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        with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)重難點(diǎn)突破

        2018-01-25 09:33:05江西王立新
        教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2018年4期
        關(guān)鍵詞:主格分詞代詞

        江西 王立新

        with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是高三復(fù)習(xí)備考的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn),也是每年高考的熱點(diǎn)。學(xué)生對(duì)這兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)頗感頭痛,有時(shí)覺(jué)得無(wú)從下手。筆者認(rèn)為,只要找出它們的異同點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行對(duì)比,這兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目便很容易被突破。

        一、兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的異同點(diǎn)

        不同點(diǎn):

        with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:with +賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+賓補(bǔ)(名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式七種形式)。

        獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:名詞或主格代詞+名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式七種形式。

        相同點(diǎn):

        (1)with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)、獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的前后兩部分都是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。后一部分的七種形式(即邏輯謂語(yǔ))的用法特征相同。

        (2)兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ);句法功能相同時(shí),通??梢曰ハ噢D(zhuǎn)換。

        二、兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法特征

        (1)with + 賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+ 名詞

        名詞或主格代詞 + 名詞

        名詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞的身份或類屬。

        With Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

        = Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

        威爾遜先生以前執(zhí)政時(shí),人民有權(quán)做一切事情。

        With his first shot a failure, he fired again.

        = His first shot a failure, he fired again.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ))

        他第一槍沒(méi)打中,又打了第二槍。

        The brave man fought the tiger, with astick his only weapon.

        = The brave man fought the tiger, astick his only weapon.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式)

        那位勇士和老虎搏斗,木棍是他唯一的武器。

        (2)with + 賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+ 形容詞

        名詞或主格代詞 + 形容詞

        形容詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞的特征或狀態(tài)。

        With the road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

        = The road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ))

        由于道路泥濘,他們未能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。

        They were making asnowman, with hands red with the cold.

        = They were making asnowman, hands red with the cold.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式)

        他們?cè)谧鲅┤?,手凍得發(fā)紅。

        Close to the bank I saw deep pools, with the water blue like the sky.

        = Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作定語(yǔ))

        靠近岸時(shí),我看見(jiàn)幾個(gè)深池塘,池水碧似藍(lán)天。

        (3)with + 賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+ 副詞

        名詞或主格代詞 + 副詞

        副詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)向。

        With supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

        = Supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

        晚飯以后,他們總是聚集在院子里聊天。

        The man entered the office, with his hat off and his head down.

        = The man entered the office, his hat off and his head down.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式)

        那個(gè)人走進(jìn)辦公室,脫掉帽子,低著頭。

        A damaged motorbike lay on the road, with the petrol out.

        = A damaged motorbike lay on the road, the petrol out.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式)

        一輛損壞了的摩托車倒在路上,汽油流出來(lái)了。

        (4)with + 賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+ 介詞短語(yǔ)

        名詞或主格代詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)

        介詞短語(yǔ)在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)。在這種類型的獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,若邏輯主語(yǔ)與介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞都是單數(shù)名詞,在這些名詞前習(xí)慣上不用限定詞(冠詞或物主代詞);如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則可用物主代詞。

        A man, with a gun in his hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

        = A man, gun in hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

        (不用a gun in the / his hand)

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式)

        一個(gè)人手拿著槍,突然出現(xiàn)在屋子前方。

        So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,with a bowl and aspoon in his hand.

        = So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,bowl and spoon in hand.

        (不用a bowl and aspoon in the / his hand)

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式)

        于是,奧利弗手拿飯碗和湯匙從桌旁站起來(lái),向管事主人走去。

        Hearing the news, she sat still, with (her) tears in her eyes.

        = Hearing the news, she sat still, (her) tears in her eyes.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式)

        一聽(tīng)到這消息,她在那里坐著發(fā)呆,兩眼淚汪汪。

        (5)with + 賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+ 現(xiàn)在分詞

        名詞或主格代詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞

        現(xiàn)在分詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式;當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成式。

        With so many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

        = So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ);邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用be的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。)

        因很多同志不在場(chǎng),會(huì)議只好延期到下周開(kāi)。

        With the question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

        = The question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ);邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,being discussed是現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。)

        由于在討論問(wèn)題,我們沒(méi)有去吃午飯。

        With the rain having stopped, they hurried away.

        = The rain having stopped, they hurried away.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,故用完成式。)

        雨一停他們就匆匆離去了。

        With all his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

        = All his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ);現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,且邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。)

        由于所有的錢已花光,杰克開(kāi)始找活干。

        (6)with + 賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+ 過(guò)去分詞

        名詞或主格代詞 + 過(guò)去分詞

        過(guò)去分詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作。該動(dòng)作有時(shí)既帶被動(dòng)意義又帶完成意義,有時(shí)只帶被動(dòng)意義。

        With the duty completed, he had three months ’leave.

        = The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作。)

        任務(wù)完成以后,他休了三個(gè)月的假。

        The prisoner walked in front, with his hands tied behind him.

        = The prisoner walked in front, his hands tied behind him.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式;過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作。)

        犯人走在前頭,兩手反綁著。

        With enough time given, this can be done.

        = Enough time given, this can be done.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作條件狀語(yǔ);過(guò)去分詞所表動(dòng)作只帶被動(dòng)意義。)

        如果有足夠的時(shí)間,這事是能做得到的。

        (7)with + 賓語(yǔ)(名詞或賓格代詞)+ 不定式

        名詞或主格代詞 + 不定式

        不定式的一般式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了,指動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程、事實(shí),也可表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。邏輯謂語(yǔ)還可能用不定式的進(jìn)行式或完成式。當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

        The two boys said good-bye to each other, with one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

        = The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或行為方式;不定式表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程、事實(shí)。)

        那兩個(gè)男孩相互告別了,一個(gè)回家去,另一個(gè)到他朋友家去了。

        We divided the work, with him to clean the window and me to sweep the floor.

        = We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ);不定式表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。)

        我們分了工,他擦窗戶,我掃地。

        Here are the first three volumes, with the fourth one to come out next month.

        = Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明;不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。)

        這是頭三卷,第四卷下月出版。

        That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, with normal raises to be expected.

        = That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, normal raises to be expected.

        (兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ),表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明;不定式表示將來(lái)的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。)

        那是一年兩萬(wàn)美元,還可以指望常規(guī)的加薪。

        注意下面with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài):

        With a meeting to attend, we could not go to visit him.

        由于有一個(gè)會(huì)要參加,我們未能去拜訪他。

        (with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語(yǔ)。雖然邏輯主語(yǔ)a meeting和邏輯謂語(yǔ)to attend之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,但是句子的主語(yǔ)we是to attend的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者,所以不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。)

        With several letters to be typed, I must go and ask him for help.

        有幾封信要輸入,我得去請(qǐng)他幫忙。

        (with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語(yǔ)。邏輯主語(yǔ)與邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,句子的主語(yǔ)并非不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,所以不定式仍然使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。)

        練一練,用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)完成句子翻譯。

        1. 學(xué)生們做完練習(xí)后,老師開(kāi)始講課文。

        _______________, the teacher began to explain the text.

        2. 工作做完之后,我們覺(jué)得很疲勞。

        _______________, we felt very tired.

        3. 他安靜地坐在角落里,閉著雙眼。

        He sat quietly in the corner,_______________.

        4. 地板又濕又臟,我們寧可站在外面。

        _______________, we would rather stand outside.

        5. 由于主任旅行在外,鮑勃負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)部門的工作。

        _______________, Bob is in charge of this department.

        6. 老師走進(jìn)教室,腋下夾著書(shū)本和地圖。

        The teacher entered the classroom,__________.

        7. 他站在那里,嘴里叼著一根煙管。

        He was standing there,__________ .

        8. 他們同意分工干,每人翻譯全書(shū)的三分之一。

        They agreed on a division of labor,_______________ .

        9. 她以前總愛(ài)在晚上坐著看書(shū),她的貓兒便是她唯一的陪伴。

        She used to sit reading in the evening,_____ .

        10. 這士兵肩上扛著紅旗,向大樓頂部沖去。

        __________, the soldier rushed to the top of the building.

        11. 由于沒(méi)有公共汽車,我們只好走路。

        _______________, we had to walk.

        12. 他的鞋子穿破了,他無(wú)法再繼續(xù)步行。

        _______________, he couldn’t go on foot any longer.

        13. 很多人參加了這次會(huì)議,其中大多數(shù)是來(lái)自美國(guó)的專家。

        Many people attended the conference,__________ .

        14. 所有的窗戶開(kāi)著,屋子里的空氣更新鮮了。

        __________, the air in the room is fresher.

        15. 考試結(jié)束了,我們有一段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間可以休息。

        _______________, we had a long time to rest.

        16. 沒(méi)人叫醒我,我會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)火車的。

        I would miss the train,__________ .

        參考答案:

        1. With the students having done the exercises / Thestudents having done the exercises

        2. With the work having been done / The work havingbeen done

        3. with his eyes closed / his eyes closed

        4. With the floor (being) wet and dirty / The floor (being)wet and dirty

        5. With the director (being) away on a journey / The director (being) away on a journey

        6. with books and maps under his arm / books and maps under his arm

        7. with a pipe in his mouth / pipe in mouth

        8. with each to translate one third of the book / each totranslate one third of the book

        9. with her cat her only companion / her cat her only companion

        10. With a flag on his shoulder / Flag on shoulder

        11. With no buses being there / There being no buses

        12. With his shoes worn out / His shoes worn out

        13. with most of the experts from the USA / most of theexperts from the USA

        14. With all the windows open / All the windows open

        15. With the examinations over / The examinations over

        16. with no one to wake me up / no one to wake me up

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