宋云峰

一、作為工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和意識(shí)形態(tài)載體的《倫敦陷落》

《倫敦陷落》（London Has Fallen）是由千年影業(yè)公司（Millenium Films）2016年出品，由巴巴克·納加非（Babak Najafi）執(zhí)導(dǎo)，杰拉德·巴特勒（Gerard Butler）、艾倫·艾克哈特（Aaron Eckhart）、摩根·弗里曼（Morgan Freeman）、安吉拉·貝塞特（Angela Bassett）聯(lián)袂主演的動(dòng)作驚悚片。影片背景設(shè)置在《奧林匹斯陷落》（Olympus Has Fallen， 2013）結(jié)束幾年后，講述了美國(guó)總統(tǒng)參加英國(guó)首相葬禮時(shí)，再次遭遇恐怖襲擊威脅的故事。

英國(guó)首相神秘逝世，美國(guó)特勤局特工班寧（杰拉德·巴特勒飾）接到命令，配合特勤局局長(zhǎng)琳·雅各布（安吉拉·貝塞特飾）做好準(zhǔn)備，陪同本杰明·阿瑟總統(tǒng)（艾倫·艾克哈特飾）前往倫敦圣保羅大教堂參加英國(guó)首相的國(guó)葬儀式。由于所有西方大國(guó)首腦都必然要出席，這場(chǎng)葬禮的安全保衛(wèi)工作理應(yīng)是全世界最周密的。然而，各國(guó)首腦剛剛抵達(dá)英國(guó)不久便先后遭遇暗殺，倫敦地標(biāo)建筑紛紛遭到襲擊。阿瑟、班寧和雅各布也遭到伏擊，在連天的炮火和爆炸中撤退。滿目瘡痍的英國(guó)首都進(jìn)入封鎖狀態(tài)。奉雅各布之命保護(hù)阿瑟總統(tǒng)的班寧必須躲開敵人的視線，搶在對(duì)手的前頭先下手為強(qiáng)，不惜一切代價(jià)保護(hù)阿瑟總統(tǒng)安全回國(guó)。

《倫敦陷落》延續(xù)了《奧林匹斯陷落》的敘事和風(fēng)格，是后者的續(xù)集。2013年上映的《奧林匹斯陷落》講述的是，朝鮮激進(jìn)分子駕駛大型AC130軍用飛機(jī)和白宮叛國(guó)者內(nèi)外勾結(jié)，攻陷白宮，俘虜總統(tǒng)，企圖控制核按鈕毀滅美國(guó)。但是勇敢的男主角力挽狂瀾，在危難關(guān)頭不僅拯救了總統(tǒng)，而且破壞了恐怖分子的陰謀，最后成為拯救了美國(guó)的英雄。這種敘事完全反映了美國(guó)文明沖突和反恐的意識(shí)形態(tài)，而風(fēng)格上則以動(dòng)作、槍戰(zhàn)、爆炸和驚悚為主。影片投資七千萬(wàn)美元，獲得了超過(guò)1.7億美元的票房收入。鑒于該片的票房成功，作為續(xù)集的《倫敦陷落》的拍攝則延續(xù)了《奧林匹斯陷落》的套路，只不過(guò)這次恐怖分子來(lái)自美國(guó)甚為頭痛的中東地區(qū)，故事的發(fā)生地也改在了倫敦。影片上映后取得了更好的票房成績(jī)—— 投資六千萬(wàn)美元，票房則超過(guò)了兩億美元。所以，千年影業(yè)公司正在籌備拍攝下一部續(xù)集《天使陷落》（The Angel Has Fallen），構(gòu)成“陷落”三部曲，計(jì)劃于2018年上映。

盡管這兩部電影在票房上取得了良好成績(jī)，但是專業(yè)和大眾影評(píng)成績(jī)卻普遍不高，叫座不叫好。究其原因，主要是電影的三重屬性不太一致。首先，電影是一種大眾的娛樂(lè)形式或工業(yè)產(chǎn)品（以技術(shù)作為主要支撐），特定的類型片擁有特定的觀眾群。從動(dòng)作驚悚片的角度出發(fā)，這個(gè)系列確實(shí)以觀眾耳熟能詳?shù)拿绹?guó)和英國(guó)地標(biāo)式建筑的轟然倒下和男主人公令人目不暇接的系列動(dòng)作吸引了廣大觀眾，使觀眾享受了視覺(jué)與聽覺(jué)的“盛宴”。影片中最令人感到震撼的場(chǎng)面是倫敦標(biāo)志性建筑如大本鐘、議會(huì)大廈、圣保羅大教堂同一時(shí)間頃刻盡毀，極具視覺(jué)沖擊力。片中無(wú)論是實(shí)拍場(chǎng)景，還是經(jīng)過(guò)后期細(xì)致打磨的特效場(chǎng)景，通過(guò)大銀幕的呈現(xiàn)更是震撼無(wú)比，堪稱極致。其次，任何電影敘事都是有直接或間接寓意的，反映了制作者的思想和價(jià)值觀。從電影作為意識(shí)形態(tài)載體的角度看，該片展現(xiàn)的是善惡對(duì)立、歐美中心論和個(gè)人英雄主義的歐美視角，強(qiáng)化恐怖分子的邪惡以及遏制他們的必要性。這樣的二元對(duì)立、黑白分明、凸顯沖突的主題很容易為西方觀眾和大部分全球觀眾所接受。

另外，美國(guó)的電影產(chǎn)業(yè)向來(lái)在各個(gè)時(shí)期都在尋找票房成功的公式并利用其賺錢，類型電影、續(xù)集、三部曲、系列電影等就是好萊塢類型電影成功的法寶。《倫敦陷落》既是類型電影，又利用了續(xù)集和三部曲的范式。自20世紀(jì)后半葉以來(lái)，英美的電影公司興起了拍攝續(xù)集（sequel）和系列電影（film series）的熱潮。這些成功的電影作品不但給電影公司帶來(lái)了可觀的票房利潤(rùn)，還塑造了迥異而突出的人物形象，在意識(shí)形態(tài)和價(jià)值觀方面更是影響著全球的觀眾，凸顯出英美電影的軟實(shí)力。續(xù)集和系列電影在概念上既有重合又有區(qū)別。續(xù)集是在前一部電影作品成功的基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)拍攝下一部影片，發(fā)展該故事。在許多情況下，續(xù)集沿用第一部故事的元素，例如同一人物和同一或類似的故事背景。續(xù)集之所以對(duì)電影公司具有很大吸引力，是因?yàn)檠赜脧V受歡迎的電影故事繼續(xù)拍攝續(xù)集比起創(chuàng)造新的未經(jīng)觀眾檢驗(yàn)的人物和故事風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更少，更易獲得成功。另一方面，觀眾對(duì)廣受歡迎的銀幕人物和故事的熱愛(ài)以及期待其進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展也使得觀眾群得到保證，并吸引電影公司對(duì)這類影片進(jìn)行投資。如果續(xù)集拍多了，這些續(xù)集就自然形成了三部曲或系列電影，其主題、人物和敘事等主要因素被一次次重復(fù)使用。所以三部曲或系列電影取得較好的票房成績(jī)是很自然的。

二、《倫敦陷落》在藝術(shù)上的平庸和缺陷

電影批評(píng)的第三個(gè)維度是其藝術(shù)上的表現(xiàn)水準(zhǔn)，即在主題、劇情、表演和風(fēng)格上是否突破以往的類似影片，實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的創(chuàng)新。

對(duì)《倫敦陷落》的批評(píng)主要是其在藝術(shù)上缺乏新意。主題是老套的美國(guó)反恐意識(shí)形態(tài)，風(fēng)格是典型的動(dòng)作、驚悚加特效的類型片，而在敘事和人物塑造方面則停留在表面，缺乏深度和創(chuàng)新。例如，關(guān)于主人公美國(guó)總統(tǒng)貼身保鏢班寧的兩條線敘事很老套——妻子懷孕，正期待孩子的出生，打算辭職，但卻接到陪同總統(tǒng)去倫敦的任務(wù)，所以很糾結(jié)。影片對(duì)于反派人物軍火商巴卡維的塑造更是臉譜化和缺乏邏輯——他參加妹妹婚禮時(shí)，妹妹被美國(guó)政府的無(wú)人機(jī)襲擊身亡。這一事件改變了他，也改變了整個(gè)家庭。他不想再僅作為軍火商居于幕后，而是要實(shí)際參與行動(dòng)，親手報(bào)仇，率領(lǐng)一群恐怖分子精心籌劃了這次大型襲擊，以圖抓獲美國(guó)總統(tǒng)，并實(shí)時(shí)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上直播將其殺死。其他人物——美國(guó)總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)、特勤局局長(zhǎng)——性格與形象也大都停留在表面。

《爛番茄》網(wǎng)站對(duì)該片的評(píng)分僅為3.9/10分，認(rèn)為影片的老套主題和風(fēng)格限制了一幫優(yōu)秀演員的表演才能：“London Has Fallen traps a talented cast—and all who dare to see it—in a mid-1990s basic-cable nightmare of a film（有線電視噩夢(mèng)電影）loaded with xenophobia（仇外心理）and threadbare（老一套的）action-thriller clichés（俗套）.”Metacritic網(wǎng)站的綜合評(píng)分更是低至28/100。

視聽俱樂(lè)部（The A.V. Club）影評(píng)人威士涅維茨基（Ignatiy Vishnevetsky）對(duì)《倫敦陷落》評(píng)價(jià)也很低，幾乎是乏善可陳：“A murky（陰暗的）， braindead（弱智的）stab-a-thon（刺殺某人）packed with so many inane（愚蠢的，無(wú)意義的）chases， laughable special effects， and mismatched stock footage shots that it begs to be made into a drinking game（飲酒的游戲，劃拳）， London Has Fallen is one of those rare films that is good at absolutely nothing.”該俱樂(lè)部甚至將此片列為年度最差電影“worst movie of the year”。

羅杰易·伯特電影網(wǎng)站（Rogerebert.com）影評(píng)人索布岑斯基（Peter Sobczynski）認(rèn)為，《倫敦陷落》比《奧林匹斯陷落》還要差，充斥著無(wú)謂的爆頭槍戰(zhàn)、爆炸追逐以及邏輯上的腦殘錯(cuò)誤。例如恐怖分子本可以輕易將美國(guó)總統(tǒng)炸死或打死，但其頭目卻腦子進(jìn)水，改用B計(jì)劃，即活捉美國(guó)總統(tǒng)以便通過(guò)因特網(wǎng)向全世界直播對(duì)他的行刑和殺害；用美國(guó)副總統(tǒng)的原話來(lái)說(shuō)，恐怖分子頭子“殺死的人比死于瘟疫的都多”（“killed more people than the plague”），但在美國(guó)全球通緝的恐怖分子名單上卻僅名列第六。所以，他認(rèn)為，《倫敦陷落》和《奧林匹斯陷落》遠(yuǎn)不如2013年上映的類似影片《白宮陷落》（The White House Is Down），可謂2016年度最差電影：“a horrible and wildly unnecessary follow-up（續(xù)集）that might actually be worse than its predecessor”，“Unless you have some insane（瘋狂的，愚蠢的）desire to see what will surely go down as one of the very worst films of 2016， you would be far better served staying at home and finally giving White House Is Down a look.”

《滾石》網(wǎng)站（rollingstone.com）影評(píng)人彼得·特拉維斯（Peter Travers）認(rèn)為該片簡(jiǎn)直就是電腦合成的小兒科電子游戲，他甚至號(hào)召觀眾抵制該片：

This movie is a toxic stew（有毒物質(zhì)）of rampant（四處蔓延的）xenophobia that truly believes audiences will line up to watch a computer-generated（電腦合成的）London， from Parliament to Chelsea Bridge（切爾西橋，在倫敦西部）， go down in a storm of bloody shootouts（槍戰(zhàn)，交火）and muddy megapixels（模糊的百萬(wàn)像素）. Prove me wrong， people. Make American movies great again. You can start by boycotting（抵制）this one.

三、《倫敦陷落》故事情節(jié)

Western intelligence services of the G8 track down Pakistani arms dealer（軍火商）Aamir Barkawi as the mastermind（策劃者）behind several terrorist attacks， and authorize an American drone（無(wú)人機(jī)）strike on Barkawis compound（大院）. Barkawi survived the attack but his daughter and many others were killed.

Two years later， UK Prime Minister James Wilson suddenly dies， and arrangements are made for the Western world leaders to attend his funeral in London. Secret Service Director Lynne Jacobs assigns agent Mike Banning， a close friend of U.S. President Benjamin Asher， to lead Ashers security detail while overseas， even though Bannings wife Leah is due to give birth to their child in a few weeks. The entourage（隨行人員）arrives via Air Force One（空軍一號(hào)，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)專機(jī)）at Stansted Airport， and Banning pushes their arrival at the Somerset House in London via Marine One（海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)一號(hào)，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)專用直升機(jī)）earlier. As Ashers Presidential State Car arrives at St Pauls Cathedral（圣保羅大教堂）， a series of coordinated attacks by terrorists disguised（假扮）as London Metropolitan Police（倫敦市政警察）， the Queens Guardsmen（女王護(hù)衛(wèi)隊(duì)）， and other first responders（救護(hù)者）erupts， killing the other Western leaders， damaging or destroying major landmarks（地標(biāo)建筑）and generating mass panic. Ashers early arrival has thrown the attack on him at St. Pauls off-guard（措手不及）， and Banning is able to rescue Asher and Jacobs and rushes them back to Marine One. As the helicopter and its escorts（護(hù)衛(wèi)機(jī)）takes off， terrorists fire Stinger missiles（毒刺式導(dǎo)彈）at them， destroying the escorts and forcing the damaged helicopter to crash-land（墜毀）in Hyde Park（海德公園）. Banning and Asher suffer only minor wounds， but Jacobs is fatally injured， and she makes Banning promise to get back at（對(duì)……實(shí)施報(bào)復(fù)）whomever did this. Banning quickly escorts Asher into the London Underground（倫敦地鐵）as the citys power is lost and people take shelter in their homes.

In Washington， D.C.， U.S. Vice President Allan Trumbull works with the British authorities to investigate the incident while trying to track down the President. Trumbull receives a call from Barkawi， still alive after all. The man takes responsibility for the attacks， coordinated by his son Kamran. Barkawi purposely had Wilson poisoned to lure the Western leaders to London to attack them. Barkawi knows Asher is still alive， and promises that if Kamran captures him， he will broadcast the execution of the President on the Internet. Trumbull orders his intelligence staff to locate Barkawis known operatives（特工人員）to find any connection to the attack， while British authorities have all first responders stand down（撤下來(lái)）， so that any left in the open can be identified as terrorists.

After leaving a sign to be picked up by satellite tracking， Banning leads Asher to an MI6（英國(guó)軍情六處）safe-house， where Jacqueline “Jax” Marshall briefs（向……匯報(bào)）them on what their intelligence has learned. Marshall receives a voice message from Trumbull that confirms they saw Bannings sign and that an extraction team（救援隊(duì)）is en route. Security monitors show the approach of a Delta Force（美國(guó)三角洲特種部隊(duì)）team， but Banning suspects they have arrived far too soon and may be more terrorists. She covers and fights off the terrorists before Asher and Banning drive away but their car is struck by a truck driven by terrorists， allowing them to capture Asher. Banning is rescued by the extraction team， a combined Delta Force/S. A. S.（英國(guó)第22特別空勤團(tuán)）squad.

Trumbulls staff have identified a building in London owned by one of Barkawis companies， which still appears to be drawing power（消耗電力）， and suspect it is Kamrans headquarters. Banning joins the extraction team to infiltrate（滲透）the building and stop Kamran before he can kill Asher. Banning and Asher escape just before the building is destroyed by the Delta Force/SAS squad， killing Kamran and the remaining terrorists. Marshall has worked with British authorities to restore Londons security system and， discovering that MI5（英國(guó)軍情五處）Intelligence Chief John Lancaster aided in Barkawis attack， she kills him. Meanwhile， Trumbull contacts Barkawi to tell him that his plan failed， and then to look outside， moments before the building is destroyed by another drone strike， killing him.

Two weeks after the attack on London， Banning is home spending time with Leah and their newborn child， named Lynne after his deceased（死去的）boss. He sits in front of his laptop and contemplates sending his letter of resignation. On TV， Trumbull speaks regarding the recent events， leaving an inspiring message that the U.S. will prevail（獲勝）. This convinces Banning to delete the letter.

四、《倫敦陷落》精彩臺(tái)詞

Vice President Trumbulls Television Speech at the Victory

“Our hearts go out to the people of London， and to our friends around the world. Far more people died for no good reason. There are those who would have said， it would not have happened if we had minded our own business. That wouldnt have been farther from the truth（沒(méi)有比這一說(shuō)法更遠(yuǎn)離真相的了）. Frankly， we live in a dangerous world， and we have few good options. The worst option is to do nothing. Finally， we owe it to our children， and to their children， to engage in the world. God bless you all. And God bless the United States of America.”