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        試探英語(yǔ)作文范文中的一些動(dòng)詞混淆用法

        2019-03-21 17:51:29顧祖良
        關(guān)鍵詞:作文英語(yǔ)

        顧祖良

        (常熟理工學(xué)院 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,江蘇 常熟 215500)

        一、 引言

        在全國(guó)性的英語(yǔ)考試中,寫作部分分值往往比較高。為了提高考生的英語(yǔ)寫作水平,幫助其在考試中獲得寫作部分的高分,最近幾年,大量英語(yǔ)作文范文類書籍面世。不過(guò),在一些作文范文中,存在著許許多多的詞匯和語(yǔ)法方面的錯(cuò)誤,其中動(dòng)詞混淆用法比較突出。如由謝忠明主編,中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司于2004年出版的《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試核心筆記》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《核心筆記》);何鋼主編,群言出版社于2008年出版的《考研英語(yǔ)寫作范文100篇》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《范文100篇》);毛永貴主編,吉林出版集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司于2010年出版《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫作高分特訓(xùn)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《寫作高分特訓(xùn)》);伍樂(lè)其主編,世界音像電子出版社于2013年出版的《2014淘金英語(yǔ)專業(yè)8級(jí)寫作范文背誦100篇》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《范文背誦100篇》);張艷莉、潘鳴威主編,大連理工大學(xué)出版社于2012年出版的《英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)寫作》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《四級(jí)寫作》;方振宇主編,海豚出版社于2013年出版的《英語(yǔ)6級(jí)寫作100篇+50篇漢譯英短文》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《6級(jí)寫作100篇》;石雷鵬編著,中央廣播電視大學(xué)出版社于2014年出版的《新東方名師大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作》);潘曉燕主編,世圖音像電子出版社于2013年出版的《淘金式優(yōu)化沖刺CET-4新題型預(yù)測(cè)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《新題型預(yù)測(cè)》) 及汕頭大學(xué)出版社于2010年出版的《命題改革與預(yù)測(cè)試卷:聽力強(qiáng)化版——大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4級(jí)考試》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《英語(yǔ)4級(jí)考試》)等,筆者經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真研讀,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中動(dòng)詞混淆用法的現(xiàn)象比較普遍。本文舉出一些實(shí)例,糾正其錯(cuò)誤,供廣大讀者參考。

        二、 動(dòng)詞句型錯(cuò)誤

        (一)動(dòng)詞prohibit 和forbid的混淆用法

        在《核心筆記》第86頁(yè)上,有以下一例:

        However, they are still prohibited to drive their cars into College Campus, which, I think, is a hard truth in the eyes of many people.

        原例句中的動(dòng)詞prohibit用法有誤。按英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,prohibit 不可用于prohibit sb. to do sth.的句型中,要用prohibit sb. from doing sth.。例如:

        (1)The price prohibited us from buying it. 這東西價(jià)格太高,我們買不起。[1]1394

        (2)We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours. 工作時(shí)間內(nèi)我們不得喝酒。[1]1394

        (3)Soviet citizens were prohibited from travelling abroad. 蘇聯(lián)時(shí)代的公民被禁止出國(guó)旅游。[2]1374

        而動(dòng)詞forbid則常用于forbid sb. to do sth.的句型中, 另外,在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中也可用forbid sb. from doing sth.。例如:

        (4)I forbid you to tell anyone. 我不準(zhǔn)你告訴任何人。[1]668

        (5)You are forbidden to leave. 你們都不準(zhǔn)離開。[2]681

        (6)The union is forbidden from striking. 工會(huì)被禁止罷工。[3]563

        (7)Civilians are strictly forbidden from entering that area. 嚴(yán)禁平民進(jìn)入那地區(qū)。[4]727

        從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出, 英語(yǔ)中不說(shuō)prohibit sb. to do sth.。因此,《核心筆記》例句宜改為:However, they are still prohibited from driving their cars into College Campus, which, I think, is a hard truth in the eyes of many people. 也可改為:However, they are still forbidden to drive /forbidden from driving their cars into College Campus, which,I think, is a hard truth in the eyes of many people.

        (二)動(dòng)詞ensure和assure的混淆用法

        在《范文100篇》第141頁(yè)上,有以下一例:

        They are ensured not only of a bright future but also a sound intellectual and mental foundation, and hence a healthy life.

        在《范文背誦100篇》第69頁(yè)上, 有以下一例:

        The combined endeavors of each individual will assure us a phenomenal success in environmental protection.

        另外,在《寫作高分特訓(xùn)》第137頁(yè)上,也有以下一例:

        You think you are knowledgeable; on the contrary, I assure that you are very ignorant.

        以上各例中的動(dòng)詞ensure和assure用法有誤。按照英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,動(dòng)詞ensure作“保證”解,不用于ensure sb. of sth.的句型。ensure 常見于ensure sth., ensure doing sth., ensure sb. sth., ensure sb.against/from sth., ensure that等句型。例如:

        (8)All the necessary steps had been taken to ensure their safety. 所有必要的措施都已采取來(lái)保證他們的安全。[3]473

        (9)Come early to ensure getting a good seat.早點(diǎn)來(lái)確保有個(gè)好座位。[5]187

        (10)The medicine will ensure you a good night’s sleep. 這藥保證讓能讓你睡一夜好覺。[2]568

        (11)We should ensure workers against accidents. 我們應(yīng)保護(hù)工人不出事故。[6]559

        (12)The arrangements will ensure each side from attack by the other. 這些安排將使各方免遭對(duì)方的襲擊。[4]617

        (13)His help ensured our success/ensured that we were successful. 他的幫助保證了我們的成功。[7]980

        而動(dòng)詞 assure作“確保;保證”解,可用于assure sb. of sth, assure sb. that-clause 以及 assure sth.的句型中。例如:

        (14)He assured us of his ability to solve the problem. 他向我們保證他有能力解決這問(wèn)題。[1]85

        (15)Our clients are assured of an enjoyable and trouble-free holiday. 我們的顧客得到保證,一定能度過(guò)一個(gè)愉快而無(wú)憂無(wú)慮德假期。[1]85

        (16)The doctor assured her that he would do his best to save the child’s life. 醫(yī)生向她保證,他會(huì)盡力救她孩子的生命。[8]1039

        (17)The airline has assured travellers (that)there will be no further delays. 航空公司向旅客們保證,不會(huì)再有延誤了。[9]594

        (18)One more attempt will assure the success of your work. 再一次嘗試將保證你工作的成功。[5]35

        (19)I checked over and over again to assure accuracy. 我反復(fù)核對(duì)以確保準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。[4]105

        從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,在英語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)詞ensure 和assure 各自用于不同的句型中,兩者不可混用。因此,《范文100篇》《范文背誦100篇》《寫作高分特訓(xùn)》的例句宜分別改為:①They are assured not only of a bright future but also a sound intellectual and mental foundation, and hence a healthy life. ②The combined endeavors of each individual will assure us of a phenomenal success in environmental protection. 也可改為:The combined endeavors of each individual will ensure our phenomenal success in environmental protection.③You think you are knowledgeable; on the contrary, I assure you that you are very ignorant. 也可改為:You think you are knowledgeable; on the contrary, I ensure that you are very ignorant.

        (三)動(dòng)詞award和reward的混淆用法

        在《四級(jí)寫作》第59頁(yè)上,有以下一例:

        But they are awarded with fame and great honors and thus become nationwide well-known.

        原句中的動(dòng)詞award用法有誤。按英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,要表達(dá)“獲…報(bào)酬;報(bào)答”,可用動(dòng)詞reward sb. with sth.的句型中, 而不用 award sb. with sth.,后者在英語(yǔ)中無(wú)此說(shuō)法。例如:

        (20)She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus.她因自己所做的努力而得到一筆獎(jiǎng)金。[2]1491

        (21)She started singing to the baby and was rewarded with a smile. 她開始給孩子唱歌,孩子則抱一微笑。[2]1491

        (22)We had a strenuous climb, but we were rewarded with a splendid view. 雖然我們爬山很艱苦,但美麗的景色卻使我們一飽眼福。[10]1426

        (23)They awarded her a medal for bravery. 她表現(xiàn)勇敢,他們授予她獎(jiǎng)?wù)?。?]96

        (24)A medal was awarded to the best speller in the class. 給班級(jí)里拼寫最好的學(xué)生頒發(fā)一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?。?0]118

        因此,《四級(jí)寫作》例句宜改為:But they are rewarded with fame and great honors and thus become nationwide well-known

        三、 動(dòng)詞搭配錯(cuò)誤

        (一)動(dòng)詞contribute、attribute 和owe的混淆用法

        在《6級(jí)寫作100篇》第44頁(yè)上,有以下一例:

        Besides, China’s rapid economic growth and especially its entry to the WTO attribute greatly to the fever.

        在《范文背誦100篇》第97頁(yè)上,有以下一句:

        In short, the individuality-mindset and the abundance of job postings in China attribute to the job-hopping phenomenon amongst the Chinese youths.

        在《英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作》第150頁(yè)上,有以下一句:

        It is not difficult to deduce that the inexorable decline of wildlife largely attributes to the rapid population growth.

        另外,在《英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作》第154頁(yè)上,還有以下一句:

        It partly owes to China’s growth into one of world’s principal economics, and partly to the colorful and diversified components in the culture itself.

        筆者認(rèn)為上述例句中的attribute to和owe to均用得欠妥。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞attribute的搭配用法,attribute…to…作“把…歸因于”解,attribute后跟“結(jié)果”to后跟“原因”。既可用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),既可跟褒義詞連用,也可跟貶義詞連用。但不可直接使用attribute to。例如:

        (25)She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. 她認(rèn)為她的成功來(lái)自勤勞和一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)運(yùn)氣。[2]94

        (26)Doctors attributed his quick recovery to his physical fitness. 醫(yī)生把他康復(fù)快的原因歸結(jié)于他原本身體健康。[3]76

        (27)Mr. Henry attributed his son’s failure to lack of persistence. 亨利先生認(rèn)為他兒子的失敗是由于缺乏恒心。[10]110

        (28)They claim that one in twenty deaths can be directly attributed to air pollution. 他們聲稱每二十個(gè)死亡人中的一個(gè)可能直接跟空氣污染有關(guān)。[11]45

        (29)The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvement in diet. 人們普遍認(rèn)為心臟病死亡率下降的原因是飲食方面得到了改善。[12]71

        (30)Air pollution has been partly attributed to cars.人們認(rèn)為空氣污染部分是由汽車造成的。[10]110

        而 contribute to則作“有助于;促成;導(dǎo)致”解,根據(jù)其搭配用法,contribute的主語(yǔ)是“原因”,to后面跟“結(jié)果”。只用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,既可跟褒義詞連用,也可跟貶義詞連用。例如:

        (31)Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health. 大量的新鮮空氣有助于身體健康。[5]116

        (32)Air pollution contributes to respiratory diseases. 空氣污染會(huì)引起呼吸道疾病。[4]400

        (33)An increase in the price of drugs has contributed to the rising cost of medical care. 藥品價(jià)格的上漲已導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療保健費(fèi)用的上升。[8]186

        (34)Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death. 據(jù)說(shuō)醫(yī)務(wù)人員的玩忽職守是她死亡的原因之一。[2]365

        根據(jù)動(dòng)詞owe的搭配用法, owe … to …作“把…歸功于”解,owe后跟“結(jié)果”to后跟“原因”。只用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,大都與含褒義詞連用。但不可直接使用owe to。例如:

        (35)He owes his success entirely to the Party.他把他的成功完全歸功于黨。[13]641

        (36)She owes her success to good luck. 她把成功歸結(jié)于運(yùn)氣好。[1]1257

        (37)She owes her beauty to artificial assistance. 她的美全靠打扮。[10]1182

        (38)She owes her progress to her courage,determination and perseverance. 她的進(jìn)步是靠她的勇氣、決心和毅力取得的。[14]576

        從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,attribute …to … ,contribute to 和 owe … to …各自有其不同的搭配用法。因此,《6級(jí)寫作100篇》《范文背誦100篇》《英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作》中例句應(yīng)分別改為:① Besides, China’s rapid economic growth and especially its entry to the WTO contribute greatly to the fever. 也可改為:Besides, the fever is greatly attributed to China’s rapid economic growth and especially its entry to the WTO.② In short, the individuality-mindset and the abundance of job postings in China contribute to the job-hopping phenomenon amongst the Chinese youths. 也可改為: In short, the jobhopping phenomenon amongst the Chinese youths is attributed to the individuality-mindset and the abundance of job postings in China.③ It is not difficult to deduce that the inexorable decline of wildlife is largely attributed to the rapid population growth. 也可改為: It is not difficult to deduce that the rapid population growth largely contributes to the inexorable decline of wildlife. ④ It is partly attributed to China’s growth into one of world’s principal economics, and partly to the colorful and diversified components in the culture itself.

        (二)動(dòng)詞arouse和arise的混淆用法

        在《新題型預(yù)測(cè)》中,“Should Rewards for Doing A Good Deed be Promoted?”的作文范文里,有以下一句:

        However, in recent years there has aroused a heated debated as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed.

        筆者認(rèn)為,原句中動(dòng)詞arouse用法有誤。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞arouse的搭配用法,arouse是及物動(dòng)詞,作“激起;引起”解,例如:

        (39)Her strange behaviour aroused our suspicions.她的古怪行為引起了我們的懷疑。[2]77

        (40)That book aroused my interest in fishing.那本書使我對(duì)釣魚產(chǎn)生了興趣。[7]1031

        而在“There +動(dòng)詞(不及物動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ) (名稱主語(yǔ))”的句式中, 動(dòng)詞要用不及物動(dòng)詞。例如:

        (41)Once there lived an old man whose name was the Old Foolish of North Mountain. 從前有個(gè)老人,名字叫北山愚公。[13]782

        (42)There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies. 兩個(gè)物體之間永遠(yuǎn)存在著吸引力。[15]1459

        (43)There remains nothing more to be done.再?zèng)]有別的辦法了。[15]1459

        (44)Everything was silent and then there came a strange knocking at the door. 當(dāng)時(shí)一片寂靜,接著門口傳來(lái)以下奇怪的敲門聲。[1]1826

        (45)Hence there has arisen the agrarian question. 因此,出現(xiàn)了土地問(wèn)題。[16]4752

        從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,動(dòng)詞arouse是及物動(dòng)詞,作“激起;引起”解,不能用于“There +動(dòng)詞(不及物動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ) (名稱主語(yǔ))”中。

        因此,《新題型預(yù)測(cè)》中例句宜改為: However,in recent years there has arisen a heated debate as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed. 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞arise 的搭配用法,arise作“發(fā)生;產(chǎn)生;出現(xiàn)”解,是不及物動(dòng)詞,可用于上述特定的句式中。

        (三)動(dòng)詞refrain和restrain的混淆用法

        在《范文背誦100篇》第126頁(yè)上,有以下一例:

        We should refrain ourselves from lying with malicious intents.

        另外,在《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4級(jí)考試》第116頁(yè)上,也有以下一例:

        The mother regretted that she had been so severe with her daughter; she should have restrained from losing her temper.

        筆者認(rèn)為以上原句均有誤。在英語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)詞restrain和refrain 在搭配用法上是有區(qū)分的,盡管都可作“克制;阻止;禁止”解。

        動(dòng)詞refrain用于refrain from doing sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:

        (46)Kindly refrain from smoking. 請(qǐng)勿吸煙。[12]1189

        (47)They could hardly refrain from weeping as they stood together. 當(dāng)他們站在一起時(shí),他們?nèi)滩蛔】蕹雎晛?lái)。[6]1378

        (48)He politely refrained from saying what he thought of her hat. 他很客氣地克制自己,不說(shuō)出他對(duì)她的帽子的意見。[17]1069

        (49)He deliberately refrained from expressing his opinion on the matter. 他故意克制自己,不發(fā)表對(duì)那件事的觀點(diǎn)。[11]634

        而動(dòng)詞restrain則用于restrain sb./oneself/sth.from doing sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:

        (50)We restrained the boy from jumping. 我們阻止男孩跳躍。[4]1688

        (51)I tried to restrain him from going back into the burning building. 我企圖阻止他回到已起火的樓房中去。[8]1022

        (52)She had to restrain herself from crying out in pain.她只得忍住疼痛,不哭出來(lái)。[2]1482

        (53)If you can’t restrain your dog (from biting people), you must lock it up. 你如果管不住你的狗(不讓它咬人),那就得把它關(guān)起來(lái)。[1]1464

        從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,動(dòng)詞restrain和refrain在搭配用法上存在著差異,不宜混用。因此,《范文背誦100篇》《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4級(jí)考試》中例句宜改為:①We should refrain from lying with malicious intents. 也可改為:We should restrain ourselves from lying with malicious intents. ②The mother regretted that she had been so severe with her daughter; she should have restrained herself from losing her temper.也可改為:The mother regretted that she had been so severe with her daughter; she should have refrained from losing her temper.

        四、 動(dòng)詞混淆原因分析

        以上相關(guān)動(dòng)詞的混淆用法,筆者認(rèn)為是因?qū)τ⒄Z(yǔ)動(dòng)詞搭配用法的疏忽以及語(yǔ)內(nèi)干擾造成的。

        王文昌教授在其《英語(yǔ)搭配大詞典》前言中明確指出,英語(yǔ)中的詞語(yǔ)組合浩如煙海,可以將它們粗分成為封閉性(closed)和開放性(open)兩大類。封閉性搭配是在長(zhǎng)期使用過(guò)程中逐漸形成的習(xí)慣固定詞組;開放性搭配是在千變?nèi)f化的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境(linguistic context)中按照一定的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系造就的靈活詞語(yǔ)組合,可以無(wú)限生成。掌握符合習(xí)慣的英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)搭配,有助于非英語(yǔ)民族的人克服因受自身民族語(yǔ)言文化的影響而產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)誤,避免不合習(xí)慣的類推,從而提高運(yùn)用地道英語(yǔ)(idiomatic English)進(jìn)行交際的能力。

        語(yǔ)內(nèi)干擾是由于學(xué)習(xí)者對(duì)目的語(yǔ)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)了解并不全面,根據(jù)已獲得的目的語(yǔ)知識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)該語(yǔ)言做出不正確的假設(shè)或過(guò)度概括,從而類推出偏離規(guī)則的結(jié)構(gòu)。Richards將這類錯(cuò)誤的起因歸為以下三種:概括過(guò)度;忽略規(guī)則限制;不全面應(yīng)用規(guī)則。[18]198-214

        五、 結(jié)語(yǔ)

        綜上所述,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn),在某些英語(yǔ)作文范文中,確實(shí)存在著不少動(dòng)詞混淆用法的現(xiàn)象,使得相關(guān)的英語(yǔ)句子不規(guī)范,不地道。筆者認(rèn)為,既然是作文范文,理應(yīng)避免這方面的錯(cuò)誤。否則,很有可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)讀者。筆者指出上述動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤用法,意在提醒讀者注意相關(guān)動(dòng)詞的正確搭配用法,也同原作者商榷,在圖書再版時(shí),糾正相關(guān)的錯(cuò)誤,讓讀者真正受益,提高英語(yǔ)寫作水平。

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