李鐵瑛,張纓
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有氧運動訓練中補充Apelin對骨骼肌AMPK活化及線粒體能量代謝的影響
李鐵瑛,張纓
(北京體育大學 運動生物化學教研室,北京 100084)
目的:探討有氧運動訓練補充apelin對骨骼肌AMPK活化及線粒體能量代謝的影響。方法:1)細胞實驗部分采用小鼠骨骼肌C2C12細胞系作為研究對象,將靶向AMPKα基因的小干擾RNA(AMPKα siRNA)或陰性對照小干擾RNA(Control siRNA)通過脂質體介導轉染細胞。轉染48 h后,進行6 h的饑餓處理,而后在完全培養(yǎng)基中加入apelin-13(100 nmol/L)或者同體積的PBS與細胞孵育6 h。按轉染siRNA和加apelin-13情況,實驗分為Control siRNA+PBS組、Control siRNA+apelin組、AMPK siRNA+PBS組與AMPK siRNA+apelin組。完成干預后,采用Seahorse細胞能量代謝分析系統(tǒng),測定細胞線粒體基礎呼吸、ATP生成和呼吸功能變化。2)動物實驗部分采用C57BL/6J小鼠做為研究對象,將40只小鼠隨機分為安靜未注射組、安靜注射apelin組、運動未注射組和運動注射apelin組,每組10只。注射apelin組小鼠連續(xù)4周腹腔注射apelin-13(0.1 μmol /kg體重/天)。運動組采用75%左右最大攝氧量強度(1~2周坡度5o,速度15 m/min;3~4周坡度5o,速度20 m/min)、1 h/天、6天/周、持續(xù)4周的跑臺運動。最后一次運動后休息48 h,脫頸處死,取兩側股四頭肌。Western Blotting測定骨骼肌apelin、APJ、AMPKα、p-AMPKα(Thr172)和COX Ⅳ蛋白表達。結果:1)細胞實驗,Control siRNA+apelin組與Control siRNA+PBS組相比,細胞基礎呼吸率、線粒體ATP生成和最大呼吸率均顯著增加;而AMPK siRNA+apelin組與Control siRNA+apelin組相比,線粒體ATP生成和最大呼吸率顯著降低。2)動物實驗,安靜注射apelin組與安靜未注射組相比、運動注射apelin組與運動未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌apelin、APJ、COX Ⅳ蛋白表達和p-AMPKα/AMPKα比值均顯著增加。結論:外源性補充apelin可顯著增加C2C12細胞AMPK介導的線粒體呼吸功能,并提高有氧運動訓練小鼠骨骼肌apelin/APJ、AMPKα磷酸化和COX IV蛋白表達,提示,有氧運動訓練補充apelin可能對骨骼肌的apelin-AMPK通路及其介導的線粒體能量代謝有一定的積極促進作用。
apelin;AMPK;有氧運動;線粒體;骨骼肌
骨骼肌作為機體最大的能量消耗器官,在運動中發(fā)揮重要的能量代謝調節(jié)作用。Apelin是G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體APJ的內源性配體(O'Dowd et al.,1993;Katugampola et al.,2001),廣泛表達于人和鼠的脂肪、心臟和骨骼肌等組織器官中(Masri et al.,2005;De Falco et al.,2002),在調節(jié)心血管功能、胰島素分泌、食物和水攝取等方面具有多種生物學效應(Gilbert,2017;Taheri,2002)。近年來apelin/APJ在機體(特別是骨骼?。┠芰看x調節(jié)中的作用引起了人們的關注(Indrakusuma et al.,2015;Bajer et al.,2015)。已有研究報道,急性或者慢性補充apelin可以促進骨骼肌葡萄糖利用、脂肪酸氧化和線粒體生物合成(Isabelle et al.,2011)。并且一些學者認為,apelin是細胞能量感受器——腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)的上游調節(jié)者。通常磷酸化AMPKα(p-AMPKα(Thr172))蛋白表達量表示AMPK激活程度或活性(Li et al.,2017)。Apelin可通過激活AMPK,增加p-AMPKα(Thr172)蛋白表達,提高骨骼肌的線粒體生物合成、糖吸收和脂肪酸氧化(Dray et al.,2008)。但也有報道認為,外源性補充apelin促進骨骼肌線粒體能量代謝物調節(jié)并非依賴于AMPK(Frier et al.,2009)R1765。
運動缺乏是導致肥胖、2型糖尿病和心血管疾病等的重要風險因素(Booth et al.,2012)。長期有氧運動產生的健康效益至少部分取決于肌肉因子的產生(Son et al.,2018)。新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運動訓練可增加人體骨骼肌apelin mRNA的表達,apelin被認為是運動產生的肌肉因子(Besse et al., 2014)709-710。然而,在有氧運動訓練中補充apelin對骨骼肌apelin/AJP表達、AMPK活化和線粒體能量代謝的影響,以及AMPK在其中的調節(jié)作用,目前尚未見相關報道。
因此,本研究試圖首先采用C2C12骨骼肌成肌細胞系,通過小干擾RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)轉染沉默細胞中的AMPKα,觀察給予apelin對細胞線粒體呼吸功能的影響;而后通過動物實驗,給予小鼠4周有氧訓練并腹腔注射apelin,觀察骨骼肌中apelin、APJ、p-AMPKα和細胞色素C氧化酶亞基IV(COX IV)蛋白表達的變化。本研究將深入探討有氧運動訓練介導apelin調控骨骼肌能量代謝及與AMPK的關系,為有氧運動促進健康的效應機制提供進一步理論依據(jù)。
1.1.1 研究對象與方法
C2C12小鼠骨骼肌成肌細胞系,購自于上海中喬新舟生物科技有限公司。
1.1.2 采用AMPKα siRNA轉染C2C12細胞
使用含10% Gibco FBS(Thermo Fisher,USA)的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基(HyClone,USA),于5% CO2細胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)C2C12細胞。待細胞生長至80%融合度,PBS清洗3遍,加入0.25%胰蛋白酶消化液,待細胞消化完全,加入2mL新的10% FBS完全培養(yǎng)液制成懸濁液,終止消化。將細胞懸濁液轉移至15 mL離心管內,1 000 rpm轉離心3 min。棄去上清,加入2 mL新的10% FBS完全培養(yǎng)液制成懸濁液,計數(shù),將懸濁液稀釋成20×104個/mL的密度,按照每孔2.5 mL的量種板至6孔板中。待細胞生長至60%~80%匯合時,按照LipofectamineTMRNAiMAX(Thermo Fisher,USA)操作步驟進行轉染。細胞被分為Control siRNA和AMPKα siRNA組。6孔板每孔RNAiMAX轉染試劑和Control siRNA(SC-37007, Satan Cruz)或AMPK siRNA(SC-45313,Satan Cruz)試劑用量比例為1:1:1,均為9 μL。
1.1.3 C2C12細胞線粒體呼吸功能測定
細胞轉染48 h后,按上述步驟消化細胞,制成細胞懸液;計數(shù),用新的完全培養(yǎng)基稀釋成密度為16×104個/mL(正常種板密度的80%)的細胞懸濁液。進而,細胞種板到美國Seahorse XFe細胞能量代謝分析系統(tǒng)(Seahorse Bioscience,USA)配套特制的96孔板中,室溫放置1 h后放回培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。待細胞生長至80%左右,將培養(yǎng)板中的完全培養(yǎng)基換成DMEM,進行6 h細胞饑餓處理。之后,將Control siRNA和 AMPK siRNA組細胞進一步分為加入PBS和apelin-13(Sigma,USA)組。PBS和apelin-13組每孔內分別加入20 ul PBS和20 ul apelin-13溶液(濃度為100 nmol/L),孵育6 h。6 h后取出96孔板,按照Seahorse說明書步驟操作,測定C2C12細胞線粒體呼吸功能。其中采用的藥品濃度分別為:寡霉素(Oligomycin,2μmol/L)、三氟甲氧基苯腙羰基氰化物(FCCP,1μmol/L)、抗霉素(Antimycin,1μmol/L) 和魚藤酮(Rotenone,1μmol/L)。
1.2.1 對象與分組
健康8周齡的C57BL/6J小鼠40只[購自北京維通利華實驗動物技術有限公司,動物許可證:SCXK(京)2015-0001],體重18±2 g。將小鼠隨機分為安靜組和運動組,進一步再分別分為未注射apelin組(No apelin,N)和apelin-13(Sigma,USA)apelin注射組(Apelin,A),每組10只。
Apelin注射組采用腹腔注射方式給予apelin,注射劑量為0.1μmol/kg體重/天。注射時間為每天11:00,持續(xù)28天。運動組采用75%左右最大攝氧量強度(1~2周坡度5o,速度15 m/min;3~4周坡度5o,速度20 m/min),1 h/天,6天/周,持續(xù)4周的跑臺運動。安靜組不施加任何運動負荷,正常飼養(yǎng)。
小鼠分籠飼養(yǎng),每籠3~4只,室內溫度20℃~25℃,相對濕度50%~70%,光照12 h/天(7:00~19:00),采用國家標準嚙齒類動物飼料飼養(yǎng),自由進食和飲水。最后一次運動后休息48 h,脫頸處死。取兩側股四頭肌,迅速稱量,錫紙包裹,標記編號,立刻投入液氮。取材完成后,轉入-80℃冰箱,保存待用。
1.2.2 Western blotting測定蛋白表達
取50 mg骨骼肌加入500 μL含有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制劑(Thermo Fisher,USA)的RIPA裂解液(碧云天,中國)中。使用勻漿機充分勻漿,于冰上靜置30 min,其間每隔10 min渦旋振蕩10 s;4℃、12 000 rpm離心30 min;取樣品上清即為總蛋白,于-20℃凍存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
采用BCA蛋白濃度試劑盒(Thermo Fisher,USA)測定骨骼肌的總蛋白濃度。按照每個樣品上樣蛋白總量20 μg,計算上樣體積。采用Bolt 4%~12% Bis-Tris Plus凝膠(Life technologies,USA),電泳分離目的蛋白及內參。而后,采用轉膜膠(iBlot?2 NC Regular Stacks,USA)于iBlot Gel Transfer System(Life technologies,USA)轉膜。5%的脫脂牛奶封閉1 h,加一抗于層析柜中孵育過夜。一抗稀釋比例依次為apelin(1:1 000,Satan Cruz,SC-33823),APJ(1:1 000,Satan Cruz,SC-29341),AMPKα(1:500,Satan Cruz,SC-74461),p-AMPKα(Thr172)(1:1 000,Satan Cruz,SC-33524),COX Ⅳ(1:2 000,Abbkine,A01060),內參β-actin(1:1 000,Santa Cruz,SC-47778)。次日,1×TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min。之后加1×TBST稀釋的二抗,二抗稀釋比例:羊抗兔(1:40 000,Thermo Fisher,31460)、羊抗小鼠(1:40 000,Thermo Fisher,31430)。室溫搖床搖晃孵育1 h。1×TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min。條帶加ECL western blot substrate(Life technologies,USA)發(fā)光液,放入曝光機(Bio-Rad ChemiDocTMXRS+,USA)曝光。用儀器自帶分析軟件,讀取條帶相對灰度值,計算結果。其結果計算公式如下:
使用 SPSS 17.0 統(tǒng)計軟件對實驗數(shù)據(jù)進行處理,采用雙因素方差分析數(shù)據(jù),實驗結果用±表示。<0.05表示統(tǒng)計學上有意義,<0.05表示有顯著性;<0.01表示有非常顯著性。
圖1 各組細胞線粒體呼吸功能
Figure 1. Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption Rate
注:*和**分別表示與相應未注射組相比P<0.05和P<0.01;下同。
Figure 2. Apelin Protein Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Mice
圖3 各組小鼠骨骼肌APJ蛋白相對表達量
Figure 3. APJ Protein Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Mice
圖1A是Seahorse測定線粒體氧化速率過程示意圖。由圖1B可知,Control siRNA+apelin組與Control siRNA+PBS組相比,線粒體基礎呼吸率顯著增加;AMPK siRNA+apelin組與AMPK siRNA+PBS組相比,基礎呼吸率顯著增加。由圖1C、D可知,Control siRNA+apelin組與Control siRNA+PBS組相比,線粒體ATP生成和最大呼吸率均顯著增加;且AMPK siRNA+apelin組與Control siRNA+apelin組相比,線粒體ATP生成和最大呼吸率均顯著降低。
2.2.1 骨骼肌apelin蛋白相對表達
由圖2可知,安靜注射apelin組與其未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌apelin蛋白表達顯著增加;運動注射apelin組與其未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌apelin蛋白表達也顯著增加。
2.2.2 骨骼肌APJ蛋白相對表達
由圖3可知,安靜注射apelin組與其未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌APJ蛋白表達顯著增加;運動注射apelin組與其未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌APJ蛋白表達顯著增加。
2.2.3 骨骼肌AMPKα、p-AMPKα蛋白相對表達及其比值
圖4 各組小鼠骨骼肌AMPKα、p-AMPKα蛋白相對表達量及其比值
Figure 4. AMPKα、p-AMPKα Protein Expression and their Ratio in Skeletal Muscle of Mice
由圖4C可知,安靜注射apelin組與其未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌p-AMPKα/AMPKα比值顯著增加;運動注射apelin組與其未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌p-AMPKα/AMPKα比值顯著增加。
2.2.4 骨骼肌 COX Ⅳ蛋白相對表達
圖5 各組小鼠骨骼肌COXⅣ蛋白相對表達量
Figure 5. COX Ⅳ Protein Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Mice
由圖5可知,運動注射apelin組與其未注射組相比,小鼠骨骼肌COX Ⅳ蛋白表達顯著增加。
Apelin能夠調節(jié)骨骼肌中的線粒體氧化能力及其生物合成。實驗表明,apelin 能夠增強線粒體能量代謝。高脂飲食小鼠連續(xù)腹腔注射apelin-13(0.1 μmol/kg體重/天)28天后,離體測定小鼠離體的比目魚肌氧耗量。結果表明,apelin注射組的氧耗量顯著高于PBS組(Attane et al.,2012)。1 μmol/L的apelin孵育24 h后,脂肪細胞中的PGC-1α、COX I和SDHA等線粒體生物合成相關蛋白表達顯著增加(Than et al.,2014)。采用普通大鼠連續(xù)2周腹腔注射apelin-13,其股三頭肌中的檸檬酸合酶、COX IV和β-羥酯酰輔酶A脫氫酶(β-HAD)的活性顯著增加,并且核編碼線粒體蛋白基因和線粒體編碼的COX IV和COX I表達也顯著增加(Frier et al.,2009)R1764。高脂飼養(yǎng)apelin 轉基因(TG)和野生(WT)鼠20周后,TG鼠比WT鼠的骨骼肌線粒體數(shù)量顯著增加,且肌纖維中I型(氧化型)肌纖維比例顯著提高(Yamamoto et al.,2011)860-861。
AMPK是機體能量代謝調節(jié)中心,而線粒體是細胞的能量工廠。研究表明,AMPK可以通過調節(jié)線粒體數(shù)量和提高線粒體內的酶活性等途徑增強線粒體能量代謝(Abbott et al.,2014; Marcinko et al.,2014; Wu et al.,1999)。關于apelin調節(jié)骨骼肌能量代謝是否通過AMPK作用,目前仍有爭議(Frier et al.,2009R1765; Bertrand et al.,2015)。本細胞實驗結果顯示,AMPK siRNA+apelin與Control siRNA+apelin組相比,ATP轉換率和最大呼吸能均顯著降低。表明AMPK沉默顯著可降低apelin補充介導的C2C12細胞線粒體呼吸功能,AMPK可直接參與apelin對C2C12細胞能量代謝的調節(jié)。另外,AMPK siRNA+PBS組與Control siRNA+PBS組相比,線粒體呼吸功能無顯著性變化。這一結果與他人的一些研究相一致(Wang et al.,2014; Fentz et al.,2015)。一篇采用脂肪細胞的研究,通過AMPKα siRNA敲低脂肪細胞發(fā)現(xiàn),其線粒體呼吸功能與正常脂肪細胞無差異(Wang et al.,2014)。另一篇對AMPK敲除小鼠的動物實驗表明,AMPK敲除鼠每日耗氧量和呼吸交換率與野生鼠相比也無顯著性差異(Fentz et al.,2015)。以上結果均表明,無外源性補充apelin的狀態(tài)下,沉默AMPKα對線粒體呼吸功能影響不大。
3.2.1 有氧運動訓練和apelin補充對骨骼肌apelin/APJ的影響
APJ作為apelin的受體,其在組織中的表達變化與apelin基本一致。文獻已表明,apelin轉基因小鼠、補充apelin或敲除apelin基因,其骨骼?。╕amamoto et al.,2011)859、血管內皮(Strohbach et al.,2018)、心肌細胞(Bi et al.,2018)、黃體細胞(Ró?ycka et al.,2018)、脂肪細胞(Than et al.,2014)等組織中,APJ蛋白表達量隨apelin表達量增減而變化。盡管新近研究表明,運動可引起apelin mRNA表達增加,被認為是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的運動引起的肌肉因子(Besse et al.,2014709-712; Yang et al.,2015),但目前的研究結果并不完全相同。例如,有研究報道,Zuker大鼠進行6周跑臺耐力運動訓練后,比目魚肌中的apelin蛋白表達顯著性降低,而趾長伸肌中apelin蛋白表達未發(fā)生變化(Son et al.,2017)。本實驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn),無論注射apelin還是未注射apelin,4周有氧訓練小鼠股四頭肌中apelin和APJ的蛋白表達并未發(fā)生顯著變化。推測這是否與4周有氧運動的時間不足或取材的肌纖維類型不同時間點有關,但仍有待進一步確定。
進而,無論是安靜還是運動組,補充apelin均可促進骨骼肌apelin和APJ的蛋白表達。說明在本實驗中補充apelin(0.1 μmol/kg體重/天,28天)比運動訓練對骨骼肌apelin/ AJP蛋白表達的作用更強。
3.2.2 有氧運動訓練補充apelin對骨骼肌AMPKα磷酸化和COX IV表達的影響
已有一些文獻報道,外源性補充apelin可增加骨骼肌AMPKα磷酸化蛋白表達(Yue et al.,2010; Vinel et al.,2018)。在本實驗中的研究結果與其一致,并且在運動訓練中補充apelin同樣可促進AMPKα活化。COX IV是線粒體中電子傳遞鏈的末端酶,催化電子從細胞色素C轉移到氧,對線粒體能量代謝至關重要(Oliva et al.,2015)。AMPK可調節(jié)COXIV的表達,進而增強線粒體的呼吸功能(Ritchie et al.,2014)。本研究中有氧運動訓練補充apelin,可進一步增加骨骼肌COX IV蛋白表達,表明有氧運動訓練補充apelin可能通過骨骼肌apelin/APJ-AMPK活化-COX IV蛋白表達這一信號通路,對線粒體進行調節(jié)作用。
外源性補充apelin可顯著增加C2C12細胞AMPK介導的線粒體呼吸功能,并提高有氧運動訓練小鼠骨骼肌apelin/ APJ、AMPKα磷酸化和COX IV蛋白表達。提示,有氧運動訓練補充apelin可能對骨骼肌的apelin-AMPK通路及其介導的線粒體能量代謝有一定的積極促進作用。
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Effects of Apelin Supplement during Aerobic Training on AMPK Activation and Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
LI Tieying, ZHANG Ying
Objective:To investigate the effects of apelin supplement during aerobic training on AMPK activation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. Methods: In the cell experiments, the AMPKα specific small interfering RNA(AMPKα siRNA)or a negative control interfering RNA(Control siRNA) were transfected into mice skeletal muscle C2C12 cells by Lipofectamine. Starvation treatment was performed for 6 hours after 48 hours transfection, and then cells were incubated with apelin-13 or PBS for 6 hours in complete medium to observe the changes in mitochondrial basal respiration, ATP production, and respiratory function. In the animal experiments, forty 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10 in each group): sedentary without apelin treatment, sedentary with apelin treatment, exercise training without apelin treatment and exercise training with apelin treatment group. The apelin treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally with apelin-13 at 0.1 μmol/kg/day for 4 weeks. The exercise groups were trained 6 days/week, 1 hour/day for 4 weeks by running on a treadmill at 75% VO2max. 48 hours after the last session of exercise training, the quadriceps were collected. The protein expressions of apelin, APJ, AMPKα, p-AMPKα (Thr172) and COX IV in skeletal muscles was measured by Western Blotting. Results: 1) In the cell experiments, the basal respiration rate, mitochondrial ATP production and maximum respiration rate were significantly increased in the Control siRNA+apelin group compared with the Control siRNA+PBS group, but the mitochondrial ATP production and maximum respiration rate were significantly decreased in the AMPK siRNA+apelin group compared with the Control siRNA+apelin group. 2) In the animal experiments, the protein expression of apelin, APJ, COX IV and the p-AMPKα/AMPKα ratio in skeletal muscles were significantly increased in the apelin treatment groups compared with no apelin treatment groups. Conclusion: The exogenous supplementation of apelin was significantly increased the AMPK-mediated mitochondrial respiratory function in C2C12 cells, and the apelin supplement during aerobic training was also significantly increased the apelin/APJ, COX IV protein expression and the p-AMPKα/AMPK ratio in skeletal muscles. The results suggested that the combination of aerobic exercise training with apelin supplement might activates the apelin-AMPK pathway and improves the mitochondrial energy metabolism in skeletal muscles.
1000-677X(2019)01-0055-06
10.16469/j.css.201901008
2018-11-09;
2018-12-30
國家自然科學基金資助項目(31640044);中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務費專項資金資助課題(2018XS001)
李鐵瑛(1988-),女,在讀博士研究生,主要研究方向為運動與骨骼肌健康的代謝適應,E-mail:yingyingziying@ 163.com。
張纓(1961-),女,教授,博士,博士研究生導師,主要研究方向運動與骨骼肌健康的代謝適應,E-mail: zhyi9256 @126.com。
G804.7
A