馬榮, 王曉丹, 聶大平
(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院,遼寧 大連 116027)
·論著·
高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的臨床特點
馬榮, 王曉丹, 聶大平
(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院,遼寧 大連 116027)
高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌; 經(jīng)典型肺炎克雷伯菌; 肺炎克雷伯菌; 血流感染; 社區(qū)感染; 醫(yī)院感染
二十世紀(jì)八十年代中期,肺炎克雷伯菌所致的肝膿腫首先在臺灣受到關(guān)注,因為這種肺炎克雷伯菌可感染無基礎(chǔ)疾病的健康人,有遠(yuǎn)距離轉(zhuǎn)移感染的能力,即肝膿腫可轉(zhuǎn)移到腦、肺和眼形成腦膿腫、肺膿腫和眼內(nèi)炎[1]。該菌株有特殊表型,即在血平板上形成高黏菌落,拉絲試驗的長度>5 mm等特點,這些特點形成的基礎(chǔ)是豐富的莢膜多糖。莢膜多糖的合成與細(xì)菌中胞外多糖合成調(diào)節(jié)因子rmpA基因密切相關(guān)。這種高黏性能可抵御中性粒細(xì)胞吞噬,故將高黏表型肺炎克雷伯菌命名為高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌(hypervirulentKlebsiellapneumoniae, hvKP),高黏菌落和rmpA基因是其標(biāo)志[1-3]。此外,它們有特定的莢膜多糖血清型(K1、K2、K5、K20、K54和K57),臨床最常見和毒力最強(qiáng)的菌株是K1和K2型肺炎克雷伯菌,因為它們較其他血清型有更強(qiáng)的抗吞噬能力和對血清的抵抗性[4]。hvKP可作為正常菌群定植于人體上呼吸道和腸道[5-6],主要引起社區(qū)獲得性感染,如肝膿腫、社區(qū)獲得性肺炎(community-associated pneumonia, CAP)、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染、壞死性筋膜炎等[1-7]。這些感染原來主要見于亞洲地區(qū),近年來已蔓延到全球。引起的血流感染(bloodstream infection, BSI)也日益增多,對其感染來源和臨床特點的報道不多,故本研究將某醫(yī)院2013年4月—2016年3月hvKP BSI與經(jīng)典型肺炎克雷伯菌(classicKlebsiellapneumoniae, cKP)BSI進(jìn)行比較,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1.1 研究對象 收集2013年4月—2016年3月大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院159例肺炎克雷伯菌BSI患者的菌株和臨床資料。社區(qū)感染和醫(yī)院感染按照國家衛(wèi)生部2001年發(fā)布的《醫(yī)院感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(試行)》判定。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 儀器和試劑 VITEK 2 Compact全自動微生物鑒定儀,PCR擴(kuò)增儀(Light Cycler 480),紫外分析儀電泳儀。試劑:PCR反應(yīng)液,DNA產(chǎn)物純化試劑盒(天根生化科技有限公司),PCR引物,DNAMaker DL2000(大連寶生物工程有限公司)。
1.2.2 藥敏和產(chǎn)ESBLs株鑒定 159株細(xì)菌由VITEK 2 Compact全自動微生物鑒定儀鑒定為肺炎克雷伯菌,產(chǎn)ESBLs菌株也由該儀器判定。藥敏判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考美國臨床實驗室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(CLSI)2013年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.2.3 肺炎克雷伯菌高黏表型、K1、K2和rmpA基因檢測和高毒力菌判定 (1)拉絲試驗:使用接種環(huán)挑取血平板上生長菌落,其黏液絲長度≥5 mm為陽性,<5 mm為陰性。(2)多重PCR擴(kuò)增K1、K2和rmpA基因:煮沸法提取細(xì)菌DNA,K1、K2和rmpA基因的引物和產(chǎn)物大小見表1,反應(yīng)條件參考文獻(xiàn)[8]; PCR反應(yīng)體系25 μL,三對引物正反引物各1 μL,模板4 μL,反應(yīng)液12.5 μL,蒸餾水補(bǔ)足至25 μL。(3)反應(yīng)條件:預(yù)變性95℃ 5 min;95℃ 45 s,58℃ 90 s,72℃ 90 s,35個循環(huán);延伸72℃ 10 min。(4)PCR產(chǎn)物確定:取PCR產(chǎn)物10 μL進(jìn)行2%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,紫外成像儀觀察,純化PCR產(chǎn)物,大連市寶生物工程有限公司測序,在BLAST、GenBank上檢索比對。拉絲試驗和rmpA基因同時陽性判為hvKP[9]。
表1 K1、K2 莢膜型及rmpA基因PCR擴(kuò)增引物、產(chǎn)物大小
1.3 統(tǒng)計分析 應(yīng)用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,P≤0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 hvKP和莢膜多糖血清型檢出率 PCR擴(kuò)增血清型K1、K2和rmpA基因擴(kuò)增出條帶分別為1 283、641和516 bp,與預(yù)測值相符。見圖1。測序結(jié)果K1、K2、rmpA分別為AB 355924.1、AB 362363.1和AB 289642.1,符合率為99.9%。159例肺炎克雷伯菌BSI分離株中,拉絲試驗陽性菌株為56株,rmpA基因陽性株59株,二者共同陽性56株,即 35.22%(56/159)為hvKP。K1型為51.79%(29/56),K2型為26.79%(15/56)。
2.2 hvKP和cKP BSI患者感染來源 hvKP BSI感染來源主要為肝膿腫(26株,46.43%)和CAP(13株,23.21%);cKP BSI主要是原發(fā)性菌血癥(41株,39.81%)和膽道感染(28株,27.18%)。hvKP和cKP BSI患者的不同感染來源構(gòu)成比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=77.639,P<0.001)。見表2。
圖1 hvKP K1、K2和rmpA基因PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物電泳圖
Figure1Electrophoresis map of polymerase chain reaction amplification products of K1, K2 andrmpA gene of hvKP
表2 cKP及不同血清型hvKP BSI感染來源分布
2.3 hvKP和cKP BSI患者臨床特點 hvKP和cKP BSI患者在年齡、性別、30 d內(nèi)死亡情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。兩組患者不同感染類型比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=57.782,P<0.001),hvKP BSI患者以社區(qū)獲得性為主(89.29%),cKP BSI患者以醫(yī)院獲得性為主(73.79%)。兩組患者不同基礎(chǔ)疾病構(gòu)成比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=36.532,P<0.001),hvKP BSI患者主要為糖尿病(50.00%),cKP BSI患者主要為惡性腫瘤(45.63%)。hvKP BSI患者感染性休克發(fā)生率高于cKP BSI患者(32.14% vs 8.74%),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=14.096,P<0.001)。見表3。
表3hvKP和cKP BSI患者的臨床特點[例(%)]
Table3Clinical features of patients with hvKP BSI and cKP BSI(No. of cases[%])
基本信息hvKP(n=56)cKP(n=103)χ2P年齡(歲)0.8790.348 ≥6025(44.64)54(52.43) <6031(55.36)49(47.57)性別0.0180.892 男32(57.14)60(58.25) 女24(42.86)43(41.75)感染類型57.782<0.001 社區(qū)獲得性50(89.29)27(26.21) 醫(yī)院獲得性6(10.71)76(73.79)基礎(chǔ)疾病36.532<0.001 糖尿病28(50.00)32(31.07) 膽道疾病2(3.57)4(3.88) 肝硬化5(8.93)13(12.62) 腦血管疾病2(3.57)14(13.59) 慢性腎病2(3.57)8(7.77) 惡性腫瘤7(12.50)47(45.63) 肺部疾病1(1.79)3(2.91) 心臟病1(1.79)1(0.97) 自身免疫性疾病2(3.57)0(0.00) 無基礎(chǔ)疾病8(14.29)1(0.97)感染性休克14.096<0.001 是18(32.14)9(8.74) 否38(67.86)94(91.26)30d內(nèi)死亡2.3230.127 是4(7.14)16(15.53) 否52(92.86)87(84.47)
本研究顯示159例肺炎克雷伯菌BSI患者中56例為hvKP BSI,占35.22%, 其中,K1和K2型占78.57%(44/56),且K1型肺炎克雷伯菌遠(yuǎn)多于K2型。 56例hvKP BSI中社區(qū)獲得性感染50例,占89.29%,感染來源主要是肝膿腫和CAP,與文獻(xiàn)[10-11]報道一致。hvKP易感染糖尿病患者,與高糖環(huán)境損害機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng),進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)hvKP合成莢膜多糖能力、提高細(xì)菌侵襲力和抵抗中性粒細(xì)胞吞噬的能力有關(guān)[12];而且它們也能感染無基礎(chǔ)疾病的健康人。本研究中hvKP BSI中糖尿病患者為50.00%,無基礎(chǔ)疾病感染者為14.29%,高于cKP BSI的31.07%和0.97%。cKP BSI感染來源主要是原發(fā)性菌血癥、膽道感染和HAP,基礎(chǔ)疾病主要是惡性腫瘤。兩種肺炎克雷伯菌BSI患者的年齡與性別差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
表4 hvKP與cKP對常見抗菌藥物耐藥情況
*:Fisher確切概率法
hvKP BSI特點是病情重、進(jìn)展快、發(fā)生膿毒性休克風(fēng)險高。有研究[13]表明在肺炎克雷伯菌BSI中,hvKP與膿毒性休克的發(fā)生相關(guān)。上海報道了3例由K2型肺炎克雷伯菌所致的肺炎,患者在24 h內(nèi)死亡[14]。本研究hvKP BSI感染性休克發(fā)生率高于cKP BSI。但30 d內(nèi)病死率與cKP BSI沒有差異。hvKP BSI感染性休克主要集中在肝膿腫和CAP,發(fā)生感染性休克者77.78%的患有糖尿病。研究[15]表明糖尿病血糖控制不佳的患者在感染肺炎克雷伯菌時,感染性休克出現(xiàn)的概率增加,因此,對hvKP BSI的糖尿病患者,一定要關(guān)注血糖的控制。
hvKP除對氨芐西林天然耐藥外,通常對臨床常用抗菌藥物敏感,隨著耐藥質(zhì)粒在醫(yī)院內(nèi)傳播,國內(nèi)已出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)ESBLs和KPC hvKP[16-17],本研究中hvKP BSI產(chǎn)ESBLs比率為5.36%,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)KPC的hvKP,3株產(chǎn)酶菌均來自醫(yī)院獲得性感染。來源可能是定植于機(jī)體呼吸道和腸道的hvKP在抗菌藥物使用過程中篩選出耐藥質(zhì)粒或從其他產(chǎn)ESBLs腸桿菌中獲得耐藥質(zhì)粒。感染這種高侵襲力加耐藥基因的菌株會增加治療的難度和費用,故應(yīng)合理使用抗菌藥物,加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測,做好隔離,減少醫(yī)院內(nèi)流行。
總之hvKP BSI多為社區(qū)獲得性感染,患者多有糖尿病,容易發(fā)生感染性休克。實驗室和臨床醫(yī)生都應(yīng)重視hvKP感染并密切關(guān)注其耐藥趨勢的演變。
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ClinicalfeaturesofhypervirulentKlebsiellapneumoniaebloodstreaminfection
MARong,WANGXiao-dan,NIEDa-ping
(TheSecondHospitalofDalianMedicalUniversity,Dalian116027,China)
ObjectiveTo understand the microbiological and clinical features of bloodstream infection(BSI) with high virulentKlebsiellapneumoniae(hvKP).MethodsThe strains and clinical data of 159 patients withKlebsiellapneumoniae(K.pneumoniae) BSI at the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University from April 2013 to March 2016 were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software.Results35.22%(56/159)of patients were with hvKP BSI, K1 and K2 serotypes in hvKP BSI accounted for 51.79% and 26.79% respectively. The main source of hvKP BSI was liver abscess(n=26,46.43%),the classic type ofK.pneumoniae(cKP) BSI was primary bacteremia(n=41,39.81%). Difference in different types of infection between two groups of patients was statistically significant(χ2=57.782,P<0.001),89.29% of hvKP BSI was community-associated infection(CAI), and 73.79% of cKP BSI was healthcare-associated infection(HAI). Difference in underlying diseases between two groups of patients was statistically significant(χ2=36.532,P<0.001),50.00% of hvKP BSI patients had diabetes, 45.63% of cKP BSI patients had malignant tumor. Icidence of septic shock in hvKP BSI patients was higher than that of cKP BSI patients(32.14% vs 8.74%;χ2=14.096,P<0.001). The proportion of ESBLs-producing of hvKP and cKP were 5.36% (3/56)and 47.57%(49/103)respectively,difference was statistically significant(χ2=29.375,P<0.001).Klebsiellapneumoniaecarbapemase(KPC)-producing hvKP was not found. Resistance rates of hvKP to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, aztreonam, gentamicin, levofloxacin, and compound sulfamethoxazole were all lower than cKP(allP<0.05).ConclusionhvKP BSI is common in CAI, infection sources and underlying diseases are difference from cKP BSI, hvKP BSI is prone to cause septic shock. Both laboratories and clinicians should pay attention to hvKP infection and the change trend of antimicrobial resistance.
hypervirulentKlebsiellapneumoniae; classicKlebsiellapneumoniae;Klebsiellapneumoniae; bloodstream infection; community-associated infection; healthcare-associated infection
[Chin J Infect Control,2018,17(1):26-30]
2017-01-20
馬榮(1964-),女(漢族),遼寧省大連市人,副主任技師,主要從事臨床微生物研究。
聶大平 E-mail:wsw2703@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2018.01.006
R446.5
A
1671-9638(2018)01-0026-05
張瑩、陳玉華)