·臨床研究與應(yīng)用·
STEAP1在人乳腺癌中表達(dá)及其臨床意義
解潔 陳潔
目的:研究前列腺跨膜上皮抗原1(six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate protein 1,STEAP1)在乳腺癌中的表達(dá)及臨床意義。方法:收集2007年1月至2016年12月山東省千佛山醫(yī)院40例女性乳腺正常組織及52例乳腺纖維腺瘤、211例乳腺癌患者的組織標(biāo)本,應(yīng)用免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)STEAP1的表達(dá)情況。根據(jù)STEAP1表達(dá)的高低將乳腺癌患者分為高表達(dá)組和低表達(dá)組,對(duì)兩組行臨床病理特征和Kaplan-Meier生存分析。運(yùn)用RT-PCR及Western blot法檢測(cè)STEAP1在人正常乳腺上皮細(xì)胞HBL-100及乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7中的表達(dá)情況,使用Oncomine和Kaplan-Meier Plotter數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析STEAP1的表達(dá)及預(yù)后。結(jié)果:免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)顯示乳腺癌組織中的STEAP1高表達(dá)者占11.8%(25/211),低于乳腺正常組織的85.0%(34/40)和乳腺纖維腺瘤的84.6%(44/52),3者之間具有顯著性差異(P<0.001),與Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析獲得的乳腺癌組織中表達(dá)低于乳腺正常組織的結(jié)果一致。RT-PCR和Western blot法檢測(cè)顯示乳腺上皮細(xì)胞中的STEAP1 mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)明顯高于乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7,4種細(xì)胞之間具有顯著性差異(均P<0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析與Kaplan-Meier Plot?ter數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析均表明STEAP1高表達(dá)者預(yù)后更佳(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論:正常乳腺中的STEAP1表達(dá)水平高于乳腺癌,STEAP1高表達(dá)與良好的預(yù)后相關(guān)。
STEAP1 前列腺素跨膜上皮抗原 乳腺癌 表達(dá) 預(yù)后
乳腺癌是導(dǎo)致女性死亡最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,世界范圍內(nèi)每年新發(fā)約138萬(wàn)例[1]。隨著對(duì)乳腺癌研究的深入,早期診斷標(biāo)志物與中晚期的靶向治療逐漸成為研究的重點(diǎn)。前列腺跨膜上皮抗原(sixtransmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate protein,STEAP)作為前列腺特異性細(xì)胞表面抗原最早在前列腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn),家族內(nèi)含4個(gè)成員[2]。STEAP1在多種惡性腫瘤中均有較高表達(dá),以STEAP1為靶點(diǎn)的免疫治療已應(yīng)用于前列腺癌的治療中,小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)表明STEAP1疫苗能明顯延緩前列腺癌進(jìn)展,小鼠總體存活率提高[3]。本研究通過(guò)檢測(cè)乳腺組織及細(xì)胞中STEAP1的表達(dá)情況,探討STEAP1表達(dá)與乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)系,為乳腺癌的治療提供新的思路。
收集2007年1月至2016年12月山東省千佛山醫(yī)院40例女性乳腺正常組織,52例乳腺纖維腺瘤、211例乳腺癌患者的組織標(biāo)本及乳腺癌患者的臨床資料,患者術(shù)前均未行放療或化療。從211例至2016年12月行定期隨訪乳腺癌患者中選取182例,隨訪期間其余29例失訪、死亡。4種細(xì)胞中的人正常乳腺上皮細(xì)胞HBL-100、人乳腺癌細(xì)胞株MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7均購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院上??茖W(xué)研究所,按照細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)常規(guī)條件進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。以上研究?jī)?nèi)容均符合醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)要求。
1.2.1 免疫組織化學(xué)法 將蠟塊包埋的組織切片進(jìn)行脫蠟、抗原修復(fù),具體步驟參照SP染色試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)。染色強(qiáng)度分為:無(wú)染色為0,低強(qiáng)度為1,中等強(qiáng)度為2,高強(qiáng)度為3。計(jì)數(shù)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞:無(wú)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞為0,≤25%為1,26%~50%為2,>51%為3??偡譃槿旧珡?qiáng)度計(jì)分與陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)計(jì)分乘積,低表達(dá)≤4分,高表達(dá)≥5分。
1.2.2 RT-PCR檢測(cè) 使用Trizol-氯仿-異丙醇方法提取RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,按照試劑盒說(shuō)明進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,以ACTB作為內(nèi)參照,比較4種乳腺細(xì)胞中STEAP1 mRNA的相對(duì)表達(dá)情況。引物序列:STEAP1上游引物為5′-ACAAGTTGCTAAACTGGGCATATCA-3′,下游引物為5′-CAGTATTGCCAATCCCACAATTC-3′;內(nèi)參照ACTB上游引物為5′-TGGCACCCAGCACAATGAA-3′,下游引物為5′-CTAAGTCATAGTCCGCCTAGAAGCA-3′。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.2.3 Western blot檢測(cè) 收集細(xì)胞加入裂解液充分裂解,提取蛋白進(jìn)行10%SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳實(shí)驗(yàn),將電泳分離后的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上,牛奶封閉,一抗孵育,4℃搖床過(guò)夜;加二抗,TBST洗膜后ECL法顯影,分析灰度值。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.2.4 生物學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析 1)Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):收錄基因表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)及相關(guān)臨床信息,分析STEAP1 mRNA在乳腺正常組織與乳腺癌組織中的表達(dá)差異;2)Kaplan-Meier Plotter數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):收錄5 143例乳腺癌患者生存資料和基因表達(dá)信息,分析數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)內(nèi)STEAP1表達(dá)與乳腺癌患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系。
應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。定量資料采用t檢驗(yàn)和方差分析,組間率的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和Fisher′s確切概率法,使用Kaplan-Meier法和Log rank檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行生存分析。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)顯示,STEAP1在乳腺正常組織和纖維腺瘤組織中的表達(dá)明顯高于乳腺癌組織,且染色主要集中在細(xì)胞膜和胞漿(圖1)。STEAP1在乳腺正常組織和纖維腺瘤的表達(dá)率分別為85.0%(34/40)和84.6%(44/52),均明顯高于癌組織的11.8%(25/211),3者之間具有顯著性差異(P<0.001,表1)。進(jìn)一步兩兩比較,乳腺正常組織和纖維腺瘤組織中的STEAP1表達(dá)水平均顯著高于癌組織(P<0.001),而乳腺正常組織和纖維腺瘤組織間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
STEAP1表達(dá)水平與病理學(xué)類型、分子亞型、ER及PR受體水平無(wú)關(guān),與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、分化程度及組織學(xué)分級(jí)有關(guān)。發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,分化程度低,組織學(xué)分級(jí)高的乳腺癌組織中的STEAP1低表達(dá)(表2)。
對(duì)隨訪的乳腺癌患者行Kaplan-Meier生存分析,結(jié)果顯示STEAP1高表達(dá)患者生存率明顯高于低表達(dá)者(圖2,P<0.05)。
RT-PCR檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,STEAP1 mRNA在乳腺上皮細(xì)胞HBL-100中的表達(dá)高于乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7,4種細(xì)胞間的表達(dá)水平具有顯著性差異(圖3,P<0.001)。
Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果表明,乳腺上皮細(xì)胞和乳腺癌細(xì)胞均有STEAP1表達(dá),在乳腺上皮細(xì)胞HBL-100中表達(dá)水平高于乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-468、MCF-7和BT549,STEAP1蛋白在4種細(xì)胞間的表達(dá)水平具有顯著性差異(圖4,P<0.001)。
圖2 STEAP1的表達(dá)與乳腺癌患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系Figure 2 Relationship between expression of STEAP1 and prognosis in breast cancer patients
圖3 RT-PCR檢測(cè)乳腺細(xì)胞中STEAP1 mRNA的表達(dá)Figure 3 Expression of STEAP1 mRNA in breast cells detected by RT-PCR
圖4 Western blot檢測(cè)乳腺細(xì)胞中STEAP1蛋白的表達(dá)Figure 4 Expression of STEAP1 protein in mammary gland cells detected by Western blot
Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析結(jié)果表明,相較于乳腺正常組織,浸潤(rùn)性乳腺癌組織中的STEAP1 mRNA表達(dá)存在明顯的下調(diào)(P<0.001)。Kaplan-Meier Plotter數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析結(jié)果顯示,STEAP1高表達(dá)乳腺癌患者生存率明顯高于低表達(dá)者(HR=0.86,P=0.006),乳腺癌Luminal A型STEAP1高表達(dá)患者的預(yù)后優(yōu)于低表達(dá)者(HR=0.81,P=0.014),STEAP1在HER-2陽(yáng)性、Bas?al和Luminal B亞型中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
STEAP1被證實(shí)在多種惡性腫瘤中高表達(dá),且與腫瘤的惡性程度、分級(jí)及預(yù)后有關(guān)[4]。有研究對(duì)前列腺癌組織行免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)顯示,STEAP1表達(dá)水平與Gleason評(píng)分呈正相關(guān),評(píng)分越高即惡性程度越高,STEAP1表達(dá)水平越高[5]。在尤文氏瘤(Ewing瘤)中,STEAP1表達(dá)降低后腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖及侵襲能力降低,并且在不影響線粒體數(shù)量的基礎(chǔ)上減少線粒體ROS活性氧水平,而ROS能促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲性,因此推測(cè)STEAP1可能通過(guò)增加ROS活性而促進(jìn)Ewing瘤的發(fā)展進(jìn)程[6]。在Ewing瘤中STEAP1高表達(dá)與不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[7],然而也有生存分析結(jié)果表明STEAP1高表達(dá)的患者預(yù)后更佳[8],結(jié)論不一。在結(jié)腸癌中STEAP1高表達(dá)與年齡、腫瘤分期及TNM分期無(wú)明顯相關(guān),STEAP1表達(dá)水平越高預(yù)后越佳[9]。STEAP1在肺癌血管上皮細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),STEAP1表達(dá)降低后腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲及遷移能力降低[10]。
國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)乳腺癌組織中的STEAP1表達(dá)的研究較少且結(jié)論不一。本研究對(duì)Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的分析結(jié)果表明,乳腺癌組織中的STEAP1表達(dá)明顯低于乳腺正常組織。有研究對(duì)乳腺癌及癌旁組織行免疫組織化學(xué)和RT-PCR檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌組織中的STEAP1表達(dá)水平高于癌旁組織[11]。本研究的免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)及細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果均表明STEAP1在乳腺癌中低表達(dá)。近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)STEAP1的同源基因STEAP1B,其結(jié)構(gòu)及編碼產(chǎn)物蛋白與STEAP1有所差異,STEAP1B包括STEAP1B1和STEAP1B2,STEAP1B1 mRNA在前列腺正常組織與前列腺癌組織表達(dá)水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而STEAP1B2在前列腺癌組織中高表達(dá)[12]。同源異構(gòu)體的存在可能是STEAP1在不同腫瘤間高異質(zhì)性的原因。
STEAP家族主要表達(dá)于上皮組織,涉及鐵、銅等金屬離子的還原與吸收,參與氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、炎癥、細(xì)胞間通訊、侵襲、增殖及細(xì)胞凋亡等[13]。STEAP1主要定位在細(xì)胞膜上,提示STEAP1可能參與細(xì)胞黏附或者細(xì)胞間通訊,作為離子通道或轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白在緊密連接和間隙連接中發(fā)揮作用[14-15]。有研究指出在MCF-7乳腺癌細(xì)胞中,雌二醇暴露能顯著下調(diào)STEAP1表達(dá),而膜雌激素受體能通過(guò)介導(dǎo)cAMP和ERK1/ERK2信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的增殖,推測(cè)cAMP和ERK1/ERK2信號(hào)通路可能會(huì)影響STEAP1的轉(zhuǎn)錄[11]。本研究中STEAP1表達(dá)與ER無(wú)明顯相關(guān),需要進(jìn)一步研究雌二醇對(duì)STEAP1的影響。STEAP1在不同類型惡性腫瘤間異質(zhì)性較高,在乳腺癌中呈低表達(dá),其細(xì)胞定位及表達(dá)特性提示STEAP1可能在乳腺癌的發(fā)生及侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要作用,因此針對(duì)信號(hào)通路對(duì)STEAP1在乳腺癌中的作用需要展開(kāi)深入的研究。
綜上所述,STEAP1在乳腺癌中低表達(dá),其表達(dá)與乳腺癌的臨床分期、組織分化程度和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等惡性表型密切相關(guān),在乳腺癌患者中高表達(dá)預(yù)示著良好的預(yù)后,提示STEAP1可能參與抑制乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。研究STEAP1在乳腺癌中的作用機(jī)制,有助于乳腺癌的早期診斷和治療策略的制定。
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Expression of STEAP1 in human breast cancer and its clinical significance
Jie XIE,Jie CHEN
Jie CHEN;E-mail:77chenjie@163.com
Department of Maternal and Child Health,School of Public Health,Shandong University,Jinan 270000,China
Objective:To investigate the expression of STEAP1 in human breast cancer and its clinical significance.Methods:Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of STEAP1 in breast tissues from 40 normal women,52 patients with breast fibroadenoma,and 211 patients with breast cancer in Qianfo Hill Hospital of Shandong Province from January 2007 to December 2016.According to the expression level of STEAP1,the breast cancer patients were assigned into high and low expression groups.Clinical pathological characterization and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the two groups were performed.RT-PCR and Western blot were conducted to measure the expression of STEAP1 in mammary gland cells.The Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases were used to analyze the expression and prognosis of STEAP1.Results:Immunohistochemistry showed that the high expression rate of STEAP1 in breast cancer was 11.8%(25/211),which was significantly lower(P<0.001)than that in normal breast(85.0%,34/40)and fibroadenoma(84.6%,44/52).The result was consistent with the Oncomine database analysis that the expression in breast cancer tissue was lower than that in normal breast tissue.RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of STEAP1 were significantly higher in mammary epithelial cells than in MDA-MB-468,BT549 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines,and a significant difference was found among the four types of cells(P<0.001).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Kaplan-Meier Plotter database analysis showed that patients with high STEAP1 expression had better prognosis than those with low STEAP1 expression(P<0.05).Conclusion:The expression level of STEAP1 in normal breast was higher than that in breast cancer.High STEAP1 expression is associated with a better prognosis.
STEAP1,six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate protein,breast cancer,expression,prognosis
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.23.840
山東大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院兒少衛(wèi)生與婦幼保健學(xué)系(濟(jì)南市270000)
陳潔 77chenjie@163.com
(2017-07-27收稿)
(2017-11-24修回)
解潔 專業(yè)方向?yàn)槿橄侔┡R床及發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制的研究等。
E-mail:xiejie9203@sina.com