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        結(jié)構(gòu)作為空間設(shè)計(jì)要素

        2018-03-06 10:53:22丹尼爾瓦爾澤DanielWalser
        世界建筑 2018年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)

        丹尼爾·瓦爾澤/Daniel A. Walser

        黃華青 譯/Translated by HUANG Huaqing

        結(jié)構(gòu)工程是所有現(xiàn)行事務(wù)所的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中不可或缺的要素。在格勞賓登州有一批年輕一代工程師:帕特里克·加特曼、伊曼努埃拉·費(fèi)拉里、洛倫茨·科赫和安德利亞·佩德拉奇尼,他們是空間建筑結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的核心人物。此外還有幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目來(lái)自瓦爾特·比勒,他主要采用木結(jié)構(gòu)。這些工程師通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),賦予建筑獨(dú)特的內(nèi)涵與清晰的態(tài)度。建筑與結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)力同行。

        結(jié)構(gòu)工程是建筑的必要部分。結(jié)構(gòu)是建筑的骨架,是建筑所有部分中最持久的;它如同城市肌理一樣,能夠經(jīng)手?jǐn)?shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間洗禮。而建筑立面、建造技術(shù)及表皮皆需不時(shí)更新或重修。在帕特里克·加特曼看來(lái),結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是建筑最耐久的部分,或者用他的話(huà)說(shuō),“成為一處優(yōu)美的遺跡”。他對(duì)于預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)裝配、或僅僅為了造價(jià)控制而尋求簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu)方案的做法皆不感興趣。他在項(xiàng)目中尋求的結(jié)構(gòu),不僅在經(jīng)濟(jì)上對(duì)客戶(hù)很有吸引力,而且對(duì)建筑及建造來(lái)說(shuō)也是高效的。最便捷的方案往往在空間上是乏味的,很少能為項(xiàng)目增添價(jià)值。而一個(gè)聰明的建造方案,往往要經(jīng)歷更艱苦的思考過(guò)程,但到了工地現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總是更為高效、節(jié)約建筑材料。這就是為什么他常能贏得建筑競(jìng)標(biāo)。他的事務(wù)所目前在設(shè)計(jì)蘇黎世的兩座體育場(chǎng)館:與Pool Architects事務(wù)所合作的哈德圖姆足球場(chǎng) (2016-2021/22)以及與卡魯索·圣約翰建筑事務(wù)所合作的ZSCLV冰球館(2010-2022)。兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)都很經(jīng)濟(jì),但卻表達(dá)了清晰的態(tài)度和空間概念。

        實(shí)踐積累、而非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的建筑知識(shí)

        帕特里克·加特曼在談及他的作品時(shí),透露出他對(duì)建筑場(chǎng)地及實(shí)踐重要性的癡迷1)。他希望挖掘事物的運(yùn)行原理,弄清建造的本質(zhì)及建造的方式。早在學(xué)生時(shí)代,他就抓住每次機(jī)會(huì),與朋友一起泡在建筑工地。并不是說(shuō)我們只能從書(shū)本或建筑工地中學(xué)習(xí):從既有結(jié)構(gòu)中,我們同樣可以學(xué)到它們?nèi)绾坞S時(shí)間作用、移動(dòng)和彎曲。這賦予我們關(guān)于結(jié)構(gòu)諸可能性的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),而非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的常識(shí)。這亦創(chuàng)造了實(shí)驗(yàn)的契機(jī)。

        1 一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)性的、垂直的紅色塔樓被用作劇院空間。由朱麗艾爾·帕斯,劇院院長(zhǎng)及建筑師喬凡尼·納茲爾和結(jié)構(gòu)工程師瓦爾特·比勒在2017年設(shè)計(jì)。這座29.10m高的臨時(shí)性建筑,作為劇院的使用年限是5年,后期將會(huì)被拆除/An experimental, vertical theatre space for Origen as a Red Theatre Tower, on top of the Julier Pass (Switzerland), Giovanni Netzer (theatre director for Origen and architecture), Walter Bieler (structural engineering), 2017. It is a temporary, 29.10m high building, which functions as a theatre for 5 years. Afterwards, it needs to be removed. (攝影/Photo: Daniel A. Walser)

        Structural engineering is an essential aspect in the design process for all presented offices. The engineers Patrick Gartmann, Emanuela Ferrari,Lorenz Kocher and Andrea Pedrazzini are in Grisons a younger generation, who at present are key-figures in the development of spatial building structures.Besides them, several projects are developed with Walter Bieler, who works with plain wood. These engineers give the architecture a meaning and a clear attitude with their structural engineering.Architecture and the structure work hand in hand.

        Structural engineering is an essential part in architecture. The structure is the skeleton, which will last longest of all building layers and which, besides urban layout, is the part that is the most durable for centuries.From time to time facade, building services engineering or surfaces need to be renewed or redone. For Patrick Gartmann the structure should be the most durable or as he underlines: "should be a beautiful ruin". He is neither interested in assembling prefabricated elements to do a structure, nor in doing a simplified structural concept just to be cost effective for his office. He triggers a project to get an efficient structure, which is financially interesting for the client and for the building and its construction. The fastest solution often is spatially boring and often does not bring any extra value to a project. But with a clever construction the thinking process needs probably more effort but on the building site one is more efficient and does need less building material. This is probably why he is often able to win architecture competitions. His office is at the moment building two stadiums in Zurich: Hardturm for soccer with Pool Architects (2016-2021/22) and ZSCLV Arenafor hockey with Caruso St John Architects (2010-2022).Both projects are highly efficient but still offer a clear attitude and a spatial idea.

        對(duì)于建造實(shí)踐的認(rèn)知是其事務(wù)所結(jié)構(gòu)的重要部分,他們嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)乜刂平ㄔ爝^(guò)程,對(duì)建造質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)。當(dāng)然,一些本地建筑師,如彼得·卒姆托、瓦勒里歐·奧加提、貝阿特和德普拉策斯等,也為這些結(jié)構(gòu)工程師提供了另一基點(diǎn),不斷提出挑戰(zhàn)。

        建筑師與結(jié)構(gòu)工程師是同一硬幣的兩面

        以上提及的結(jié)構(gòu)工程師都與建筑有直接聯(lián)系,其中大多數(shù)甚至擁有建筑學(xué)的第二學(xué)位。帕特里克·加特曼在庫(kù)爾應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)獲得土木工程學(xué)學(xué)位后,又學(xué)了建筑。他的合伙人伊曼努埃拉·費(fèi)拉里也是如此。瓦爾特·比勒在獲得土木工程學(xué)學(xué)位后,繼續(xù)在蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院攻讀建筑與景觀(guān)、建筑與支撐結(jié)構(gòu)、木結(jié)構(gòu)橋梁的課程。洛倫茨·科赫先在洛桑及蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)建筑,然后又在蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院攻讀土木工程的第二學(xué)位。安德利亞·佩德拉奇尼畢業(yè)后曾在蘇黎世的卡拉特拉瓦事務(wù)所工作。

        結(jié)構(gòu)工程師的工作與建筑師的工作緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。與其說(shuō)它是對(duì)既定任務(wù)的完成,不如說(shuō)是尋求恰當(dāng)解決方案的雄心。由于他們不處于大城市中心,故而有更多時(shí)間聚焦于工作和項(xiàng)目上。建筑師和結(jié)構(gòu)工程師一樣,都以實(shí)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)住宅那樣的簡(jiǎn)潔性為夢(mèng)想。這一夢(mèng)想就體現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)的純粹性之上。

        2 哈德圖姆足球場(chǎng)(2016-2022)結(jié)構(gòu)工程師費(fèi)拉里-加特曼/Hardturm Stadium for soccer with Pool Architects (2016-2022).Ferrari Gartmann AG (structural engineering)

        結(jié)構(gòu)工程之重要性的歷史維度

        鑒于格勞賓登州的山地環(huán)境及特殊地質(zhì)條件,結(jié)構(gòu)工程一直都是個(gè)重要議題。要想到達(dá)阿爾卑斯山的另一側(cè),只有通過(guò)橋梁或其他結(jié)構(gòu)工程的方式。因此,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)一直很重要。歷史上有不少結(jié)構(gòu)工程師,如理查德·拉尼卡(1794-1883),他們?cè)诘缆芳庸?、河流排澇、通往南面的橋梁修建等工作上發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵性作用。

        在鐵路系統(tǒng)或水力發(fā)電站項(xiàng)目中,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施與建造技術(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)系不僅對(duì)于業(yè)主看重的形式十分重要,亦表達(dá)了結(jié)構(gòu)工程師對(duì)景觀(guān)的敬意。在RhB公司于1900年左右修建的鐵路系統(tǒng)中,引入了壯觀(guān)的石橋以取代鑄鐵結(jié)構(gòu)。

        其中,羅伯特·邁雅(1872-1940)是一位杰出的結(jié)構(gòu)工程師,他設(shè)計(jì)了希爾斯的塞金納特伯大橋(1930)。這座混凝土橋梁是一座非常優(yōu)雅的三鉸框架。邁雅贏得這項(xiàng)競(jìng)標(biāo),是因?yàn)樗O(shè)計(jì)的橋梁方案是最高效、最經(jīng)濟(jì)的。理查德·科瑞(1869-1946)為塞金納特伯大橋這樣的橋梁建造過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì)了近乎藝術(shù)品的木腳手架支撐結(jié)構(gòu)??死锼沟侔病っ范鳎?927- )曾在蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院教書(shū),他是最有趣的橋梁設(shè)計(jì)師之一。他的橋梁設(shè)計(jì)作品根植于邁雅及當(dāng)代結(jié)構(gòu)工程學(xué),但始終將美學(xué)作為橋梁設(shè)計(jì)的要素。正是因?yàn)槊范?,圣地亞哥·卡拉特拉瓦才?lái)到蘇黎世學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)構(gòu)工程。

        結(jié)構(gòu)工程師尤格·布赫利(1944-2010)在一定程度上說(shuō)是彼得·卒姆托的建造大腦。正是他的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)明,使圣本尼迪克特教堂這樣的項(xiàng)目成為可能——在這座教堂中,他采用鐵水帶將木構(gòu)件錨固在一個(gè)中間點(diǎn)。尤格·康策特(1956- )畢業(yè)后曾在彼得·卒姆托的事務(wù)所工作(1981-1987),他用睿智的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)融合了建筑與工程設(shè)計(jì),使建筑師的設(shè)計(jì)理念成為可能。他對(duì)于建筑、歷史和理論都極感興趣,并試圖將這些思索融入一個(gè)清晰、抽象的概念。很多年輕工程師都曾在他的事務(wù)所工作,加特曼甚至當(dāng)過(guò)合伙人(1997-2015)。

        結(jié)構(gòu)是一種本質(zhì)

        結(jié)構(gòu)是一種本質(zhì),它是建筑內(nèi)部空間思想的抽象產(chǎn)物,并藉由天然建筑材料的使用逐步凈化。它使我們避免形式主義窠臼——如同在很多城市項(xiàng)目中常見(jiàn)的那樣。

        在瑞士,一項(xiàng)越發(fā)重要的議題是抗震安全。在建筑師拉斐爾·祖博爾設(shè)計(jì)的格羅諾校舍及幼兒園(2011)中,結(jié)構(gòu)工程師在建筑表現(xiàn)的設(shè)計(jì)上幫了很大的忙:它同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足當(dāng)今抗震規(guī)范的要求。由建筑師安杰拉·多伊貝爾與工程師帕特里克·加特曼合作設(shè)計(jì)的布亨塔爾校舍及幼兒園項(xiàng)目(2013),則采取一種幽默的方式為孩子們建立一座既開(kāi)放、又私密的學(xué)校。

        3.4巴西巴羅斯帕克辦公樓,建筑師瓦勒里歐·奧加提,結(jié)構(gòu)工程師費(fèi)拉里·加特曼,2020,建筑立面反映了建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)力量/Office Building Baloisepark, Basel, Valerio Olgiati(architect), Ferrari Gartmann AG (structural engineering),2020, the facade mirrors in its construction the forces in the building.

        Building knowledge based on practice, not in norms

        When Patrick Gartmann talks about his work,he underlines his fascination of building sites and the importance of practice. He wants to know how something works. He wants to know the essence of a construction and how one builds it. Already during his studies he used every free minute to sneak together with a study friend of his to building sites. It is not just that one can learn from books or building sites: one can learn as much from existing structures and see how they work, move, bend over time. This gives a basic knowledge of what is possible, and not about what norms might allow.This opens possibilities to experiment.

        This building knowledge of how to build is on one hand part of the office structure, they really control what they build themselves on site and are responsible for the quality of the construction. And of course the local presence of architects like Peter Zumthor, Valerio Olgiati or Bearth and Deplazes give as well the local structural engineers a different spin and challenge their work.

        Architects and structural engineers are apart of the same coin

        The mentioned structural engineers have a direct relation with architecture. Most of them even hold a second degree in architecture. Patrick Gartmann studied architecture after his civil engineering degree at the University of Applied Sciences HTW Chur. His partner Emanuela Ferrari did the same. After his degree in civil engineering Walter Bieler took further education at the ETH Zurich in architecture and landscape, architecture and supporting structure, and wooden bridge constructions. Lorenz Kocher studied first architecture at ETH Lausanne and Zurich and then, as a second-degree civil engineering at the ETH in Zurich. Andrea Pedrazzini worked after his studies at the office of Santiago Calatrava in Zurich.

        The structural engineers' work is very close with the work of the architects. It is less a fulfilling of the given tasks as the ambition to find the right solution. And because one is not in a big urbancentre the people have more time to focus on their work and interact to work at a project. Architects,but as well engineers dream of a simplicity that one can find in traditional houses. This dream is reflected in the purity of the constructions.

        5.鋼結(jié)構(gòu)住房研究項(xiàng)目由建筑師帕斯卡·弗萊墨和結(jié)構(gòu)工程師洛倫茨·科赫主持。該項(xiàng)目利用材料的可能性來(lái)定義空間,且仍然將由混合元素組成的極薄結(jié)構(gòu)層應(yīng)用于地板和墻壁。利用鋼的機(jī)械性能及建筑材料的可能性,共同創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)空間/Pascal Flamer (architect) and Lorenz Kocher (structural engineer): Research project for a steel construction for housing. The proposed project uses the possibilities of the material to define the space with the material and still have extremely thin construction layers out of hybrid elements for the floors slabs and steel plates for the walls. The space is created through the use of the possibilities of the construction material by using the mechanical properties of steel.

        6 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)住房研究項(xiàng)目由建筑師帕斯卡·弗萊墨和結(jié)構(gòu)工程師洛倫茨·科赫主持。該項(xiàng)目利用材料的可能性來(lái)定義空間,且仍 然將 由混 合元 素組 成的 極薄 結(jié)構(gòu) 層應(yīng) 用于 地板 和墻 壁。 利用 鋼的 機(jī)械 性能 及建 筑材 料的 可能 性, 共同 創(chuàng)造 出一個(gè)空 間/Pascal Flamer (architect) and Lorenz Kocher (structural engineer): Research project for a steel construction for housing. The proposed project uses the possibilities of the material to define the space with the material and still have extremely thin construction layers out of hybrid elements for the floors slabs and steel plates for the walls. The space is created through the use of the possibilities of the construction material by using the mechanical properties of steel.

        瓦爾特·比勒設(shè)計(jì)的木結(jié)構(gòu)大多數(shù)時(shí)候都沒(méi)有加固措施。他將木板連接起來(lái),高效又一目了然。他的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)總是直率而優(yōu)雅。還有很多其他案例,如拉準(zhǔn)斯市兩個(gè)村莊的社區(qū)活動(dòng)中心(2010)、伊索·于翁德?tīng)栐O(shè)計(jì)的特倫營(yíng)地(2016)、揚(yáng)·貝爾尼和耶奧格·克朗恩布爾設(shè)計(jì)的斯魯恩市賴(lài)夫艾森體育場(chǎng)(2015)等等。

        在科琳娜·梅恩與馬克·阿曼設(shè)計(jì)的圣加侖辦公樓(2017)中,結(jié)構(gòu)和建筑自重傳遞的方式是核心設(shè)計(jì)理念。阿基特設(shè)計(jì)的阿爾德茨市凱薩圖書(shū)館廣場(chǎng)(2011)、庫(kù)爾的博申古特住宅區(qū)(2018)也是類(lèi)似的案例,空間是由圖書(shū)館懸挑體量的空間結(jié)構(gòu)概念、或住宅中的親密空間概念所界定的??臻g是設(shè)計(jì)的核心。

        洛倫茨·科赫是個(gè)知識(shí)分子,游走于建筑與結(jié)構(gòu)之間。這兩個(gè)職業(yè)的交互將激發(fā)真正的力量。它不在于誰(shuí)為項(xiàng)目貢獻(xiàn)了什么想法。它只關(guān)乎最終結(jié)果。結(jié)構(gòu)工程師的貢獻(xiàn)是一個(gè)清晰的、空間性的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)。安德利亞·佩德拉奇尼曾如此概括:“協(xié)力造屋”。他便是這樣做的。這無(wú)關(guān)乎誰(shuí)做了什么貢獻(xiàn),而關(guān)乎最終的結(jié)果——必然是一件合作完成的作品。

        7.82011年,結(jié)構(gòu)工程師安德利亞·佩德拉奇尼與建筑師尼古拉·巴塞加,克里斯蒂安·莫賽迪在基亞索攜手合作的體育館項(xiàng)目/The structural engineer Andrea Pedrazzini works hand in hand with the architects Nicola Baserga and Christian Mozzetti: "to design with friends". Double gym, Chiasso, 2011, Baserga Mozzetti Architects, structural engineer Andrea Pedrazzini (Ingegneri Pedrazzini Guidotti). (攝影/Photos: Filippo Simonetti)

        9將現(xiàn)有結(jié)構(gòu)重建,使其滿(mǎn)足今日的需求很困難,需要就結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、結(jié)構(gòu)以及其歷史進(jìn)行特定的了解。2008年在馬蘭斯完成的凡·默思住宅項(xiàng)目盡最大可能保留了16世紀(jì)的痕跡。項(xiàng)目由建筑師米夏埃爾·海米,米歇爾·瓦塞拉與馬塞爾·普拉合作/To rebuild an existing structure and update it todays needs is difficult and needs a specific knowledge about structure, materials, constructions and how they age. A house and keep as much as possible is not just a Renovation of house von Moos from the 16th century, Malans, 2008, Michael Hemmi from Haldenstein and Michele Vassella from Chur in collaboration with Marcel Pola (architects), Walter Bieler (structural engineer). (攝影/Photo: Ralph Feiner)

        The importance of structural engineering has a historical dimension

        Because of the mountains and the specific geological conditions in Grisons structural engineering was always a big issue. Passages to the other side of the Alps were only possible with bridges and other structural work. Therefore engineering was always important.Historical figures such as the civil engineer Richard La Nicca (1794-1883) were important figures to secured roads, drained rivers and built bridges to the south.

        The design relation of infrastructure and built technologies for railway system or hydro electric power plants was important to form from the clients but as well from engineers an respect towards the landscape.During the construction of the railway system RhB around 1900 there were introduced impressive stone bridges instead of iron constructions.

        An exceptional structural engineer was Robert Mailart (1872-1940) who built the Salginatobel-bridge at Schiers (1930). The concrete bridge has a very elegant three-hinged frame. Mailart won the competition because his bridge was the most efficient and less costly construction. Richard Coray (1869-1946) built almost artistic wooden scaffold sub-structures to be used to build bridges as the Salginatobel-bridge. Christian Menn (1927-) taught at the ETH in Zurich, is one of the most interesting bridge designers. His work as a bridge designer is rooted in Maillart and contemporary engineering but always considered aesthetics as an important element in bridge design. Because of Menn Santiago Calatrava came to Zurich to study structural engineering.

        The structural engineer Jürg Buchli (1944-2010) was a kind of master brain for Peter Zumthor constructions. His inventions made projects as the chapel San Benedict possible where he worked with a hot iron belt to tighten together the wooden elements at a central piece. Jürg Conzett (1956-), who worked after his studies at the office of Peter Zumthor (1981-1987),architects and engineers with his clear engineering,which supports the design idea of the architect. He is extremely interested in architecture, history and theory and tries to link these elements to a clear and abstract thought. Many young engineers worked in his office;Gartmann was even a partner (1997-2015).

        Structure is a kind of essence

        The structure is a kind of essence, an abstraction of the inner spatial thought of the building, and purifies with the work of natural building material.It's an escape from design formalism, as we can find it in more urban projects.

        An increasingly important issue in Switzerland is the earthquake security. For the school and kindergarten in Grono by the architect Raphael Zuber(2011) the structural engineer was an important help to design the expression of the building: it follows the needs of today's earthquake regulations.The schoolhouse and kindergarten at Buchen in Thal (2013) by architect Angela Deuber and the engineering of Patrick Gartmann is a playful way to build an open school for kids that is intimate too.

        Walter Bieler uses wooden constructions with no reinforcing most of time. He connects plain wood, which is efficient and one knows and sees what one does. His structures are straight forward and elegant. Communal work place for the two villages in Rh?züns (2010), Camping Ogna in Trun by Iso Huonder (2016) or the Raiffeisen Arena"Crap Gries" in Schluein by Jan Berni and Georg Kr?henbühl (2015) are some examples of many.

        With Corinna Menn and Mark Ammann in their office building in St. Gallen (2017) the structure and the way one brings the weight of a building down is the main thing. Arquint's library Chesa Platz in Ardez (2011), or the housing area B?schengut in Chur(2018) are other examples, where the space is defined out of a spatial idea of the hanging volumes in the library or the intimacy space of the houses.The space is the key element.

        Lorenz Kocher is the intellectual, who crosses from architecture to engineering. The interaction between the two professions is the real power. It is less about who contributed with which idea to a project. It is about the final result. The engineer can contribute with a clear and spatial building structure. For Andrea Pedrazzini phrased it once like this: "building with friends". That is what he does. It is less about who does what in a building,but about the final result which in any case will be a collaborative work.

        注釋/Note

        1)2017年12月20日采訪(fǎng)帕特里克·加特曼/Interview with Patrick Gartmann 20. December 2017, Chur.

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