Tian-Yuan Zhai,Bin-Jie Luo,Zhan-Kui Jia,Zheng-Guo Zhang,Xiang Li,Hao Li,Jin-Jian Yang

Abstract

Key words: Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation;Kidney;Renal pelvic;Carcinoma;Case report

INTRODUCTION

Organ-associated pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation (PMP),also known as inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,pseudomalignant spindle cell proliferation and inflammatory pseudotumor,was first reported by Rothet al[1]in 1980.In general,the organ-associated PMP is a rare type of benign spindle cell tumor.The most commonly reported diagnoses involve the urinary bladder.Other potential sites where PMPs may occur include the head,neck,abdomen,pelvic cavity,retroperitoneum,and limbs[2].Cases involving the kidney have been reported rarely,and no previous cases of renal PMP with ossification have been reported[3].

According to the 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs,PMP is a benign mesenchymal bladder tumor with malignant potential derived from fibroblasts and myofibroblasts[4].For the rare cases that have been reported in the kidney,either the renal parenchyma or the renal pelvis have been involved;furthermore,in these cases the tumor has presented in single,multiple or bilateral forms.Finally,the proportion of male-to-female patients in China is about 2：1,and the mean age is approximately 30 years old.

Herein,we report a rare case of PMP with ossification in the lower pole of the kidney,which mimicked urothelial carcinoma or an osteogenic tumor.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 72-year-old man without prior contributory history presented with intermittent gross hematuria that had lasted for more than 1 mo.On the day before the hospital consultation,the symptoms had worsened remarkably and were accompanied by lower abdominal and back pain,which were relieved after urination.

History of past illness

The patient’s past history was unremarkable.

Personal and family history

The patient’s family history was unremarkable.

Physical examination upon admission

The preoperative physical examination provided findings that were unremarkable.

Laboratory examinations

Routine blood testing showed normal erythrocyte count (4.23 × 1012/L;normal range：4.3-5.8 × 1012/L) and hemoglobin level (138 g/L;normal range：130-175 g/L).Routine urine test showed occult blood of 3+,substantially elevated erythrocyte count(2512/μL;normal range：0-7/μL) and high end of normal leucocyte count (12/μL;normal range：0-12/μL).Urine culture was positive forEnterococcus faecalis.

Imaging examinations

Enhanced renal computed tomography (CT) showed a heterogeneous mass 6 cm in diameter at the left pyeloureteral junction,which indicated a benign lesion or hematoma (Figure 1A).Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that the left renal pelvis was occupied by a cystic and solid mass (approximately 6.0 cm × 4.5 cm × 4.5 cm in size) with calcification or ossification,which indicated a hamartoma or teratoma(Figure 1B).Emission CT showed that the left renal glomerular filtration rate was 15.4 mL/min and the right renal glomerular filtration rate was 58.9 mL/min (normal range：80-120 mL/min).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

According to the pathological examination,the final diagnosis was renal organassociated PMP with ossification.

TREATMENT

In order to define the pathology of the lesion,a flexible ureteroscopic examination was performed and biopsy taken of the large mass (6 cm in diameter) in the left renal pelvis.Microscopic examination of the biopsy sample showed a highly proliferative area composed of spindle cells and irregular bone tissue.Heterotopic ossification was considered,and osteogenic tumor could not be excluded completely.To address the suspicion of renal pelvic carcinoma,a retroperitoneoscopic radical nephroureterectomy was performed.

The gross specimen presented as a gray-white and pink-grey mass with capsule,in the lower pole of the kidney (Figure 2A),with a negative surgical margin.Histopathologic features suggested it was an organ-associated PMP with ossification and chondrification of the left kidney (Figure 2B).Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for calponin,SATB-2,and for Ki-67 (60%) (Figure 2C and 2D),and negativity for CK and P16.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

After a 6-mo follow-up,the patient did not complain of obvious discomfort and no signs of recurrence were found.

DISCUSSION

The pathogenesis of PMP is unknown.In kidney,the tumor itself may represent a reactive hyperplasia related to chronic inflammation of the renal parenchyma.Many microorganisms,such as mycobacterium,corynebacterium,human herpes virus,Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus,have been proposed as potential pathogenic factors[5-7].In our case,the urine culture was positive forEnterococcus faecalis,supporting the possibility of such an association with chronic inflammation of the renal parenchyma.

Previous studies have indicated an association between PMP and expression of activin receptor-like kinase 1 and p80 expression or chromosomal rearrangements involving 2p23.It remains unknown,however,whether the tumor itself is reactive or neoplastic in nature.While renal clear cell carcinoma,chromophobe cell carcinoma and sarcoma with ossification have all been reported in the literature[8,9],no previous case of renal PMP with ossification has been reported.The mechanism of ossification is thus similarly unclear.We conjecture that it may be related to the transformation of immature fibroblasts into osteoblasts or chondrocytes in the mesenchymal tissue,due to the repair of tissue damage.

The clinical manifestations of renal PMP lack specificity and are mainly comprised of lumbago,fever,hematuria and renal percussion pain.As such,diagnosis of renal PMP depends on imaging and histopathological examination.The tumors appear as a solid mass of low density or slightly high density on CT scans,with contrastenhanced CT images showing a low degree of enhancement.In MRI,the masses usually show low signal intensity with heterogeneous or homogeneous enhancement on T1- and T2-weighted images[10,11].

Figure1 Imaging examination of our case of renal organ-associated pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation.

In our case,the CT showed a heterogeneous mass and MRI showed a cystic and solid mass with ossification in the left renal pelvis and upper ureter,which made it difficult to distinguish from renal pelvic carcinoma and osteogenic tumors.The differential diagnosis of renal PMP includes renal cell carcinoma,renal sarcoma,teratoma,and renal pelvic carcinoma.However,renal PMPs are characterized by obscure edges,whereas the margins of renal cell carcinoma are clear.The CTenhanced scans of our patient showed a gradual,slight enhancement in the renal PMP,different from the typical flow-type enhancement of renal cell carcinoma.

It was difficult to establish the diagnosis preoperatively.As such,the final diagnosis was dependent on findings from histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations of the biopsied tissue.Microscopically,PMP lesions are mainly composed of proliferative fusiform myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells,lacking severe cytologic atypia and containing fewer mitoses than sarcomas[3].Expression of p53 has been proposed as a marker to differentiate PMPs (usually negative on immunostain) from sarcomas (usually positive)[12].In our case,the biopsied mass showed negativity for CK5/6,p53 and p16,along with positivity for calponin,smooth muscle actin and other smooth muscle-derived markers.

At present,there is no standard treatment regimen for renal PMP.Broad-spectrum antibiotics are recommended,accompanied by symptomatic treatment and traditional Chinese medicine.If conservative treatment is ineffective,simple tumor resection or partial nephrectomy would be feasible.It was recently reported that Myofibroblastic tumour patients had promising results with crizotinib treatment,so tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can be used as an alternative to conservative treatment[13,14].For tumors that are difficult to completely resect,TKIs can be also used as neoadjuvant therapy.However,since in most cases the prognosis of renal PMPs is good,TKIs adjuvant therapy after operation is not recommended routinely.According to our experience,It is recommended that CT examination be performed 3-mo or 6-mo in the first two years after operation,if nothing special found in the CT result,the reexamination time may extend to every 6-mo or 1 year afterwards.For patients undergoing partial nephrectomy,CT examination is also recommended 1-mo after operation.Most patients have a satisfactory prognosis,and for our case,the patient did not complain of any obvious discomfort at the 6-mo follow-up and no signs of recurrence were found.

CONCLUSION

Renal organ-associated PMP is a rare lesion that may mimic renal pelvic carcinoma,clinically and radiologically.Diagnosis of renal PMP depends on imaging and histopathological examination.Conservative treatment is recommended,and a satisfactory prognosis can be achieved.

Figure2 Gross specimen and histological examination of our case of renal organ-associated pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation with ossification.