陳君容
書面表達(dá)占高考分值25分,書面表達(dá)能力的高低,直接影響著學(xué)生成績(jī)的高低??v觀近幾年全國(guó)卷書面表達(dá)命題的特點(diǎn),趨向于提綱式作文,給出大致的寫作方向卻不限制具體內(nèi)容,屬于半開放式作文;話題與中學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)生活密切相關(guān),其目的是讓學(xué)生有話可說,然而現(xiàn)實(shí)是,不少學(xué)生往往無從下筆,本文結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,談?wù)勅绾吻擅罱M織內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),提高學(xué)生的高考英語寫作能力。
一、重視首段,言簡(jiǎn)意賅,直表目的
近幾年的高考英語書面表達(dá)不給出開頭和結(jié)尾,所以更應(yīng)重視首段,首段應(yīng)自然切題,言簡(jiǎn)意賅, 一般來說,常用的有三種形式:
第一種是開門見山式。用簡(jiǎn)單明白的敘述引出文章的話題,使讀者了解文章要談?wù)撌裁?,這類多見于邀請(qǐng)信和求助信。
第二種是背景介紹式。文章開頭往往要交代事件或者社會(huì)現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的背景,比如網(wǎng)絡(luò)投票、公共場(chǎng)所的不文明現(xiàn)象、環(huán)境保護(hù)、節(jié)約型社會(huì)建設(shè)活動(dòng)等。
第三種是感謝來信式。此類開頭用于回信,開頭往往是表示感謝、請(qǐng)求建議或幫助等。
除了要注意首句、末句,還要注意過渡,盡可能做到能承上啟下,該部分言簡(jiǎn)意賅,以便留出字?jǐn)?shù)描寫正文部分。
下面以2018年三篇高考書面表達(dá)為例:
[例1](2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)
假定你是李華,你的新西蘭朋友Terry將去中國(guó)朋友家做客,發(fā)郵件向你詢向有關(guān)習(xí)俗。請(qǐng)你回復(fù)郵件,內(nèi)容包括:1.到達(dá)時(shí)間;2.合適的禮物;3. 餐桌禮儀。
Dear Terry:
How are you doing? In your last letter, you asked me about being a guest to a Chinese friends home. Now, I am writing to inform you of some relevant details.
[例2](2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)
你受學(xué)生會(huì)委托,為校宣傳欄“英語天地”寫一則通知,請(qǐng)大家觀看一部英語短片Growing Together,內(nèi)容包括:1. 短片內(nèi)容:學(xué)校的發(fā)展;2. 放映時(shí)間、地點(diǎn);3. 歡迎對(duì)短片提出意見。
Notice
There will be a short English film with the name of Growing Together this weekend. The film is mainly related to the development of our school.
[例3](2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)
假定你是李華,你的英國(guó)朋友Peter 來信詢問你校學(xué)生體育運(yùn)動(dòng)情況。請(qǐng)給他回信,內(nèi)容包括:1. 校的體育場(chǎng)館;2. 主要的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目;3. 你喜歡的項(xiàng)目。
Dear Peter,
I am exceedingly delighted to hear from you. You asked me in your last letter about the physical exercise in our school and the following information may give you a rough sketch.
二、靈活運(yùn)用多種語言手段
1. 變換句式,提高作文檔次
很多時(shí)候一個(gè)句子可以有多種表達(dá)方法,若我們能靈活地把句子稍作調(diào)整,句子味道馬上變得不一樣。如:
“習(xí)主席夫婦于9 ∶ 30 到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng),如”
表達(dá)1: President Xi and his wife arrived at the airport at 9:30 and they were warmly welcomed.
表達(dá)2:On arriving at the airport at 9:30, President Xi and his wife were warmly welcomed.
表達(dá)3. No sooner had President Xi and his wife arrived at the airport than they were warmly welcomed.
2. 轉(zhuǎn)換思維,巧妙分解難句
某些中文句子比較復(fù)雜,如直接表達(dá)出來,會(huì)言不達(dá)意或很多細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容無法表達(dá),這時(shí)候就需要我們轉(zhuǎn)換思維,換一種表達(dá)方法。如:
假設(shè)你是李華,你在報(bào)上看到北京電視臺(tái)今年七月將舉辦外國(guó)人“學(xué)中文,唱中文歌”才藝大賽。
(范文句子)I read in a newspaper today that a“Learn Chinese, Sing Chinese Songs”ForeignersTalent Show will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18.
對(duì)于表達(dá)基礎(chǔ)好的學(xué)生,寫出這樣的句子不難,但對(duì)大部分學(xué)生來說,這類句子是容易出錯(cuò)的,這時(shí)候我們就可以變換一下表達(dá),降低表達(dá)的難度:
表達(dá)1:I read a piece of news in a newspaper today. A ForeignersTalent Show with the theme“Learn Chinese, Sing Chinese Songs”will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18.
表達(dá)2:I read a piece of news in a newspaper today that A ForeignersTalent Show will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18, the name of which is“Learn Chinese, Sing Chinese Songs”.
三、化零為整,有機(jī)組合,使句子嚴(yán)密緊湊
當(dāng)寫作內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)零星雜亂,若根據(jù)給出要點(diǎn)的順序會(huì)不符合英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣時(shí),就需要我們化零為整,有機(jī)組合,使句子能緊湊起來。如:
李明:高個(gè)子,戴眼鏡;航班號(hào):CA985 ; 到達(dá):8月6日上午11 ∶ 30
組合前表達(dá):My uncle is tall and he is wearing glasses. His flight number is CA985, and it will arrive at 11:30 am, August 6.
組合后表達(dá):
My uncle, a tall man with a pair of glasses, will arrive at 11 ∶ 30 am, August, and the flight number is CA985.
四、重視書信交際功能,結(jié)尾得體
文章的結(jié)尾形式是多種多樣的,不過一般來說還是以照應(yīng)開頭、深化文章主題為主。全國(guó)卷書面表達(dá)以書信為主,故我們要在結(jié)尾時(shí)注重交際功能,特別是書信類,演講類,要注意用語得體有禮貌。除了常見的禮貌用語 all the best, wish you good luck, thank you 等,常用的結(jié)尾方式有:
1. 期待式
Hopefully, these suggestions would be helpful for you. I have the confidence that you will have a great time. I am looking forward to your good news. (2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷書面表達(dá))
I sincerely hope your dream will come true and its my pleasure to show you around in Beijing when that day comes. (2018年北京卷書面表達(dá))
2. 感謝式
Id appreciate it if you could do me a favour. (2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷書面表達(dá))
3. 征求意見式
If it is convenient for you, lets meet at 8 ∶ 30 outside the school gate. If not, let me know what time suits you best.(2016年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷書面表達(dá))
4. 補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)式
If you have any other questions, please do contact with me. May you make great progress in learning Chinese. (2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷書面表達(dá))
除了上文提及的幾種常用的結(jié)尾外,“ Im looking forward to your reply soon./Looking forward to hearing from you.”幾乎適用于所有書信類書面表達(dá)的結(jié)尾。
結(jié)束語
書面表達(dá)是對(duì)學(xué)生語言綜合運(yùn)用能力的考查,是考生學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)。本文提及的技巧有助于考生了解如何巧妙組織內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),做到作文時(shí)有話好說。當(dāng)然,技巧是手段,基礎(chǔ)是關(guān)鍵??忌诤粚?shí)基礎(chǔ)之上,再結(jié)合技巧的靈活運(yùn)用,高考英語書面表達(dá)能力的提升便是水到渠成的事了。
注:本文由廣東省教育科學(xué)規(guī)劃課題(高中英語高效課堂教學(xué)研究2015YQJK204)資助。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青