癱瘓狀態(tài),商品基本依賴進口、價格高昂,是非洲最不發(fā)達的地區(qū)之一。
本文中的機場建于二十世紀60年代,機場在改擴建之前電力設施陳舊,機場經(jīng)常停電,運行過程中各類事故也頻繁發(fā)生。但因政治、經(jīng)濟需要,機場需要處理國際和國內(nèi)航班,貨運航班和商業(yè)包機航班。機場也供南蘇丹軍隊使用,并作為降落聯(lián)合國救助航班的機場使用。機場電力系統(tǒng)的升級及改擴建已刻不容緩。
2 ?合同規(guī)定的供電主系統(tǒng)設計規(guī)范要求分析
根據(jù)合同的要求,供電主系統(tǒng)的設計規(guī)范如下:
①ICAO Annex 14, Vol.1:《Aerodrome Design and Operations》(2013);
②ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual, Doc 9157-AN/901 Part 5 《Electrical Systems》 (1983);
③MH 5001 《民用機場飛行區(qū)設計標準》(2013);
④GB 50052《供配電系統(tǒng)設計規(guī)范》(2009);
⑤JGJ 16 《民用建筑電氣設計規(guī)范》(2008)。
依據(jù)以上合同列明的規(guī)范,對于南蘇丹朱巴國際機場內(nèi)的供電要求提煉如下:
①對于設有機場燈光和無線電導航設施的機場應設置主電源和第二電源。
②主電源要求有兩個獨立的輸入電源而不是單獨一個電源,電路的設計應能在一路電源中斷時保證設備的完好運行。當然,取決于每一個具體情況的安全、可靠、統(tǒng)計要求和經(jīng)濟要求,也可以采用其它供電方案。
③第二電源可以取自獨立的公用電源或是備用發(fā)電機。
④對于候機樓等一級負荷應由兩個電源供電,當一個電源故障時,另一個電源不應同時受到損害。
⑤對于航空管制、飛行區(qū)助航燈光系統(tǒng)和臺站用電等一級負荷中特別重要負荷,應增設應急電源。應急電源可以采用獨立于正常電源的發(fā)電機組。
3 ?美國設計標準對于供電要求以及和國標對比
美國標準的相關規(guī)范要求主要為:
①FAA-150/5340-30G的9.4章節(jié)中對飛行區(qū)目視助航燈光提出了一主一備電源以及自動投切的要求,并規(guī)定了3種可選電源配置的方法。
9.4. ELECTRICAL POWER CONFIGURATIONS.
a. Basic Configurations. The minimum quality of power needed at a facility varies with the effect that an outage of the facility would have on the provisions of paragraph 9.3. The exact relationship of an individual facility to its environment is, of course, unique; but each type of facility (e.g., HIRL, centerline lights, etc.) has been evaluated for criticalness in the NAS. The evaluation resulted in the development of the configurations listed below:
(1) Configuration “A”. This configuration provides facilities with power from an emergency power unit within 15 seconds after failure of the prime power source, except those CAT II lighting aids (listed in paragraph 9.4a(2)) requiring a one-second transfer. Details concerning CAT II operation are contained in AC 120-29, Criteria for Approval of Category I and Category II Weather Minima for Approach. The system consists of:
(a) Connection to a prime power source.
(b) Emergency power unit(s).
(c) Automatic transfer capability.
(2) Configuration “B”. This configuration provides facilities with power from an alternate prime power source within 15 seconds after failure of the prime power source except those CAT II lighting aids requiring a one-second transfer. These are CAT II HIRL, centerline lights, and touchdown zone lights. The system consists of:
(a) Connection to a prime power source.
(b) Connection to an alternate prime power source.
(c) Automatic transfer capability.
(3) Configuration “C”. Configuration “C” provides connections of the facility to a single power source. There are no provisions for alternate prime power or engine generator sets. All lighting aids not covered in Configurations “A” and “B” are in Configuration “C”. Even though standby power is not required for Configuration “C”, a higher grade configuration of power is encouraged for airport lighting systems where a second source can be provided at a reasonable cost.
②FAA 150/5300-13A,Airport Design第608章節(jié)、以及其Order 6950.2D對機場的電子導航設施供電要求為提出了主用電源、備用電源、至少4小時應急電源要求(應急電源可為蓄電池設備)
608. Electrical power.
The FAA recognizes the need to have a reliable power source to operate NAVAIDs, even during utility power outages. Order 6030.20 establishes Continuous Power Airports (CPAs) that provide continuous operations in the event of an area-wide utility failure. Backup power to designated runways at these airports must be able to supply power for at least 4 hours for runway lighting as well as navigation, landing and communication equipment. In addition, FAA policy also requires that power systems used for support of Category (CAT) II and CAT-III operations must be capable of transferring to an alternate source within one second. Information on FAA funding for electrical power systems can be found in Order 5100.38.
(1) A - denotes a commercial power source, a standby engine generator and an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). This configuration shall provide uninterruptible, conditioned power with AC voltage in and AC voltage out.