王立濤 連興基 譚寧
[摘要] 急性腎損傷(AKI)是一種以腎功能迅速下降、高死亡率為特征的常見嚴重疾病。然而,AKI的分子機制尚未明確,且缺乏有效的治療方法。非編碼RNA(ncRNAs)通過調(diào)控炎性反應、細胞程序性死亡、修復階段的細胞周期等機制參與AKI發(fā)生的病理生理過程。因此,多種ncRNAs不僅被視為AKI的新型生物標志物,而且有望成為潛在的治療靶點。本文綜述了ncRNAs在AKI中的變化、功能及潛在治療作用。
[關鍵詞] 非編碼RNA;急性腎損傷;生物標志物;研究進展
[中圖分類號] R692 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)05(a)-0038-04
Research progress on the relationship between non-coding RNA and acute kidney injury
WANG Litao1,2 LIAN Xingji3 TAN Ning2 LIU Yuanhui2
1.School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China; 2.Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510100, China; 3.Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510100, China
[Abstract] Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common serious disease characterized by rapid decline in renal function and high mortality. However, the molecular mechanism of AKI is still unclear and there is no effective treatment. Non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) participate in the pathophysiological process of AKI by regulating inflammatory response, programmed cell death and cell cycle in repair phase. Therefore, a variety of ncRNAs are not only considered as new biomarkers of AKI, but also potential therapeutic targets. This article reviews the changes, functions and potential therapeutic effects of ncRNAs in AKI.
[Key words] Non-coding RNA; Acute kidney injury; Biomarker; Research progress
急性腎損傷(AKI)是以腎小球濾過率急劇減退為特征的臨床綜合征,可顯著增加患者住院天數(shù)、醫(yī)療費用及死亡率等不良結局[1]。AKI的主要病理特征包括炎癥細胞浸潤、炎性細胞因子產(chǎn)生、凋亡和壞死等[2]。盡管相關研究已取得極大進展,但AKI的病理生理機制仍未明確。近來,越來越多的研究[3]表明非編碼RNA(ncRNAs),尤其是微小RNA(miRNAs),與AKI相關。同時,其有可能成為AKI的診斷標志物或治療靶點[4]。本文綜述了miRNAs、長鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNAs)、環(huán)形RNA分子(circRNAs)在AKI中的研究進展。
1 ncRNAs及其分類
ncRNAs是指一類在生物體中廣泛表達而無蛋白編碼功能的RNA。ncRNAs可被分為兩組,即管家ncRNA和調(diào)控ncRNA。根據(jù)ncRNAs的片段大小,后者又可被分為三種類型,即miRNAs、lncRNAs和circRNAs[5]。
miRNAs是一種具有多種生物學功能的內(nèi)源性ncRNAs,其在糖尿病腎病、IgA腎病、AKI等腎臟疾病中具有關鍵作用[6]。盡管miRNAs不編碼蛋白質,但其能夠通過與目標mRNA的3′非轉錄區(qū)(3′-UTR)互補結合,抑制蛋白質的翻譯并負反饋調(diào)節(jié)靶基因的表達[7]。
lncRNAs長度超過200 nt,并具有復雜多樣的作用機制,包括基因印記、剪切調(diào)控、染色質重塑、細胞周期調(diào)控,并參與信使RNA降解和翻譯調(diào)控等[8-9]。lncRNAs在增殖和分化等多種生物學過程中具有重要作用,提示lncRNAs可能在AKI中起到一定作用[10]。
circRNAs是一類通過可變剪接形成的內(nèi)源性ncRNAs,其在哺乳動物中發(fā)揮基因調(diào)控作用。circRNAs最初被認為是一種剪接錯誤,且豐度較低,但目前其在基因調(diào)控中的作用越來越受到重視[11]。盡管circRNAs在腎臟疾病中的作用尚未明確,但circRNAs在腎臟內(nèi)高表達,同時考慮到其在調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期及細胞程序性死亡方面的作用,circRNAs可能參與AKI的調(diào)控[12]。
2 miRNAs在AKI中的作用
AKI病因多樣、機制復雜、預后不確定,miRNAs譜可為其發(fā)病機制研究提供有價值的解讀。Wei等[13]首次報道m(xù)iRNAs在缺血性AKI中的重要性,該研究通過構建腎近曲小管Dicer(一種合成miRNAs所必需的酶)特異性、基因組敲除的轉基因小鼠模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)其腎皮質miRNAs表達下調(diào),且敲除型小鼠對AKI的抵抗力比野生型小鼠更強,主要表現(xiàn)為腎功能明顯改善,組織損傷和腎小管凋亡減少以及存活率更高。同時,miRNAs在血漿及尿液中的高度特異性及敏感性,使miRNAs有望成為監(jiān)測AKI疾病進程的重要生物標志物[14]。
多種miRNAs參與調(diào)控AKI的細胞程序性死亡。Jia等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),在敗血癥AKI中,沉默miRNA-21可促進細胞死亡,而過表達miRNA-21可通過抑制PDCD4而抑制細胞死亡。前期研究[16]也發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-21可通過上述機制保護腎臟細胞抵抗造影劑所致的腎損傷(CI-AKI)。Sun等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),在CI-AKI大鼠模型及患者血漿中,miRNA-188、miRNA-30a和miRNA-30e水平顯著提高,并能用于區(qū)分CI-AKI和無CI-AKI患者,提示miRNAs可能是早期檢測CI-AKI的潛在生物標志物。而Xu等[17-18]發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA-21在腎缺血再灌注損傷(IRI)中的作用是雙向的,缺血預適應引起的miRNA-21表達上調(diào),通過作用于PDCD4對保護腎功能,單獨沉默miRNA-21并不能減輕腎損傷。上述研究提示miRNA-21在AKI中扮演不同的角色。
炎性反應也參與了AKI的病理過程。Amrouche等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),在人尿液、器官移植接受者以及單側IRI小鼠模型中,miRNA-146a水平顯著升高。miR-146a通過抑制IL-1受體相關性激酶1及CXCL8/CXCL1表達而保護腎功能。在單側IRI小鼠模型中,敲除miRNA-146a后,腎小管損傷、炎癥性浸潤和纖維化加重。Ranganathan等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)敲除miRNA-150后可通過抑制炎性反應及細胞凋亡減輕AKI。
除以上調(diào)控機制外,Alnasser等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),在胰島素抵抗(IR)AKI中,自噬能夠保護腎小管上皮細胞,其中miRNAs通過靶向作用于自噬相關基因調(diào)控細胞生存。Wang等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)在IRI腎臟和低氧腎小管上皮細胞中,LC3和ATG16L1(自噬相關蛋白)表達上升,而miRNA-20a-5p表達下調(diào)。同時發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達的miRNA-20a-5p通過結合ATG16L1的3′-UTR抑制其轉錄。此外,肝細胞生長因子(HGF)具有組織修復作用,并且受內(nèi)源性miRNA-26a的調(diào)控。Gattai等[23]在甘油介導的大鼠AKI模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA-26a可通過調(diào)控HGF而促進腎臟修復。
3 lncRNAs在AKI中的作用
lncRNAs是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的在不同組織器官中調(diào)節(jié)生物活性的胞內(nèi)ncRNAs。lncRNAs是包括AKI在內(nèi)的多種疾病的重要調(diào)控因子。近年來,研究者通過RNA測序技術和基因芯片分析等方法評價I/R動物損傷模型或AKI患者中l(wèi)ncRNAs的表達[24]。Chun等[25]通過基因芯片分析檢測敗血癥AKI患者與對照組血清標本中l(wèi)ncRNAs的表達,發(fā)現(xiàn)在AKI組中有5361種lncRNAs表達上調(diào),并有5928種lncRNAs表達下調(diào),是對照組表達量的2倍以上。同時,某些lncRNAs通過靶向調(diào)控關鍵的細胞周期調(diào)控因子來調(diào)節(jié)細胞凋亡及增殖,如細胞周蛋白,周期蛋白依賴性激酶(CDK)和p53[26]。Geng等[27]在I/R腎損傷中發(fā)現(xiàn),lncRNA GAS5過量表達可上調(diào)p53的表達水平,并促進腎小管上皮細胞凋亡。lncRNA Gadd7可通過參與CDK6轉錄后水平調(diào)控,在G1期抑制細胞周期[28]。
此外,Lorenzen等[24]在AKI危重患者的血液中檢測到lncRNAs,并命名為TrAnscript Predicting Survival in AKI(TapSAKI)。TapSAKI存在于腎臟組織中,且在AKI患者血漿中表達上調(diào)。TapSAKI的濃度與疾病嚴重程度相關,且其在缺氧管狀上皮細胞中富集。提示TapSAKI或許能作為一種特異性的AKI預后生物標志物。Chen等[29]在AKI患者的血液中檢測到lncRNA NEAT1,發(fā)現(xiàn)上調(diào)NEAT1的表達可通過負調(diào)節(jié)miRNA-204和激活NF-κB通路加重脂多糖(LPS)誘導的腎損傷。因此,NEAT1可能可作為AKI的診斷標志物和治療靶點。此外,Malat1通過調(diào)控miRNA-146a/NF-κB信號通路調(diào)節(jié)LPS誘導的AKI[30]。但Malte等[31]卻發(fā)現(xiàn)單側I/R腎損傷的Malat1敲除小鼠與野生型小鼠比較,其表現(xiàn)出同等程度的外髓損傷、毛細血管稀薄化、纖維化、炎癥細胞浸潤、炎癥基因表達。提示lncRNA-Malat1對腎IRI是非必需的。
綜上所述,lncRNAs在多個環(huán)節(jié)調(diào)控特異性基因的表達,預示了lncRNAs在AKI發(fā)生及進展中的重要作用。
4 circRNAs在AKI中的作用
circRNAs在疾病中的作用已受到越來越多的關注。盡管circRNAs在某些腎臟疾病中的作用已有報道,如狼瘡性腎炎和高血壓性腎病,但其在AKI中的功能卻知之甚少[12,32]。Dang等[33]通過基因芯片分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在缺氧的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細胞(HUVECs)中,有14種circRNAs表達上調(diào),22種circRNAs表達下調(diào)。其中,hsa_circ_0010729上調(diào)最為明顯,并能夠通過miRNA-186/HIF-1α通路促進血管內(nèi)皮細胞增殖、遷移,抑制細胞凋亡,此結果對AKI的恢復或有重要意義。Lin等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在經(jīng)氧糖剝奪/復糖復氧處理的HT22細胞中mmu-circRNA-015947表達顯著上調(diào);生物信息學分析顯示,其能與多種miRNAs相互作用,從而提高靶基因的表達;KEGG通路分析提示,mmu-circRNA-015947或許在與細胞凋亡、代謝及免疫相關的信號通路中發(fā)揮作用,進而參與IRI的調(diào)控。以上發(fā)現(xiàn)提示circRNAs在促進細胞增殖和調(diào)控I/R損傷中具有重要作用,也提示circRNAs具有修復AKI的潛在可能。
circRNAs的典型特征即“頭尾”連接,并具有結合并隔離miRNAs的細胞功能,但這種相互作用僅見于有大量結合位點的特定miRNAs中[35]。K?觟lling等[36]通過檢測需行腎替代治療的AKI患者與對照組患者的circRNAs水平發(fā)現(xiàn),circRNAs-126能通過吸附miRNA-126-5p,導致AKI患者及缺氧內(nèi)皮細胞中的miRNA-126-5p表達下降。此外,circRNAs-126可作為AKI Ⅲ期患者死亡的獨立預后因素,因此circRNAs-126或許可作為無創(chuàng)性反應miRNAs調(diào)節(jié)異常的RNA水平生物標志物。
5 討論與展望
近幾年,ncRNAs在AKI中的研究取得較大的進展。ncRNAs通過靶向調(diào)控腎臟疾病發(fā)生進展中關鍵基因的表達以及調(diào)控參與細胞凋亡和炎癥的信號通路,從而調(diào)節(jié)AKI進程。因此,在體靶向抑制或上調(diào)ncRNAs的表達可能成為未來AKI治療策略的新方向。越來越多的證據(jù)表明多種miRNAs在AKI中具有重要功能和治療潛力,這為AKI的分子機制研究和臨床治療提供了新思路。同時,針對包括AKI在內(nèi)的多種疾病,越來越多的研究集中探討在組織中高表達及疾病特異性的lncRNAs和circRNAs的治療潛能以及其作為AKI診斷預后生物標志物的潛能。然而,由于ncRNAs豐度較低,導致某些重要ncRNAs在實驗研究中易被忽略;臨床上難以獲得不同時期AKI患者的充足樣本,這限制了ncRNAs在AKI不同階段中功能的研究。雖然面臨這些挑戰(zhàn),但對AKI中ncRNAs分子機制了解的深入將對AKI的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)與后續(xù)治療產(chǎn)生顯著益處。
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(收稿日期:2018-10-19 本文編輯:王 蕾)