尤文嫻
一、研究的背景
1. 考生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作現(xiàn)狀分析
從我校歷年高考結(jié)果分析來(lái)看,學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作部分的成績(jī)不太理想。根據(jù)高一(412份)和高三(432份)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷分析發(fā)現(xiàn),大約僅有20%的高一學(xué)生和28%的高三學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作有興趣和信心,有較良好的寫(xiě)作習(xí)慣與目標(biāo)。從高三學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作考卷情況看,學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作存在的主要問(wèn)題表現(xiàn)在詞不成句、詞不達(dá)意、內(nèi)容單調(diào)、詞匯貧乏、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)漢語(yǔ)化、句型單一、語(yǔ)篇缺乏邏輯感、書(shū)寫(xiě)潦草不規(guī)范等等。
2. ESA教學(xué)理論概述
1998年,英國(guó)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)專(zhuān)家杰里米·哈默(Jeremy Harmer)提出了ESA(即Engage/ Study/ Activate)理論。ESA教學(xué)模式包含三個(gè)階段,即投入階段(Engage)、學(xué)習(xí)階段(Study)和運(yùn)用階段(Activate)。
Harmer指出,無(wú)論什么教學(xué)內(nèi)容,教學(xué)中都應(yīng)有投入、學(xué)習(xí)、運(yùn)用三個(gè)要素,但它們的先后順序可以靈活使用。
二、ESA教學(xué)理論在高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
下面以筆者曾執(zhí)教的一節(jié)公開(kāi)課為例,探討ESA理論指導(dǎo)下的高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作課堂的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。
本節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容是高二下學(xué)期的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練課。根據(jù)本節(jié)課寫(xiě)作教學(xué)的三個(gè)主要階段,筆者組織了多層次的感知引入、模仿寫(xiě)作和實(shí)際運(yùn)用的教學(xué)活動(dòng)。
(一)感知引入
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做以下短文改錯(cuò)題。
Dear sir or Madam,
I buy an electronic dictionary from your website last month. However, some problems have appeared and Im writing to complain of them.
First, there are several spelling mistake, that really surprises me a lot. In addition, there arent enough entries (輸入)for frequent used words in your dictionary.
Besides, because the battery doesnt last long, so I have to keep charging it again and again.
On the whole, I am not satisfying with your dictionary. I would like to either change an electronic dictionary for another one that works well or give us a full refund(退全款). Im looking forward your reply as soon as possible.
答案:1. buy—bought 2. of—about 3. mistake—mistakes 4. that—which 5. frequent—frequently 6. 刪除because或so 7. satisfying — satisfied 8. an—the 9. us—me 10. 在looking forward加介詞to
1. 劃出文中亮點(diǎn)
(1)However, some problems have appeared and Im writing to complain about them.
(2) Besides, the battery doesnt last long, so I have to keep charging it again and again.
(3)Im looking forward to your reply as soon as possible.
2. 歸納出如何寫(xiě)投訴信模板
(1)寫(xiě)投訴信的目的:某人在什么時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)遭遇了什么事。
Im writing to complain about sth. First,... In addition,... Besides...
(2)投訴的原因:具體陳述如何遭到了權(quán)益侵害,出現(xiàn)了什么問(wèn)題或不滿(mǎn)意的地方。
On the whole, I am not satisfied with sth.
(3)希望得到的結(jié)果:你期望的解決方案和建議性的意見(jiàn)。
Im looking forward to your reply as soon as possible.
(二)模仿寫(xiě)作
作文題:
假設(shè)你是李華,你購(gòu)買(mǎi)了一部某外國(guó)公司生產(chǎn)的手機(jī),因質(zhì)量有問(wèn)題,要求該公司更換。請(qǐng)用英文給該公司負(fù)責(zé)人寫(xiě)一封電子郵件,要點(diǎn)包括:
1. 手機(jī)不響鈴,不能發(fā)短信;
2. 該產(chǎn)品已售完,無(wú)法更換;
3. 型號(hào)新,無(wú)配件,無(wú)法維修;
4. 要求公司盡快予以更換。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 參考詞匯: 配件spare part
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們自主完成以下習(xí)作:
Dear Sir,
Last week, I bought an mobile phone of BLU Life One X-4G LTE at your Tele Mall. (1)______________________________
(2)__________, it didnt ring or send short messages.(3)___________, I took it to the seller, but was told that the model had been sold out and I had to wait at least three months for a new one.(4)________, it was impossible to fix it without right spare parts because it was a new model.
On the whole, (5)_________________________________
Therefore, I would like to either change it for another one that works well or give me a full refund. (6)________________
_____________________________________________________
Sincerely yours,
Li Hua
參考答案:(1) There was something wrong with it and Im writing to complain about it. (2) First (3) In addition (4) Besides (5) I am not satisfied with your mobile phone(6) Im looking forward to your reply as soon as possible.
(三)實(shí)際運(yùn)用
分組寫(xiě)作
作文題:
假定你是李華,春節(jié)期間隨父母到香港旅游。期間遭到導(dǎo)游對(duì)游客權(quán)益的侵害(如強(qiáng)迫購(gòu)物以及強(qiáng)加旅游費(fèi)用等)。請(qǐng)給某英文報(bào)社寫(xiě)一封投訴性,內(nèi)容包括:
1. 投訴原因;
2. 具體的權(quán)益侵害;
3. 期望如何解決。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)100左右。
2. 參考詞匯:導(dǎo)游tour guide, 態(tài)度attitude,強(qiáng)迫 force,侮辱和威脅 insult and threaten,強(qiáng)加收費(fèi)pay extra charges,關(guān)注pay attention to,采取措施 take measures
Dear editor,
I have just come back from my trip to Hong Kong with my parents.
_________________________________________________
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過(guò)頭腦風(fēng)暴,回顧一些與寫(xiě)作有關(guān)的詞匯,分析在寫(xiě)作中需要表達(dá)的要點(diǎn)句型。如:
產(chǎn)品有問(wèn)題
Sth. doesnt work / function well.
Some problems appear / come up.
There is something wrong with...
There are some problems with...
如何投訴
Im writing to make a complaint about...
Im writing to complain about...
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction /disappointment with...
如何表達(dá)愿望
I would appreciate it if you...
Im looking forward to your early reply.
Thank you for your consideration.
教師通過(guò)學(xué)生即席示范——小組協(xié)作——自評(píng)互評(píng)等環(huán)節(jié),讓學(xué)生參與到教學(xué)中,既有句子層面的討論,又有構(gòu)思、謀篇布局到語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用諸方面的探討,又有整篇文章的相互修改和潤(rùn)色。最后環(huán)節(jié),老師點(diǎn)評(píng),肯定黑板上學(xué)生作文的優(yōu)點(diǎn),指出不足或者可提升的地方,然后布置學(xué)生課后對(duì)寫(xiě)作成果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)反饋,重新修改所寫(xiě)文章。
根據(jù)一系列教學(xué)實(shí)踐,ESA教學(xué)理論在高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中產(chǎn)生了積極的影響,效果較為明顯。以本人所任教的2012年及2015年兩屆高考班為例,從高二開(kāi)始接手到高三高考結(jié)束,兩個(gè)班的平均分從開(kāi)始落后于其它班級(jí)10分左右到高考時(shí)成為學(xué)校的最高分,超同級(jí)英語(yǔ)科平均分約2分。
三、ESA教學(xué)理論在高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中的反思
教師在ESA教學(xué)理論下的教學(xué)活動(dòng)中也必須思考以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 教師在教學(xué)過(guò)程中要轉(zhuǎn)的“角色”。教師僅僅是學(xué)生寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中的助手,負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作積極性,提供指導(dǎo)、鼓勵(lì)和幫助。教師要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中的差異表現(xiàn),評(píng)價(jià)要偏向肯定和褒獎(jiǎng),有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的信心和興趣,提高寫(xiě)作效率。
2. 教師要設(shè)計(jì)和搭建合理的教學(xué)架構(gòu)。
3. 師生之間要有有效互動(dòng)。
4. 教師要更加關(guān)注學(xué)情。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青