0.05);兩組入室時(shí)(T0)HR水"/>
楊秀菊 翁偉君
【摘要】 目的:探討B(tài)超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全憑靜脈麻醉在肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果。方法:選取2017年5月-2019年5月本院行肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)患者68例。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,各34例。觀察組給予B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全憑靜脈麻醉,對(duì)照組給予單純?nèi)珣{靜脈麻醉,比較兩組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血壓(SBP、DBP)、心率(HR)、血糖、皮質(zhì)醇水平及臨床指標(biāo)。結(jié)果:兩組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)SBP、DBP水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組入室時(shí)(T0)HR水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組切皮時(shí)刻(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始30 min(T2)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始60 min(T3)、拔管后10 min(T4)的HR水平均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組T0、T1時(shí)血糖水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組T2、T3、T4時(shí)血糖水平低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組T0時(shí)皮質(zhì)醇水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)皮質(zhì)醇水平均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分、硝酸甘油使用率均低于對(duì)照組,瑞芬太尼用量、丙泊酚用量均少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全憑靜脈麻醉應(yīng)用于肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)可有效輔助控制性降壓,還能夠降低術(shù)中應(yīng)激反應(yīng),提高術(shù)野質(zhì)量,減少全麻用藥,降低麻醉風(fēng)險(xiǎn),值得在臨床上推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 超聲 肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯 靜脈麻醉 肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of B-ultrasound guided intermuscular groove brachial plexus block combined with total intravenous anesthesia on shoulder arthroscopy. Method: From May 2017 to May 2019, 68 patients underwent shoulder arthroscopy surgery in our hospital were selected. According to the method of random number table, they were divided into observation group and control group, 34 cases in each group. The observation group was given intermuscular groove brachial plexus block combined with total intravenous anesthesia under the guidance of B-ultrasound, while the control group was given only total intravenous anesthesia. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), blood glucose, cortisol at different time points and clinical indexes were compared in the two groups. Result: There were no significant differences in SBP and DBP between the two groups at different time points (P>0.05), there was no significant difference in HR level in the two groups when entering the room (T0) (P>0.05), the HR level in the the observation group were lower than those of the control group at peeling moment (T1), 30 min after operation (T2), 60 min after operation (T3), 10 min after extubation (T4), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in blood glucose level between the two groups at T0 and T1 (P>0.05), the blood glucose level at T2, T3 and T4 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in cortisol level between the two groups at T0 (P>0.05), the cortisol levels at T1, T2, T3 and T4 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in operation time between the two groups (P>0.05), the quality score of operation field and the usage rate of nitroglycerin in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the dosage of Remifentanil, Propofol were lower than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of B-ultrasound guided intermuscular groove brachial plexus block combined with total intravenous anesthesia in shoulder arthroscopic surgery can effectively assist in controlled hypotension, reduce intraoperative stress response, improve the quality of operation field, reduce the use of general anesthesia and reduce the risk of anesthesia, which is worth popularizing in clinical practice.
[Key words] Ultrasound Intermuscular groove brachial plexus block Intravenous anesthesia Shoulder arthroscopy
First-authors address: The Third Peoples Hospital of Huizhou City, Huizhou 516002, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.36.005
近年來(lái)隨著肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,其在臨床上的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越廣泛,肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)具有損傷小、恢復(fù)快的特點(diǎn),受到患者和醫(yī)生的青睞[1-2]。關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)的關(guān)鍵是術(shù)中減少出血,保證術(shù)野清晰,這就需要持續(xù)加壓沖洗關(guān)節(jié)腔,并采取控制性降壓措施,為了盡可能避免沖洗液外滲壓迫氣管,降低上呼吸道梗阻的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),臨床上一般采取氣管插管全身麻醉[3]。為了達(dá)到降壓的目的,臨床上普遍加大麻醉劑量、活血管藥物,但是該方法極易導(dǎo)致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)較大,延遲術(shù)后蘇醒,患者出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)[4-5],本文旨在探討B(tài)超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全憑靜脈麻醉應(yīng)用于肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2017年5月-2019年5月本院行肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)患者68例為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ或Ⅱ級(jí),年齡18~65歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):嚴(yán)重心腦血管疾病;精神障礙;惡性腫瘤;凝血功能障礙;麻醉禁忌證;妊娠和哺乳期患者。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,各34例。本研究通過(guò)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審查與備案,患者均簽署知情同意書,自愿參與研究。
1.2 麻醉方法 術(shù)前常規(guī)禁飲禁食,嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)ECG、血壓、SpO2,開(kāi)放下肢靜脈通路,穿刺橈動(dòng)脈并置管,監(jiān)測(cè)血壓水平,持續(xù)輸注氯化鈉溶液,起初速率為10 mL/(kg·h),30 min后速率為6 mL/(kg·h)。
(1)對(duì)照組給予單純?nèi)珣{靜脈麻醉,具體實(shí)施方法如下。0.05 mg/kg咪達(dá)唑侖(生產(chǎn)廠家:江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H10980025,規(guī)格:2 mL︰10 mg)+2.5 mg/kg丙泊酚(生產(chǎn)廠家:廣東嘉博制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20133248,規(guī)格:20 mL︰200 mg)+0.5 μg/kg舒芬太尼(生產(chǎn)廠家:宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20054171,規(guī)格:按C22H30N2O2S計(jì)1 mL︰50 μg)+0.15 mg/kg注射用苯磺順阿曲庫(kù)銨(生產(chǎn)廠家:江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20060869,規(guī)格:10 mg),氣管插管后控制其呼吸,維持以6 mg/(kg·h)丙泊酚+0.2 μg/(kg·min)瑞芬太尼[生產(chǎn)廠家:江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20143315,規(guī)格:1 mg(以瑞芬太尼計(jì))]持續(xù)泵注,根據(jù)實(shí)際情況及時(shí)調(diào)整藥物劑量,維持麻醉深度指數(shù)在40~60,手術(shù)開(kāi)始前加深麻醉,若血壓控制不理想則20 μg/min速率泵注硝酸甘油(生產(chǎn)廠家:廣州白云山明興制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H44020569,規(guī)格:1 mL︰5 mg),并根據(jù)平均動(dòng)脈壓及時(shí)調(diào)整泵注速度,維持平均動(dòng)脈壓在50~65 mm Hg,直到手術(shù)結(jié)束。
(2)觀察組給予B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全憑靜脈麻醉,在全麻誘導(dǎo)前給予B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,采取平面技術(shù),將患者的周圍血管以及神經(jīng)相對(duì)位置進(jìn)行仔細(xì)辨別,明確患者的臂叢神經(jīng)所在位置后穿刺進(jìn)針,藥物為20 mL 0.375%羅哌卡因(生產(chǎn)廠家:AstraZeneca AB,注冊(cè)證號(hào):H20140764,規(guī)格:10 mL︰75 mg),術(shù)肢溫度、感覺(jué)、針刺痛感消失時(shí)為神經(jīng)阻滯完全,繼而行全麻誘導(dǎo),與對(duì)照組相同。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)監(jiān)測(cè)并比較兩組入室時(shí)(T0)、切皮時(shí)刻(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始30 min(T2)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始60 min(T3)、拔管后10 min(T4)的舒張壓(DBP)、收縮壓(SBP)、心率(HR)。(2)抽取兩組T0、T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)間點(diǎn)動(dòng)脈血,檢測(cè)并比較兩組血糖、皮質(zhì)醇水平。(3)比較兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分、瑞芬太尼用量、丙泊酚用量、硝酸甘油使用例數(shù),其中Fromme術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)野輕微出血,無(wú)須吸引為1分;術(shù)野輕微出血,偶爾需要吸引但是不影響手術(shù)為2分;術(shù)野輕微出血,需要經(jīng)常吸引,為對(duì)手術(shù)有影響為3分;術(shù)野輕度出血,需要吸引且影響手術(shù)為4分;術(shù)野出血嚴(yán)重,持續(xù)吸引,影響手術(shù)的進(jìn)行為5分[6]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 22.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料比較 觀察組男18例,女16例;年齡23~61歲,平均(45.21±15.23)歲;體重指數(shù)21~29 kg/m2,平均(24.69±2.48)kg/m2;骨折16例、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎8例、肌腱病變8例、肩袖撕裂2例。對(duì)照組男19例,女15例;年齡22~62歲,平均(45.18±15.21)歲;體重指數(shù)21~28 kg/m2,平均(24.89±2.56)kg/m2;骨折15例、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎10例、肌腱病變7例、肩袖撕裂2例。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血壓、心率水平比較 T0、T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí),兩組SBP、DBP水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組T0時(shí)HR水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)HR水平均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血糖、皮質(zhì)醇水平比較 兩組T0、T1時(shí)血糖水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組T2、T3、T4時(shí)血糖水平低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組T0時(shí)皮質(zhì)醇水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)皮質(zhì)醇水平均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 兩組臨床指標(biāo)比較 兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分、硝酸甘油使用率均低于對(duì)照組,瑞芬太尼用量、丙泊酚用量均少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
肩關(guān)節(jié)的內(nèi)部血運(yùn)較豐富,治療時(shí)難以使用止血帶,而肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)的關(guān)鍵是減少出血,確保手術(shù)視野的清晰,這就需要采用控制性降壓技術(shù)(利用藥物或者技術(shù)使平均動(dòng)脈壓降至50~60 mm Hg),且不能導(dǎo)致重要器官發(fā)生缺血、缺氧性損害,降壓停止后血壓可在短時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速恢復(fù)正常,減少術(shù)中出血,增加手術(shù)視野的清晰度,從而在一定程度上縮短手術(shù)的時(shí)間[7-8]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組硝酸甘油使用率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),但T0、T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí),兩組SBP、DBP水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)果說(shuō)明B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯可起到輔助控制性降壓的作用。
控制性降壓中的代表藥物是硝酸甘油,其作用機(jī)理是松弛血管平滑肌進(jìn)而起到降壓的作用,但是其在降壓過(guò)程中極易導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)反射性心動(dòng)過(guò)速,心肌耗氧量過(guò)度增加[9-10],本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組T0時(shí)HR水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)HR水平均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。考慮原因?yàn)槭褂孟跛岣视途S持血壓患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定,波動(dòng)較大,而未使用硝酸甘油的患者血液循環(huán)更加穩(wěn)定,B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯對(duì)外周損傷沖動(dòng)傳遞提前阻滯,將外周和中樞敏化提前抑制,屬于預(yù)先鎮(zhèn)痛,對(duì)手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷所致傷害性刺激的上傳進(jìn)行有效阻斷,減少因傷害刺激導(dǎo)致的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化[11-12]。而且觀察組瑞芬太尼用量、丙泊酚用量均少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說(shuō)明B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯應(yīng)用于肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)可減少全麻藥的使用劑量。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。分析原因?yàn)閷?duì)照組術(shù)中視野清晰度難以滿足手術(shù)的需要,術(shù)者需要頻繁使用灌洗液沖洗術(shù)野,并且調(diào)高灌洗水壓泵的水壓,灌洗液的使用量進(jìn)一步證實(shí)B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯可提高肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)視野清晰度,同時(shí)灌洗液使用量減少可促進(jìn)患者肩部水腫的緩解,加快術(shù)后恢復(fù)[13]。
手術(shù)刺激機(jī)體引起應(yīng)激反應(yīng),其中以交感神經(jīng)興奮、下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)軸分泌為主[14],引起機(jī)體神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、體液及免疫功能的變化,皮質(zhì)醇和血糖值可作為反應(yīng)手術(shù)對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激程度的指標(biāo)[15],本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組T2、T3、T4時(shí)血糖水平低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),觀察組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)皮質(zhì)醇水平均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)果表明觀察組患者手術(shù)過(guò)程中應(yīng)激反應(yīng)低,B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯能夠降低術(shù)中患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。應(yīng)激反應(yīng)是一種自我保護(hù)性機(jī)制,但機(jī)體長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于應(yīng)激反應(yīng),極易引起免疫抑制、機(jī)體代謝率高、心肌細(xì)胞缺氧等一系列不良癥狀,增加手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),影響預(yù)后[16-19]。術(shù)前B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯既能減輕患者應(yīng)激反應(yīng),另一方面也可維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)平穩(wěn),減少血壓的波動(dòng)[20-21]。
綜上所述,B超引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全憑靜脈麻醉應(yīng)用于肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)可有效輔助控制性降壓,還能夠降低術(shù)中應(yīng)激反應(yīng),提高術(shù)野質(zhì)量,減少全麻用藥,降低麻醉風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建議在臨床上推廣。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-21) (本文編輯:董悅)