阮煥鈞,徐洪濤,李田昌,雷紅濤
心血管疾病患者高密度脂蛋白心臟保護功能的改變
阮煥鈞,徐洪濤,李田昌,雷紅濤
高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)水平是心血管疾病風險的獨立預測因素,與心血管事件發(fā)生風險呈負相關。但是單純增加HDL-C的濃度并不能減少心血管疾病的發(fā)生率,過高濃度的HDL-C可能促進心血管疾病發(fā)生,所以HDL-C與心血管疾病發(fā)生和進展是否有因果關系仍不明確。在某些疾病內環(huán)境下,組成HDL的蛋白或脂類和參與HDL代謝的酶等成分發(fā)生改變,這些因素將導致HDL心血管保護功能下降。所以,在研究HDL與心血管疾病關系時,評估它的功能和質量,可能比評估它的數量更重要。
高密度脂蛋白;心血管疾??;心血管保護功能
高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)為心血管疾病發(fā)生的獨立預測因素,美國心臟病學會和美國心臟協會將HDL-C作為風險計算的一個變量納入新指南中[1-2]。實驗和臨床研究也顯示HDL除逆向轉運膽固醇(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)功能外,還具有抗動脈粥樣硬化、抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡、調節(jié)內皮多種功能[3-4]。但是,HDL與動脈粥樣硬化的進展是否有因果關系仍不明確。
HDL是血液中密度最高、顆粒最小的脂蛋白,主要由肝臟和小腸合成分泌,最初的HDL主要為磷脂和載脂蛋白A-Ⅰ(apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ,ApoA-Ⅰ)。
HDL最為重要的功能是RCT。人體內HDL的RCT過程大概分為:(1)組織細胞中膽固醇的流出,HDL是外周組織細胞內游離膽固醇的最初接受體,胞內膽固醇在ATP結合盒轉運子Al/G1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G1,ABCA1/ABCG1)介導下出胞并與HDL中ApoA-Ⅰ結合,變?yōu)镠DL-C。(2)膽固醇的酯化,HDL在接受游離的膽固醇后,在卵磷脂膽固醇?;D移酶(lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase,LCAT)的作用下將膽固醇酯化,使膽固醇進入HDL核心,從而使得其表面能不斷地接受出胞的游離膽固醇;隨著HDL核心膽固醇酯含量逐步增加,形成不同亞類的HDL-C,待HDL達運載膽固醇的最大量,即成為成熟的HDL-C。(3)膽固醇的清除。成熟HDL-C中的膽固醇經以下幾種途徑進入肝臟代謝:①間接途徑,通過膽固醇酯轉運蛋白(cholesteryl ester transfer protein,CETP)將HDL-C中的膽固醇酯轉運到其他Apo中[如低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)],再通過LDL受體進入肝臟進行代謝;②非選擇性攝取,肝細胞表面的HDL受體攝取完整的HDL顆粒,回收其中的膽固醇酯入肝代謝;③選擇性攝取,通過B族Ⅰ型清道夫受體(scavenger receptor class B typeⅠ,SR-BⅠ)介導攝取HDL-C中的膽固醇酯。成熟HDL-C經肝臟攝取膽固醇酯后,重新變成HDL,進入血漿再次循環(huán)。當然,研究顯示HDL還存在其他的功能,如血管保護功能[4-5]、抗炎作用[6-7]、抗氧化應激[8]、細胞保護[9]作用。
HDL-C的蛋白組學研究發(fā)現,組成HDL-C的蛋白質超過85種;除了傳統(tǒng)的Apo外,還包括補體途徑激活蛋白、急性期反應蛋白、免疫功能調節(jié)因子、金屬結合蛋白[10]。這些蛋白功能各異,例如ApoA-Ⅰ、ApoE、對氧磷酶1含量增加能增強HDL的脂類轉運、抗炎和抗血栓功能,而ApoC-Ⅲ、脂蛋白相關磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)和血清淀粉樣蛋白A(serum amyloid A,SAA)增加則有促炎、促栓和降低脂類轉運的功能[11],但是至今仍然有很多HDL-C組成蛋白的功能是不明確的。
HDL-C的脂類組學研究發(fā)現,健康個體的HDLC包含有200多種脂類成分,脂類成分占HDL的50%左右;其中HDL脂類磷脂占40%~60%、膽固醇脂占30%~40%、三酰甘油占5%~12%、游離膽固醇占5%~10%、神經鞘磷脂占5%~10%,另外還有心磷脂、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰絲氨酸、1-磷酸鞘氨醇(sphingosine 1 phosphate,S1P)含量很小的脂類[12]。各種脂類發(fā)揮的功能不同,例如磷脂與膽固醇的轉運有關,S1P有抗細胞凋亡和舒張血管的作用,心磷脂、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰絲氨酸則與抗血栓形成的功能有關。
血漿中HDL-C濃度本身并不一定能減少心血管風險,甚至有研究顯示其增加心血管風險[13-14]。來自遺傳學的研究顯示,基因突變所致的血漿HDLC濃度極端低下的遺傳病患者,并沒有早發(fā)冠心?。╟oronary artery disease,CAD)等心血管事件風險;ApoA-Ⅰ結構基因的突變[15],盡管使HDL-C濃度很低,但不增加動脈粥樣硬化風險。相似的數據來自ABCA1等位基因突變導致的Tangier病,盡管患者血漿HDL-C和ApoA-Ⅰ幾乎檢測不到,但早發(fā)CAD的風險并不比正常人高[16]。影像學研究顯示,Tangier病患者動脈粥樣硬化增加,但是大樣本研究顯示并不增加心血管事件的風險[17-18]。CETP相關基因缺陷能明顯增加HDL-C濃度,但能否減少CAD發(fā)生風險并不清楚[19]。因為CETP基因突變的攜帶者,在HDL-C濃度升高的同時,體內LDL-C和三酰甘油的濃度是明顯降低的,這使得難以解釋HDLC濃度增加與心血管疾病的關系[20]。因此,遺傳學原因導致的HDL-C濃度改變是否與心血管疾病風險相關并不明確。
大型臨床隨機對照試驗數據也發(fā)現,通過升高HDL-C濃度來減少心血管事件風險是失敗的。煙酸的2項試驗研究,納入經他汀治療的CAD患者,發(fā)現合理控制LDL-C濃度,煙酸治療后盡管能輕微升高HDL-C濃度,但并不能進一步降低心血管事件的發(fā)生[21-22]。CETP抑制劑托徹普的Ⅲ期臨床試驗,因患者血壓和醛固酮增高,增加CAD事件發(fā)生率和總病死率而提早終止[23]。CETP抑制劑另外一種藥物達塞曲匹,用于急性冠狀動脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者,Ⅲ期臨床試驗中也因為治療無效提早終止[14]。一些CETP抑制劑也能降低LDL-C的濃度,因此即使CETP抑制劑能減少心血管事件,也不能作為增高HDL-C濃度能減少心血管事件風險的證據[24]。
這使人們不再只是關注HDL-C濃度本身,也開始關注血漿中HDL-C質量和功能。有研究發(fā)現,患有某些疾病如糖尿病、慢性腎臟疾病、冠心病等患者,體內HDL顆粒心臟保護功能減低或喪失HDL的抗動脈粥樣硬化和心臟保護功能,而在雌激素增加、運動鍛煉因素下HDL心血管保護功能增加[1,25]。
HDL的代謝和功能受患者內環(huán)境的影響,例如在機體高炎癥、尿毒素堆積、高血糖、高氧化應激情況下,HDL的心血管保護功能下降或喪失。因為這些因素會導致:①參與HDL代謝的蛋白質的功能和調節(jié)紊亂;②組成HDL的Apo發(fā)生改變(被修飾和含量發(fā)生改變);③有保護功能的蛋白或脂類缺失;④有害物質在HDL上堆積。這些改變可能導致心血管風險的增加[26-27]。
4.1參與HDL代謝的蛋白質功能和調節(jié)異常 在HDL-C的成熟和代謝過程中,LCAT、CETP及介導HDL-C轉運代謝膽固醇的受體(如SR-BⅠ)起著重要作用。研究顯示,在CAD、糖尿病患者,血清CETP的水平較正常人更低,低水平的CETP降低HDL的RCT功能,患者全因病死率增加[28]。慢性腎病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者,LCAT的濃度和活性下降,增加心血管疾病風險[29]。研究顯示,在切除腎臟動物模型中,SR-BⅠ和ABCA1的表達是下降的[30-31]。
4.2組成HDL的Apo發(fā)生改變 HDL含多種不同的Apo。在某些疾病狀態(tài)下,組成HDL的Apo發(fā)生改變。在CKD患者ApoA-Ⅰ和ApoC-Ⅰ的含量下降,而ApoC-Ⅲ增加[32]。
除了Apo水平的改變,HDL中的Apo也可能被修飾,而這些改變與它們功能的改變密切相關。修飾途徑有:①氧化修飾,髓過氧化物酶(myeloperoxi-dase,MPO)有促氧化作用。在2型糖尿病、CAD患者,MPO的活性增加,介導ApoA-Ⅰ氧化修飾,降低HDL的RCT、抗炎、抗氧等功能[33-34]。②氨基甲?;揎?,機體炎癥情況下,蛋白質的氨基甲酰化修飾更加容易發(fā)生[35],HDL中Apo的氨基甲酰化會降低HDL的RCT功能[36]。③糖基化修飾,糖尿病患者,HDL中ApoA-Ⅰ糖基化修飾增加,使HDL與膽固醇酯結合能力下降,降低心血管保護功能,促進冠狀動脈斑塊的進展[37]。
4.3保護功能的蛋白或脂類缺失 研究發(fā)現,早發(fā)急性心肌梗死的患者體內HDL的抗氧化功能下降[38]。與HDL抗氧化相關的酶主要有對氧磷酶和谷胱甘肽。近來研究顯示,CAD和糖尿病患者,與HDL相關的對氧磷酶1活性降低,冠狀動脈的病變嚴重程度增加[39]。
S1P、卵磷脂和溶血卵磷脂等為組成HDL的脂類,有抗細胞凋亡等功能。與健康者比較,在CAD和ACS患者體內這些脂類的總含量較低[40];在CKD患者,ApoM含量下降[32]。而HDL中S1P主要與ApoM結合,這將導致更多的S1P從HDL中游離出來。這些變化使得HDL的心臟保護功能發(fā)生改變[41]。
4.4有害分子在HDL上累積 SAA是一種急性期蛋白,在炎癥期間由肝臟分泌,主要被血液中的HDL轉運[42]。研究顯示,心臟外科手術前,HDL有明確的抗炎效果,但在術后2~3 d的急性反應期,HDL不能抵抗炎癥,這可能是HDL中的某些蛋白被SAA取代或交換導致[43]。也有研究發(fā)現,隨著SAA在HDL上累積,HDL的抗炎性能降低和有促炎潛能[29]。Lp-PLA2主要存在于 LDL(80%)和HDL(20%)中,能導致泡沫細胞和粥樣斑塊的形成,其血清水平高低能反應粥樣斑塊的嚴重程度。在CAD患者中,存在于HDL中的Lp-PLA2的含量較正常人更高[44]。
疾病內環(huán)境影響下,組成HDL、參與HDL代謝的蛋白和脂類的改變,導致HDL顆粒間在結構、組成成分、功能上存在高度的異質性,這很好地解釋了不同研究中HDL呈現的不同效果,也解釋了在某些疾病環(huán)境和生活方式下HDL的功能變化。
綜上所述,HDL是多種脂類和蛋白質組成的復合體,它們的結構、大小、生物學功能各異。單純增加HDL-C的濃度,不能減少心血管事件發(fā)生率;并且在某些疾病狀況下,組成HDL和參與HDL代謝的蛋白或脂類成分發(fā)生改變,使HDL心臟保護功能下降。這使得HDL功能研究成為試驗研究的熱點,HDL功能也成為研究設計中新的治療靶向。
首先,有研究顯示,將HDL的RCT能力作為預測發(fā)生心血管事件風險的指標,發(fā)現這一指標越大,發(fā)生心血管事件的風險越小,并且在校正HDL-C濃度后,這一結果仍然成立[45]。所以,通過檢測HDL功能,可以更好地分析患者的心血管風險。其次,一些研究將增加HDL的RCT能力作為研究目的,例如給予CAD患者靜脈注射ApoA-Ⅰ和磷脂重組的HDL或低脂的HDL顆粒后,通過冠狀動脈血管內超聲檢測發(fā)現斑塊退化減小[46-47]。雖然這些治療策略的結果顯示有效,但仍需要大型臨床試驗研究論證。有研究探討了HDL功能的恢復,例如慢性心力衰竭患者,通過運動鍛煉,可以有效干預HDL功能下降,這可能與運動鍛煉誘導HDL的功能改變與改善內皮功能有關[48]。
總之,HDL-C水平不能充分代表HDL功能。通過檢測HDL中脂類和蛋白質的成分,以及相關的生物學功能,有針對性地增加循環(huán)中有益的HDL水平,可以更好地為心血管疾病患者提供更多有效的治療策略。當前,可重復的、標準化的、有效的HDL功能的檢測方法匱乏,并且以增加HDL功能作為治療靶向的大型臨床隨機對照試驗缺少,這都需要進一步的探索研究。
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The changes of high-density lipoprotein cardioprotection in patientsw ith cardiovascular disease
RUAN Huanjun1,2,XU Hongtao1,LITianchang1,LEIHongtao1,2
(1.AnhuiMedical University,Hefei Anhui230032,China;2.Heart Center,Navy General Hospital,Beijing 100048,China)
High density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)level is an independent predictor and has an inverse relationship with incident cardiovascular events.However,the causal relation between HDL-C and atherosclerosis is uncertain.Simply to increase the levels of HDL-C can not reduced the risk of vascular events.And the cardiovascular risk increasedmay be associated with very high HDLC levels.The composition of the proteins or lipid within HDL and the enzyme of HDLmetabolism be changes in disease conditions,which contribute to a lower protective function of HDL.So when study relationship between HDL and cardiovascular disease,to assess its function and qualitymay bemore important than to assess its number.
High-density lipoprotein(HDL);Cardiovascular disease;Cardiovascular protection function
R541.4
A
2095-3097(2016)05-0312-05
10.3969/j.issn.2095-3097.2016.05.017
軍隊后勤科研計劃課題(CHJ12L024)
230032安徽 合肥,安徽醫(yī)科大學(阮煥鈞,雷紅濤);100048北京,海軍總醫(yī)院心臟中心(阮煥鈞,徐洪濤,李田昌,雷洪濤)[通訊作者]徐洪濤,E-mail:xuht11@163.com
(2015-09-11 本文編輯:馮 博)