亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        AGeneralStudyofLanguageDiversitiy

        2018-09-10 10:24:14張婷婷
        校園英語·上旬 2018年8期

        【Abstract】English, being the international language, plays a dominating role among various languages spoken in the worldwide. It makes communication easier, while it also threatens the linguistic diversity. Each language represents a special culture as well as a special identity. In order to protect linguistic diversity, several factors need to be taken into consideration. This passage is a general introduction of language diversity as well as the significance of protection.

        【Key words】Linguistic diversity; vitality

        【作者簡介】張婷婷,云南師范大學(xué)商學(xué)院。

        As for communication, English is the most important language in the world as the result of British colonial power in the nineteenth century and the leadership of the US in the twentieth century. English is also the main language of science and technology in the world and its spread is advancing in many countries and regions where English has not been traditionally spoken. Therefore, English has also been considered a threat for linguistic diversity.

        Linguistic diversity in the world today is an issue of growing social importance becausea majority of all living languages are threatened in their continued existence.

        How they can be sustained is a matter of study and debate. Nowadays there are 5,000 to 7,000 languages in the world. It is difficult toknow the exact number of languages because the distinction between a language and adialect is not always clear. In fact languages are not isolated entities and in many cases there are no clear boundaries between them, it is rather a continuum that extends along ageographical area.

        As we have already seen there are many languages ‘a(chǎn)t risk in the world. Krauss (1992, 1995) estimates that50% of languages could die in the next 100 years and that in the long term 90% of theworld languages could die. The demographic factor is crucial when looking at thevitality of a language, but the vitality of a language is a complex construct which is also related to other factors.

        The vitality of a language is related to several factors. According to Giles et al.the relative ethnolinguistic vitality that a specific language group has as compared toother language groups is based on its demography, its institutional control and its status.From a social psychological perspective, Giles et al. consider that the vitality of an ethnolinguistic group is “that which makes a group likely to behave as a distinctiveand active collective entity in intergroup situations” (Giles et al. 1977: 308). Thismeansthat the more vitality a group has, the more chance it has surviving and thriving as agroup. So individuals want to belong to such a strong and healthy group. There arethreefactors that influence this vitality: status, demography and institutionalsupport.

        Taking into account the large number of endangered languages and therelationshipbetween language loss and power, discrimination and marginalization many scholarsfeel the need to establish policies to maintain language diversity. Crystal givesfive reasons to justify the importance of language diversity:

        i. Ecological diversity.

        ii. Languages express identity

        iii. Languages are repositories of history

        iv. Language contribute to the sum of human knowledge

        v. Languages are interesting in themselves

        A free language economy could mean the extinction of many languages and therefore language planning is essential.Language planning refers to ‘deliberate efforts toinfluence the behavior of others withrespect to acquisition, structure or functionalallocation of their language codes. Cooper breaks down the process into threecomponents: status,corpus, and language planning.

        Status planning involves the allocation of language to given social functions.Corpus planning involves the technical process of creating new forms, modifying oldones or selecting an alternative.To these two well established concepts in the literature, Cooper has added a third,acquisition planning, which is involved in those cases in which the goal is to expand thenumber of speakers of a language, either in a country or even globally, for examplethrough language teaching.

        A well known analogy between linguistic and ecological diversity is the ‘language garden analogy proposed by Garcia. According toGarcia it would be dull and boring to travel around the world and see that all gardensare of the same one-colour flower.The variety of flowers of different shapes, sizes andcolours makes our visual and aesthetic experience rich and enjoyable. Linguisticdiversity also makes the world more interesting and colourful but as in the case offlowers it makes the garden more difficult to tend. Some flowers (and some languages, such as English),spread very quickly and others need extra care and protection. Language diversity requires planning and care and involves some actions.

        參考文獻(xiàn):

        [1]Crystal,D.English as a Global Language[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.

        亚洲一区二区二区视频| 亚洲欧美日韩精品久久亚洲区色播 | 久久久精品网站免费观看| 精品高朝久久久久9999| 日本牲交大片免费观看| 亚洲欧洲国产日产国码无码| 亚洲中文字幕永久网站| 国产精品一区二区黑丝| 肥臀熟女一区二区三区| av一区无码不卡毛片| 国产99视频一区二区三区| 寂寞人妻渴望被中出中文字幕| 国产伦久视频免费观看视频| 日本亚洲欧美在线观看| 国内精品国产三级国产avx| 亚洲综合极品美女av| 国产精品沙发午睡系列990531| 精品久久久久久蜜臂a∨| 亚洲中文字幕第一页免费| av无码一区二区三区| 4444亚洲人成无码网在线观看| 在线无码免费看黄网站| 麻豆久久91精品国产| 亚洲春色在线视频| 伊人久久综在合线亚洲不卡| 久久精品国产亚洲av蜜臀久久| 性高朝久久久久久久3小时| 1000部夫妻午夜免费| 91精品欧美综合在线观看| 美腿丝袜日韩在线观看| 国产va免费精品高清在线观看| 亚洲国产一区二区三区网| 国产精品黄色av网站| 国产午夜av秒播在线观看| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品视| 人妻少妇精品一区二区三区| 国产三级视频不卡在线观看| 超薄丝袜足j好爽在线观看| 福利网在线| 日本少妇一区二区三区四区| 少妇丰满大乳被男人揉捏视频|