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        食管癌分子標(biāo)記物研究進(jìn)展

        2018-01-05 03:03:54李恒存朱圣韜張澍田
        關(guān)鍵詞:突變率拷貝數(shù)鱗癌

        趙 宇,李恒存,朱圣韜,閔 力,張澍田

        (首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,國(guó)家消化系統(tǒng)疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,消化疾病癌前病變北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京市消化疾病中心,北京100050)

        ·綜述·

        食管癌分子標(biāo)記物研究進(jìn)展

        趙 宇,李恒存,朱圣韜,閔 力,張澍田

        (首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,國(guó)家消化系統(tǒng)疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,消化疾病癌前病變北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京市消化疾病中心,北京100050)

        0 引言

        相關(guān)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,全球范圍內(nèi)食管癌(esophageal carcinoma,EC)的發(fā)病率在全部腫瘤中位列第八,病死率位居第六[1],每年預(yù)計(jì)新發(fā)病例約482 300例,死亡病例約406 800例[1].在美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,EC發(fā)病率較低[2],而在我國(guó),EC的發(fā)病率在全部腫瘤中位居第三,病死率位列第四[3].病理學(xué)上,EC主要分為鱗癌與腺癌兩種,腺癌主要在歐美地區(qū)多發(fā),而鱗癌多發(fā)于中亞、東亞等亞洲地區(qū)[4-5].

        食管鱗癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)在亞洲高發(fā)地區(qū)的主要危險(xiǎn)因素包括營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、水果蔬菜攝入少以及進(jìn)食過高溫度的食物,而在歐美等癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低的地區(qū),主要危險(xiǎn)因素是吸煙以及過量的酒精攝入[4].食管腺癌(esophageal adenocarcinoma,EAC)的主要危險(xiǎn)因素為吸煙、肥胖以及反流性食管炎等[6].

        在疾病的起源上,目前認(rèn)為Barrett食管為EAC的癌前病變,隨后經(jīng)過低級(jí)別、中等級(jí)別以及高級(jí)別的異型增生進(jìn)而進(jìn)展為腺癌[7],而ESCC經(jīng)歷上皮的過度增生以及低中高度異型增生進(jìn)而發(fā)展為癌[8].

        針對(duì)EC發(fā)生與進(jìn)展的生物學(xué)過程,相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一系列關(guān)鍵分子生物學(xué)事件,包括基因突變、甲基化、雜合性丟失(loss of heterozygosity, LOH)、拷貝數(shù)改變(copy number variation,CNV)及表達(dá)差異等[9-13],這些分子標(biāo)記物為預(yù)測(cè) EC 發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、預(yù)后及治療反應(yīng)性等提供了很好的指導(dǎo).本文擬對(duì)EC相關(guān)分子標(biāo)記物進(jìn)行梳理總結(jié),為針對(duì)EC后續(xù)的深入研究以及臨床應(yīng)用提供參考.

        1 EAC

        EAC是起源于食管黏膜上皮或賁門腺體的惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)展與長(zhǎng)期慢性炎癥相關(guān),通常認(rèn)為Barrett食管是其癌前病變.P53作為調(diào)控細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵分子,在生長(zhǎng)周期、細(xì)胞分化、凋亡以及DNA錯(cuò)配修復(fù)中起著核心作用,約50%的惡性腫瘤存在P53基因的突變[14].在EAC中,P53的突變類型主要為G:C→A:T,其突變率各文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道差異較大,約40%~90%,不同的突變位點(diǎn)引起的功能效應(yīng)不同,部分位點(diǎn)的突變甚至起到了促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的作用.臨床統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,P53突變型患者在腫瘤的分化程度、治療反應(yīng)性、長(zhǎng)期無病生存及五年生存率、TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況等方面均顯著劣于P53野生型患者[15-19].

        CNV是基因組結(jié)構(gòu)性差異的常見形式,目前認(rèn)為也是癌癥起源、發(fā)展的機(jī)制之一,同樣在EAC中,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了 EGFR、ERBB2/HER2、CCND1、FGF3/INT2的變異,為尋找潛在的EC分子標(biāo)記物提供了可能.EGFR屬于表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體家族,目前在各類腫瘤中研究較多,EGFR基因過表達(dá)在惡性腫瘤的進(jìn)展中起到了關(guān)鍵作用,尤其是與腫瘤的血管生成、高侵襲性及轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[20],在 EAC中,同樣可觀察到EGFR基因擴(kuò)增,且擴(kuò)增與腫瘤大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、預(yù)后及治療反應(yīng)性相關(guān)[21-23].ERBB2同樣屬于表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體家族,在乳腺癌、胃癌、肺癌中均可發(fā)現(xiàn)此基因擴(kuò)增,而ERBB2的高表達(dá)可激活Ras-MAPK和PI3K-Akt信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,也有文獻(xiàn)[24-26]報(bào)道了其作為監(jiān)測(cè)卵巢癌的效用.在EAC中,ERBB2的擴(kuò)增占16%~25%,且與腫瘤的預(yù)后相關(guān)[27-32].另外,CCND1、FGF3/INT2 的基因擴(kuò)增也提示與EAC的相關(guān)性,并且提示了不良預(yù)后及5 年生存率的降低[21,33].

        LOH也是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制之一,在腫瘤的進(jìn)展中,其主要指抑癌基因正常的兩個(gè)成對(duì)等位基因中的一個(gè)出現(xiàn)了明顯異?;蛉笔У茸兓M(jìn)而導(dǎo)致抑癌基因功能的喪失[34-36].在 EAC 中,有研究[37]報(bào)道了染色體1q的LOH對(duì)于患者生存的影響,染色體1q的 LOH發(fā)生率為66%,其中58%存在1q21的LOH,45%存在1q23的LOH;而1q21.23 LOH的患者與無丟失患者相比,生存率明顯下降,且術(shù)前化療反應(yīng)性不佳.

        DNA甲基化作為DNA修飾的一種形式,主要是在CpG雙核苷酸上添加甲基,并不改變DNA的序列.而當(dāng)抑癌基因被甲基化后,由于表達(dá)受限進(jìn)而喪失了相應(yīng)的功能,在EC中,DNA甲基化是較常見的發(fā)病機(jī)制之一[38-41].其中,對(duì)于 CDKN2A 的甲基化研究較多,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了CDKN2A的甲基化與9p21的LOH相關(guān),目前認(rèn)為CDKN2A的甲基化發(fā)生于Barrett食管進(jìn)展為EAC的早期,發(fā)生率的報(bào)道差異性較大,為 3% ~77%[42-46].APC 基因及 CDH1 基因的甲基化同樣在 Barrett食管及 EAC 中有報(bào)道[47-48],其中甚至有25%的患者可在血清中檢測(cè)到APC基因的甲基化,這為EAC的早期診斷提供了潛在的可能[47].

        在基因表達(dá)水平上,COX-2、VEGF、Cyclin D1、Ki-67、P53等具有代表性的基因也在EAC中存在表達(dá)水平的差異[49-51].對(duì)于COX-2的研究主要集中在鱗癌,但腺癌也有部分研究,認(rèn)為COX-2在抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)增殖方面發(fā)揮重要作用,其表達(dá)升高提示預(yù)后明顯不良[49].VEGF的研究主要與腺癌的血管生成相關(guān),因其產(chǎn)物促進(jìn)腫瘤血管的生成進(jìn)而發(fā)揮促腫瘤作用,同樣,VEGF表達(dá)的升高提示預(yù)后不良[49-50].Cyclin D1 屬于細(xì)胞周期家族,通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶發(fā)揮促增殖作用,Cyclin D1表達(dá)升高不僅提示預(yù)后不良,也提示腫瘤的化療及放療敏感性下降[51].在基因表達(dá)水平差異方面,Ki-67和P53作為常用的腫瘤標(biāo)記物,在EAC中也有類似研究,Ki-67增殖指數(shù)高低與許多腫瘤的分化程度、浸潤(rùn)、轉(zhuǎn)移以及預(yù)后密切相關(guān).P53因在腺癌中突變較高,常常以突變作為腺癌的分子標(biāo)記物,P53的部分突變?yōu)閻盒酝蛔儯浔磉_(dá)升高往往提示更差的預(yù)后[49-51].

        2 ESCC

        ESCC是發(fā)生在食管鱗狀上皮的一種惡性腫瘤,食管鱗狀上皮不典型增生是食道癌的重要癌前病變,占我國(guó)EC的絕大多數(shù).PIK3CA作為體細(xì)胞突變的癌基因,編碼Ⅰ類磷脂酰肌醇-3-肌酶的p110催化亞基,目前在各類腫瘤中研究較多,其首先由Volinia等[52]利用原位雜交技術(shù)檢測(cè)到.有文獻(xiàn)[53]報(bào)道了ESCC中PIK3CA的突變狀況,其突變率約為21%,且與AKT通路的激活相關(guān),突變型患者的無病生存與總生存率均顯著低于野生型患者.P53在ESCC中的突變也報(bào)道較多,突變率約為90%,很多突變?cè)谠缙谝呀?jīng)發(fā)生,突變往往以無義突變?yōu)橹?,但也有部分惡性突變,突變的患者往往化療反?yīng)較差且預(yù)后不良[54-55].另外,NRF2 在 ESCC 中的突變也有研究,主要與疾病復(fù)發(fā)、無病生存以及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),同時(shí)在EC細(xì)胞系中敲低NRF2可以使癌細(xì)胞對(duì)5-Fu的敏感性提升,提示其也可作為治療反應(yīng)性的標(biāo)記物之一[56].

        在基因拷貝數(shù)方面,ESCC同樣有 EGFR、CCND1、FGF3/INT2的變異.其中EGFR基因的拷貝數(shù)增加提示患者的預(yù)后更差,中位生存時(shí)間僅9個(gè)月,5年生存率僅7%,而 EGFR拷貝數(shù)正常的患者中位生存期為42個(gè)月,5年生存率可達(dá)43%[57].對(duì)于CCND1,其 CNV 發(fā)生率 40% ~ 50%,文獻(xiàn)[58-61]提示CCND1拷貝數(shù)增加與預(yù)后不良相關(guān),患者中位生存期降低,但也有文獻(xiàn)[62]統(tǒng)計(jì)其拷貝數(shù)增加與生存無關(guān).FGF3/INT2拷貝數(shù)的增加在鱗癌中研究較少,發(fā)生率報(bào)道差異較大(11%~62%),也可能與病變大小以及預(yù)后相關(guān)[63-65].另外,有研究[66-68]表明,MDM2、TERC、CPT1A等基因僅在ESCC中出現(xiàn)特異性的拷貝數(shù)變化,且多數(shù)與患者5年生存率及無病生存期相關(guān),其中MDM2主要與腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),MDM2拷貝數(shù)增加往往提示腫瘤更容易出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)以及遠(yuǎn)處器官的轉(zhuǎn)移;TERC表達(dá)端粒酶的RNA組分,在宮頸癌中研究較多,ESCC中也有相關(guān)報(bào)道,伴隨腫瘤進(jìn)展,拷貝數(shù)逐漸增加;CPT1A在脂質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的研究機(jī)制中首先被發(fā)現(xiàn),隨后在鱗癌內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)其與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及不良預(yù)后相關(guān).

        ESCC在LOH方面研究較少,目前僅有標(biāo)記物D2S123(染色體2p)、D3S1067(染色體3p)和TP53(染色體17p)的報(bào)道,發(fā)生率分別為15%、55%和50%,與無LOH組相比,3年生存率明顯下降(48%vs75%),提示預(yù)后不良,但是否與治療反應(yīng)性、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移等相關(guān)尚缺乏一定數(shù)據(jù)[69].

        DNA甲基化方面,CDKN2A的甲基化同樣可見于ESCC,發(fā)生率為 40%~62%,與 EAC類似,CDKN2A的甲基化程度與疾病進(jìn)展相關(guān)[70-72].MGMT基因的甲基化在鱗癌中也比較常見,為33%~35%,MGMT基因參與DNA修復(fù).有研究[73]認(rèn)為,亞硝胺致EC的作用與MGMT基因的甲基化相關(guān),因亞硝胺引起的DNA損傷無法修復(fù),進(jìn)而促使食管鱗狀上皮向鱗癌的轉(zhuǎn)化.另外,TFF1、REPRIMO、MLH1、TPEF等基因的甲基化在ESCC中也有報(bào)道,多數(shù)與疾病進(jìn)展相關(guān)[74-85].其中TFF1基因在消化道腫瘤尤其是胃癌前病變中研究較多,在ESCC中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)其在部分癌前病變中有表達(dá);REPRIMO基因也常發(fā)生于疾病早期,約40%的EC患者可檢測(cè)到其甲基化;MLH1的甲基化與ESCC的病理類型、細(xì)胞分化程度和癌組織浸潤(rùn)深度存在相關(guān)性;TPEF基因則多與預(yù)后相關(guān),甲基化發(fā)生率約54%.

        表1 現(xiàn)階段主要EC標(biāo)記物匯總表

        在基因表達(dá)層面,由于突變、甲基化、LOH等原因均可引起表達(dá)水平的差異,所以ESCC中單純研究表達(dá)層面分子標(biāo)記物的文獻(xiàn)較少,目前主要關(guān)注survivin、COX-2、VEGF、E-cadherin、HER-2 等具有代表性的基因,前已述及相關(guān)作用,survivin在EC中的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率約90%,且主要與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及腫瘤患者的生存相關(guān)[49];而COX-2主要通過周期以及凋亡相關(guān)通路發(fā)揮促癌作用,與腫瘤的放化療反應(yīng)性相關(guān);VEGF作為調(diào)控腫瘤血管生成的關(guān)鍵分子,表達(dá)量常與腫瘤分期呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān)[50];E-cadherin在腫瘤侵襲、遷移相關(guān)的作用中起關(guān)鍵作用,表達(dá)量與腫瘤的淋巴結(jié)以及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)[50],HER-2的表達(dá)主要與生存相關(guān),但表達(dá)量與生存期的關(guān)系尚存在爭(zhēng)議[49,51].

        3 新一代組學(xué)帶來的挑戰(zhàn)

        對(duì)于EAC,由于在歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)病率較高,基于西方人較為完善的生物樣本庫(kù),有研究[86]利用近年來高速發(fā)展的組學(xué)研究技術(shù),從全基因組、外顯子組、轉(zhuǎn)錄組、甲基化組及蛋白質(zhì)組等多個(gè)層面全面地評(píng)估了不同基因在不同水平病變中的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,一方面驗(yàn)證了前期發(fā)現(xiàn)的各類標(biāo)記物,另一方面也找到了一系列具有良好臨床應(yīng)用前景的新分子標(biāo)記物.然而對(duì)于不同的組學(xué)研究,其找到的標(biāo)記物重合度并不高,在突變層面,除P53的高突變率無爭(zhēng)議外,其他突變率在10%以上的基因很難在不同數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中獲得一致結(jié)果[87-88].例如 BROAD 研究所在 2013年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示 EAC 中 SYNE1、LRP1B、FLG、SPTA1、PCLO突變率均在20%以上[87],而近期MSK的IMPACT研究顯示這些基因突變率低于10%[88];IMPACT研究顯示 CDKN2A 的突變率達(dá) 20.54%[88],但 BROAD 的研究中其突變率僅13.01%[87].這些不一致的結(jié)果說明,不同地區(qū)不同人群在EAC的突變譜系上存在非常大的差異,目前我國(guó)并沒有建立基于國(guó)內(nèi)人群的EAC組學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),但在近年來EAC發(fā)病率快速上升的背景下[3],我們迫切需要建立規(guī)范化的中國(guó)人EAC隊(duì)列與組學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),在嘗試引入國(guó)外EAC標(biāo)記物的同時(shí),在國(guó)內(nèi)人群中進(jìn)行大規(guī)模樣本驗(yàn)證顯得尤為重要.

        而對(duì)于ESCC,由于其高發(fā)區(qū)集中于我國(guó)的欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū),而西方人群,尤其是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的發(fā)病率較低,在缺乏生物樣本庫(kù)建設(shè)以及基因組學(xué)研究高昂的成本下,相關(guān)的組學(xué)研究尚處于起步階段.2014年UCLA的研究顯示除TP53外,TTN、KMT2D突變率也較高(>15%)[89],而這些基因中只有 KMT2D在TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)得到印證[90],同時(shí) TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里的CSMD3、DNAH5、NFE2L2、OBSCN[90],在 UCLA 的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中也沒有顯示出較高的突變率[89].作為ESCC高發(fā)地區(qū),我國(guó)目前亟待進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大相關(guān)組學(xué)研究的樣本量,推進(jìn)相關(guān)新型標(biāo)記物在多中心大樣本中的驗(yàn)證性研究,及早開發(fā)出適合國(guó)內(nèi)人群的可用于早期診斷及判斷預(yù)后相關(guān)的EC分子標(biāo)記物.

        4 問題與展望

        雖然目前針對(duì)EC診斷及預(yù)后的分子標(biāo)記物研究較多,且涉及到表觀遺傳學(xué)、突變、表達(dá)水平等多方面,但由于缺乏大規(guī)模、多中心的臨床驗(yàn)證以及相關(guān)前瞻性研究,目前報(bào)道的分子標(biāo)記物尚未在臨床開展應(yīng)用,這也是各腫瘤分子標(biāo)記物所面臨的普遍問題.隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,尤其是高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)的普及和大規(guī)模專病人群隊(duì)列和樣本庫(kù)的建立,新的EC分子標(biāo)記物的研發(fā)將得到長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展,而已有的經(jīng)典標(biāo)記物也將得到可信度更強(qiáng)、證據(jù)級(jí)別更高的評(píng)估,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)EC的臨床診斷與治療.

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        Research progress in molecular markers of esophageal cancer

        ZHAO Yu, LI Heng-Cun, ZHU Sheng-Tao, MIN Li, ZHANG Shu-Tian
        Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease,Beijing 100050,China

        Esophageal cancer(EC) is one of the most common diagnosed carcinomas with a high ranked mortality worldwide.Especially in China,ESCC patients account for 90%of the global total.The mechanism of EC and discovery of its new drug target has become a research focus.EC can be divided into two subtypes:esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).Considering the mechanisms of carcinogenesis are different between these two subtypes,we displayed contents of EAC and ESCC separately.Mutations, copy number variation(CNV), loss of heterogeneity(LOH), and changes of expression in EC were all included in this review.For the studies of EAC, the diagnostic value of P53, EGFR, ERBB2, CCND1,F(xiàn)GF3/INT2, 1q21 LOH, 1q23 LOH, CDKN2A, APC, CDH1,COX-2, VEGF, Cylin D1 and Ki-67 were summarized.For the studies of ESCC, the diagnostic value of PIK3CA, NRF2, EGFR,CCND1,MDM2,TERC,CPT1A,2p LOH,3p LOH,17p LOH, CDKN2A, MGMT, TFF1, REPRIMO, MLH1, TPEF,CDH1, COX-2, VEGF, E-cadherin, HER-2 were summarized.In this article,the role of the above-mentioned biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response were investigated,which might shed light on screening and treatment of EC.

        esophageal adenocarcinoma; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; biomarkers; diagnosis; prognosis

        食管癌(EC)的發(fā)病率及病死率在全球位居前列,尤其在中國(guó),食管鱗癌(ESCC)患者約占全球總數(shù)的90%.因此,探討EC發(fā)病機(jī)制,尋找新的靶向治療成為目前的研究熱點(diǎn).EC依據(jù)病理類型可分為ESCC及食管腺癌(EAC),由于二者發(fā)病機(jī)制不同,本文擬從這兩方面分別進(jìn)行闡述.目前針對(duì)EC分子標(biāo)記物的研究,主要集中在基因突變、基因拷貝數(shù)改變(CNV)、雜合性丟失(LOH)以及表達(dá)量變化四個(gè)方面,不同的改變常常提示著疾病的不同階段,也預(yù)示著不同的治療反應(yīng)性及無病生存期.EAC方面,我們對(duì)P53、EGFR、ERBB2、CCND1、FGF3/INT2、1q21 LOH、1q23 LOH、CDKN2A、APC、CDH1、COX-2、VEGF、Cyclin D1 和 Ki-67 等標(biāo)記物在診斷及治療中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值進(jìn)行了總結(jié);而在ESCC方面,我們對(duì)PIK3CA、NRF2、EGFR、CCND1、MDM2、TERC、CPT1A、2p LOH、3p LOH、17p LOH、CDKN2A、MGMT、TFF1、REPRIMO、MLH1、TPEF、CDH1、COX-2、VEGF、E-cadherin、HER-2 等標(biāo)記物進(jìn)行了綜述.本文旨在為臨床EC的診療工作提供可行性建議,同時(shí)為國(guó)內(nèi)廣大學(xué)者在EC分子標(biāo)記物領(lǐng)域的研究提供參考.

        食管腺癌;食管鱗癌;分子標(biāo)記物;診斷;預(yù)后

        R735.1

        A

        2095-6894(2017)12-38-07

        2017-05-24;接受日期:2017-06-22

        國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81302160,81272447);北京市教育委員會(huì)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(KZ201410025024)

        趙 宇.博士.E-mail:doctor.zhaoyu@ hotmail.com

        閔 力.博士,助理研究員.研究方向:消化道腫瘤.E-mail:minli.mailbox@ gmail.com

        張澍田(共同通訊作者).博士,教授.研究方向:消化道腫瘤.E-mail:zhangshutian@ ccmu.edu.cn

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