我們生活的環(huán)境，我們每天的活動，無時無刻不受到氣候的影響。

從尺度來看，氣候可大致分為大氣候和小氣候（微氣候）兩類。前者是由多種宏觀因素綜合決定的，包括太陽輻射、地理緯度、大氣環(huán)流、距海洋遠(yuǎn)近、大面積地形等。大氣候在地球表面基本呈現(xiàn)地帶性分布，而且每個氣候區(qū)表現(xiàn)出具有一定穩(wěn)定性的氣候特征。大氣候影響生物的生存和分布，形成生物群系。人類也不能擺脫大氣候的影響?，F(xiàn)存的不同氣候區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)民居、園林中都可以找到人類主動適應(yīng)大氣候的智慧。幾乎可以肯定地說，面對大氣候，我們只能適應(yīng)。

微氣候與大氣候區(qū)別顯著。從成因來看，如果說大氣候由天定，微氣候則由地生。微氣候主要受到局部地形、植被、土壤類型、建構(gòu)筑物等因素的調(diào)節(jié)。這些因素可能是自然形成的，也可能是人類有意識的改造性活動的產(chǎn)物。所以，我們雖然不能改變大氣候，卻總能調(diào)節(jié)微氣候。我們所處的微氣候環(huán)境的選擇者或塑造者是我們自己。從影響來看，微氣候直接影響我們的生活。我們不僅生活在大氣候中，更生活在局地的微氣候中。微氣候?qū)ξ覀兩畹囊饬x甚至要重于大氣候。由此可見，微氣候更需要我們的關(guān)注和研究。

從古至今，人類棲居環(huán)境的建設(shè)活動始終都離不開微氣候?，F(xiàn)存優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)村落和園林，之所以成為人居環(huán)境的典范，擁有較舒適的微氣候環(huán)境往往是必備條件之一。我們的古人常擇地于微氣候舒適的山林地、江湖地、郊野地等。如果不能擇佳地，也會通過院落布局、建筑組合、掇山理水、栽植花木等手法塑造出舒適的微氣候環(huán)境。由此可見，傳統(tǒng)人居環(huán)境對大氣候的適應(yīng)，在很多情況下是通過調(diào)節(jié)微氣候來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

而現(xiàn)在我們的城市建設(shè)活動，在大多數(shù)情況下，卻并未對氣候予以足夠的重視，既不主動地適應(yīng)地帶性大氣候，也不考慮其對城市微氣候的影響。城市化建設(shè)造成的下墊面特征的改變，包括建筑、道路、廣場等硬質(zhì)下墊面的增多和綠地、水體等軟質(zhì)下墊面的減少等，對城市局地的熱環(huán)境、風(fēng)環(huán)境等都產(chǎn)生了顯著影響，衍生出特有的城市微氣候。城市熱島效應(yīng)正是城市微氣候惡化的突出表現(xiàn)之一。而且，在全球變暖和高溫、熱浪等極端天氣事件突顯的大背景下，城市微氣候的改善無疑將面臨更大的挑戰(zhàn)。值得深思的是，城市熱島效應(yīng)等現(xiàn)象的影響不僅包括城市微氣候舒適性的下降，同時還涉及人類健康、環(huán)境污染、能源危機(jī)等更多層面的問題。因此，以改善城市微氣候?yàn)閷?dǎo)向的研究對城市發(fā)展很可能產(chǎn)生一舉多得的效果，有助于探索更加健康的、可持續(xù)的城市發(fā)展模式。

近些年來，城市微氣候已經(jīng)成為風(fēng)景園林學(xué)的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。風(fēng)景園林學(xué)的研究對象和專業(yè)特點(diǎn)決定了我們在改善城市微氣候方面必然扮演不可取代的角色。本期主題正是探討風(fēng)景園林與城市微氣候的關(guān)系。論文研究地點(diǎn)涉及中國建筑氣候區(qū)劃中分布最廣的3個氣候區(qū)，嚴(yán)寒地區(qū)、寒冷地區(qū)和夏熱冬冷地區(qū)。研究時間集中在舒適性較低的冬季和夏季。論文研究對象包括現(xiàn)代城市中的街道、居住區(qū)、城市廣場和公園綠地4種與人們居住、出行、休閑、娛樂等日?；顒酉⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的戶外空間類型，還包括蘊(yùn)含豐富生態(tài)智慧的京西傳統(tǒng)村落和中國古典園林。另外，城市微氣候既關(guān)乎環(huán)境，更關(guān)乎人。所以論文的研究內(nèi)容既包括山水格局、街道形態(tài)、廣場和公園空間、植被結(jié)構(gòu)等物質(zhì)性環(huán)境元素，也包括對特定人群的關(guān)注，如老人戶外活動的微氣候適應(yīng)性研究。希望對讀者有所啟發(fā)。

本期專題組稿人：趙彩君

2018年10月7日

Landscape Architecture and Urban Microclimate

Both the environment in which we live and our daily activities are affected by the climate, at all times.

The climate is dimensionally divided into macroclimate and microclimate. The macroclimate condition is determined by generic factors such as solar radiation, geographic latitude, atmospheric circulation, distance from the ocean and wide topography. The macroclimate is basically zonal on earth surface with relatively stable climatic features. Macroclimate affects the survival and distribution of the life to form biota. Humans are no exception of the impact of climate. The existing traditional houses, gardens of different climatic zones demonstrate the human wisdom in adapting to local climate.It is almost certain that in the face of the climate, humans can only adapt.

Macroclimate differs significantly from microclimate. By origin macroclimate is delimitated by heaven while the microclimate by earth. Microclimate is mainly regulated by local topography,vegetation, soil types, and structures etc. that are naturally formed or human consciously transformed. To this end, we cannot change macroclimate but can always adjust microclimate. Humans are the shapers and choice makers of the microclimatic environments. From the perspective of influence, microclimate has direct impact on mankind whose habitats are both macroclimatic and microclimatic.Microclimate has higher significance than macroclimate to human residence so often deserves our immediate attention.

From ancient times the construction activities of human habitats have never been separable from the microclimate. The existent elites of traditional villages and gardens have become models of human habitat for their more comfortable microclimatic environments.Our ancestors mostly resided on hilly woodlands, riparian grounds,countryside areas with friendly microclimate conditions. If the ideal habitat was unavailable, a homely microclimate would be created by the layout of courtyard, combination of houses, landform reclamation, and planting of flowers and trees. Therefore the adaptation of the traditional human habitats to the macroclimate is largely achieved by regulating microclimate.

However most urban construction activities nowadays do not pay adequate attention to the climate neither by actively adapting to zonal climate nor by considering the impact on the urban microclimate.Changes to the nature of the underlying surface by urbanization including the increases of hard surfaces of buildings, roads, squares and decreases of soft surfaces of green spaces and water bodies,have had significant impact on site thermal and wind conditions resulting in specialized urban microclimates. The urban heat island effect is one of the outstanding manifestations of the deterioration of urban microclimate. Moreover, in the context of global warming and extreme weather events such as high temperatures and heat waves, the improvement of urban microclimate will undoubtedly face greater challenges. It is worth pondering that urban heat island effects etc. lead to the decline of urban microclimate comfort level as well as problems of human health, environmental pollution, energy crisis and so on. Therefore, researches to improve urban microclimate are likely to have multifaceted contributions in exploring healthy sustainable urban development models.

Urban microclimate has become one of the research hotspots of landscape architecture in recent years. The research objects and professional features of landscape architecture determine that we shall play an irreplaceable role in improving urban microclimate. The theme of this issue is to explore the relationship between landscape architecture and urban microclimate. The research locations cover the three most widely distributed climate zones of China Building Climate Demarcation namely the severe cold region, the cold region and the hot summer and cold winter region. The research time is concentrated on winter and summer with low comfort levels. The research objects cover outdoor space types of street, residential area,city square and park green space of modern cities that are closely related to people’s daily activities of residing, traveling, leisure and entertainment as well as traditional western Beijing villages with abundant ecological wisdom and Chinese classical gardens. In addition, considering the higher signif i cance of urban microclimate to the people than that to the environment, the researches cover both the physical environment elements of landscape patterns,street formations, square or park spaces, vegetation structure and humanistic attention to special groups such as the elderly for their microclimate adaptability in outdoor activities. I hope all these can combine to offer inspirations to the reader.

Translator: WANG Xiyue

Acquiring Editor of the current issue: ZHAO Caijun October 7th, 2018