孫丕海，錢 坤，楊志平，李曉麗，王連順，孫雪瑩，馬悅欣

( 1.大連海洋大學(xué)，海珍品苗種培育基地，遼寧 大連116023；2.大連金普新區(qū)海洋與漁業(yè)局，遼寧 大連116100；3.大連匯新鈦設(shè)備開發(fā)有限公司，遼寧 大連116039；4.大連海洋大學(xué)，農(nóng)業(yè)部北方海水增養(yǎng)殖重點實驗室，遼寧 大連116023 )

大連兩個海區(qū)海帶相關(guān)可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落分析

孫丕海1，錢 坤2，楊志平3，李曉麗4，王連順4，孫雪瑩4，馬悅欣4

( 1.大連海洋大學(xué)，海珍品苗種培育基地，遼寧 大連116023；2.大連金普新區(qū)海洋與漁業(yè)局，遼寧 大連116100；3.大連匯新鈦設(shè)備開發(fā)有限公司，遼寧 大連116039；4.大連海洋大學(xué)，農(nóng)業(yè)部北方海水增養(yǎng)殖重點實驗室，遼寧 大連116023 )

為研究大連兩個海區(qū)海帶相關(guān)可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落，于2014年12月和2015年3月分別自登沙河灣和正明寺海帶養(yǎng)殖區(qū)采集健康海帶孢子體和海水，采用2216E涂布平板法，共分離出240株細(xì)菌，對所有菌株進(jìn)行PCR和16S rDNA測序。結(jié)果表明，120條海帶相關(guān)序列歸屬為4個門、5個綱、8個目、15個科、19個屬、42個種；120條海水序列屬于4個門、6個綱、10個目、18個科、26個屬，46個種。在門水平，海帶相關(guān)和海水細(xì)菌群落均可分為變形菌門、厚壁菌門、放線菌門和擬桿菌門，其中變形菌門和厚壁菌門為優(yōu)勢門。在屬水平，海帶相關(guān)優(yōu)勢屬為嗜冷桿菌屬、假單胞菌屬、副球菌屬和Salinibacterium；海水相關(guān)優(yōu)勢屬為芽孢桿菌屬、假單胞菌屬、動球菌屬、假交替單胞菌屬和弧菌屬。只從海帶分離出的細(xì)菌屬于微桿菌屬、微小桿菌屬、黃桿菌屬、短小桿菌屬、腸桿菌屬、寡養(yǎng)單胞菌屬和原小單孢菌屬。S?rensen指數(shù)表明，兩個海區(qū)海帶細(xì)菌群落有一定差異，不同海區(qū)海水及同一海區(qū)海帶與海水細(xì)菌群落明顯不同。

海帶孢子體；16S rDNA；細(xì)菌群落

海帶(Saccharinajaponica，原名Laminariajaponica)[1]是一種經(jīng)濟價值較高的大型褐藻, 廣泛應(yīng)用于食品、醫(yī)藥、化工等方面，是大連地區(qū)大規(guī)模栽培的主要藻類之一。Duan等[2]對膠州灣海帶表面進(jìn)行了掃描電子顯微鏡觀察和細(xì)菌的分離鑒定。從團島灣潮間帶采集的海帶表面分離的細(xì)菌種類比較簡單[3]。Balakirev等[4]分析發(fā)現(xiàn)太平洋西北地區(qū)廣泛分布的海帶典型種及其常見形態(tài)變種共生微生物群落存在顯著差異，認(rèn)為高遺傳相似性形式(海帶典型種和常見形態(tài)變種)的表型差異由宿主—共生體相互作用引起，細(xì)菌共生體可以作為區(qū)分遺傳相似藻類形式的敏感標(biāo)記。而假交替單胞菌屬(Pseudoalteromonas)、弧菌屬(Vibrio)和鹽單胞菌屬(Halomonas)與海帶病害相關(guān)[5-8]。不過目前有關(guān)海帶相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落的研究仍然較少。本試驗采用傳統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)方法對大連登沙河灣和正明寺養(yǎng)殖區(qū)健康海帶相關(guān)和海水細(xì)菌群落進(jìn)行了比較研究，以期為了解細(xì)菌與海帶的相互作用提供參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 樣品采集

分別于2014年12月和2015年3月自大連登沙河灣和正明寺養(yǎng)殖區(qū)采集健康海帶孢子體(1棵)和海水(3個點混合樣)。

1.2 細(xì)菌分離純化

剪取海帶葉片生長點附近葉片10 g，經(jīng)無菌海水沖洗3遍后，按一定比例加入無菌海水磨碎后作為原液，梯度稀釋后涂布2216E平板；水樣直接作為原液，梯度稀釋后涂布2216E平板；室溫(約15 ℃)培養(yǎng)14 d，從各樣品適當(dāng)稀釋度平板上各隨機挑取30個菌落，在2216E平板上分離純化，獲得純培養(yǎng)于2216E斜面4 ℃保存。

1.3 細(xì)菌16S rRNA基因測序

將待測菌株接種2216E液體培養(yǎng)基過夜培養(yǎng)，使用生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司的土壤基因組DNA快速提取試劑盒提取細(xì)菌基因組DNA，提取方法見試劑盒說明書。用引物為F27/R1492[9]擴增細(xì)菌16S rRNA基因片段，用1% (m/V)瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測PCR產(chǎn)物，將PCR 產(chǎn)物送生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司測序。

1.4 細(xì)菌16S rRNA基因序列分析

將各菌株序列于EzBioCloud(http://www.ezbiocloud.net/eztaxon)提供的公共數(shù)據(jù)庫中進(jìn)行序列同源性比對，從結(jié)果中取相似性最高的序列。將比對后相似性大于97%的序列作為1個種[10]，反之則為2個。

為了比較兩個海區(qū)海帶和海水細(xì)菌群落，計算S?rensen相似性指數(shù)[11]。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 海帶和海水可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落組成分析

自海帶及其周圍海水各分離可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌120株。經(jīng)過16S rRNA基因序列比對，120條海帶相關(guān)序列歸屬為4個門(圖1)、5個綱(圖2)、8個目、15個科(圖3)、19個屬(圖4)；120條海水序列屬于4個門(圖1)、6個綱(圖2)、10個目、18個科(圖3)、26個屬(圖4)。

圖1 海帶和海水可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落組成(門水平)

由圖1可見，登沙河灣海帶優(yōu)勢門為變形菌門(68.33%)、放線菌門(16.67%)和厚壁菌門(13.33%)；正明寺海帶優(yōu)勢門為變形菌門(66.67%)、厚壁菌門(20.00%)和放線菌門(13.33%)；登沙河灣海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢門為厚壁菌門(50.00%)和變形菌門(41.67%)；正明寺海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢門為變形菌門(78.33%)和厚壁菌門(15.00%)。

由圖2可見，登沙河灣海帶優(yōu)勢綱為γ-變形菌綱(56.67%)、放線菌綱(16.67%)、芽孢桿菌綱(13.33%)和α-變形菌綱(11.67%)；正明寺海帶優(yōu)勢綱為γ-變形菌綱(45.00%)、α-變形菌綱(21.67%)、芽孢桿菌綱(20.00%)和放線菌綱(13.33%)；登沙河灣海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢綱依次為芽孢桿菌綱(51.67%)和γ-變形菌綱(31.67%)；正明寺海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢綱依次為γ-變形菌綱(68.33%)、芽孢桿菌綱(15.00%)和α-變形菌綱(10.00%)。

圖2 海帶和海水可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落組成(綱水平)

圖3 海帶和海水可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落組成(科水平)

由圖3可見，登沙河灣海帶優(yōu)勢科依次為莫拉氏菌科(26.67%)、微桿菌科(15.00%)、假單胞菌科(13.33%)和紅桿菌科(11.67%)；正明寺海帶優(yōu)勢科為莫拉氏菌科(25.00%)、紅桿菌科(21.67%)和芽孢桿菌科(11.67%)；登沙河灣海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢科依次為芽孢桿菌科(41.67%)、假單胞菌科(15.00%)和動球菌科(10.00%)；正明寺海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢科依次為假交替單胞菌科(30.00%)、芽孢桿菌科(13.33%)、弧菌科(11.67%)和紅桿菌科(10.00%)。

由圖4可見，登沙河灣海帶優(yōu)勢屬依次為嗜冷桿菌屬(Psychrobacter)(26.67%)、假單胞菌屬(Pseudomonas)(13.33%)、副球菌屬(Paracoccus) (11.67%)和Salinibacterium(11.67%)； 正明寺海帶優(yōu)勢屬為嗜冷桿菌屬(25.00%)和副球菌屬(20.00%)；登沙河灣海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢屬依次為芽孢桿菌屬(Bacillus)(35.00%)、假單胞菌屬(15.00%)和動球菌屬(Planococcus)(10.00%)；正明寺海區(qū)水樣優(yōu)勢屬依次為假交替單胞菌屬(30.0%)、芽孢桿菌屬(13.33%)和弧菌屬(10.00%)。

所有菌株與其相關(guān)有效發(fā)表菌株的序列相似性為99%。按16S rRNA基因序列相似性大于97%的菌株歸于同一種計[10]，從海帶和海水分離的細(xì)菌分別可以歸為42個種和46個種(表1)。

2.2 海帶和海水細(xì)菌群落比較

S?rensen指數(shù)可反映不同細(xì)菌群落的相似性，S?rensen指數(shù)值越小，說明群落間相似性越低，群落間差異越大。兩個海區(qū)海帶和海水細(xì)菌群落之間S?rensen相似性指數(shù)結(jié)果見表2，不同海區(qū)海帶細(xì)菌群落有一定差異，不同海區(qū)海水和同一海區(qū)海帶與海水細(xì)菌群落明顯不同。

圖4 海帶和海水可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落組成(屬水平)

樣品細(xì)菌群落組成(種水平)登沙河灣海帶地下節(jié)桿菌(Arthrobactersubterraneus),Bacillusoryzaecorticis,B.tianshenii,萎蔫短小桿菌(Curtobacteriumflaccumfaciens),Enterobacterxiangfangensis,Exiguobacteriumoxidotolerans,E.sibiricum,Flavobacteriumfrigidarium,Microbacteriumfoliorum,Oceanobacilluspicturae,Paracoccusaestuarii,P.haeundaensis,馬氏副球菌(P.marcusii),P.seriniphilus,Planococcusmaritimus,埃氏假交替單胞菌(Pseudoalteromonasespejiana),Pseudomonasgessardii,P.koreensis,Psychrobacteraquimaris,P.fozii,P.nivimaris,解蛋白嗜冷桿菌(P.proteolyticus),阿穆爾斯克灣鹽地桿菌(Salinibacteriumamurskyense),Shewanellaarctica,S.glacialipiscicola,S.vesiculosa,嗜根寡養(yǎng)單胞菌(Stenotrophomonasrhizophila)正明寺海帶貝熱爾氏節(jié)桿菌(Arthrobacterbergerei),?？谘挎邨U菌(Bacillushaikouensis),B.oryzaecorticis,Exiguobacteri-umoxidotolerans,E.sibiricu,棲稻黃色單胞菌(Flavimonasoryzihabitans),Microbacteriummaritypicum,氧化微桿菌(M.oxydans),Oceanobacilluspicturae,Paracoccusaestuarii;P.homiensis,P.seriniphilus,Paragla-ciecolamesophila,Planococcusmaritimus,P.plakortidis,Promicromonosporaxylanilytica,Pseudomonasgra-nadensis,Psychrobacteraquimaris,P.arcticus,P.cryohalolentis,P.nivimaris,P.okhotskensis,P.proteolyti-cus,嗜根寡養(yǎng)單胞菌(Salinibacteriumamurskyense),Shewanellaarctica,S.basaltis,S.vesiculosa,嗜根寡養(yǎng)單胞菌(Stenotrophomonasrhizophila),Sulfitobacterlitoralis登沙河灣海區(qū)水樣Arthrobacterarilaitensis,?？谘挎邨U菌(Bacillushaikouensis),B.oceanisediminis,B.oryzaecorticis,B.vietna-mensis,Brachybacteriumginsengisoli,Nesterenkoniajeotgali,馬氏副球菌(Paracoccusmarcusii),P.seriniphi-lus,Planococcusrifietoensis,Planomicrobiumchinense,P.koreense,P.okeanokoites,北極假交替單胞菌(Pseud-oalteromonasarctica),產(chǎn)黑假交替單胞菌(P.nigrifaciens),Pseudomonascoleopterorum,P.rhodesiae,猴假單胞菌(P.simiae),Psychrobactercibarius,P.nivimaris,肺嗜冷桿菌(P.pulmonis),Ruegeriaatlantica,Sulfito-bacterguttiformis,Virgibacillusnecropolis正明寺海區(qū)水樣Algoriphagusaquimarinus,Aliivibriologei,Arthrobacterhumicola,?？谘挎邨U菌(Bacillushaikouensis),B.litoralis,B.oryzaecorticis,B.vietnamensis,Cellulophagabaltica,Cobetialitoralis,Colwelliaasteriadis,C.meonggei,Glaciecolapunicea,滸苔緩生菌(Lentibacteralgarum),毛霉亮發(fā)菌(Leucothrixmucor),Paracoccuszeaxanthinifaciens,Planococcusdechangensis,北極假交替單胞菌(Pseudoalteromonasarctica),埃氏假交替單胞菌(P.espejiana),產(chǎn)黑假交替單胞菌(P.nigrifaciens),Pseudomonasrhodesiae,猴假單胞菌(P.simiae),Pseu-dophaeobacterarcticus,Psychromonasarctica,阿穆爾斯克灣鹽地桿菌(Salinibacteriumamurskyense),海動物腸希瓦氏菌(Shewanellamarinintestina),Vibriohemicentroti,V.lentus,燦爛弧菌(V.splendidus)

表2 海帶和海水可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落的S?rensen指數(shù)

3 討 論

3.1 海帶相關(guān)可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌群落組成分析

已有研究表明，海帶相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落包括變形菌門、擬桿菌門(CFB 群)、放線菌門和厚壁菌門[2-4,12]。在門水平，本試驗從海帶分離的細(xì)菌和前人研究結(jié)果基本一致。海帶屬的其他種如L.saccharina相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落也屬于上述四個門[13-14]，L.digitata附生細(xì)菌群落由變形菌門、放線菌門和擬桿菌門組成[15]，L.longicruris中發(fā)現(xiàn)變形菌門和擬桿菌門[16]，細(xì)布海帶(L.religiosa)中只有變形菌門[17]，而L.hyperborea相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落也包括變形菌門、擬桿菌門、厚壁菌門、放線菌門[18-21]。在科水平，從健康海帶分離出22個科的細(xì)菌(圖3)，其中假單胞菌科、假交替單胞菌科、交替單胞菌科、微球菌科、莫拉氏菌科、腸桿菌科、芽孢桿菌科和黃桿菌科為已報道海帶相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落成員[2,4,12,22-23]。此外，還分離出屬于希瓦氏菌科、微桿菌科、黃單胞菌科、紅桿菌科、動球菌科、原小單胞菌科的細(xì)菌。L.saccharina相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落由希瓦氏菌科、微桿菌科、微球菌科、紅桿菌科和黃單胞菌科的成員組成[14]。從L.digitata上發(fā)現(xiàn)屬于微桿菌科、微球菌科和紅桿菌科的細(xì)菌[15]。紅桿菌科也可從L.hyperborea上分離到[20]。動球菌科和原小單胞菌科作為海帶屬藻類相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落組成為國內(nèi)外首次報道。本試驗從健康海帶分離出共計19個屬的細(xì)菌(圖4)，其中芽孢桿菌屬、黃桿菌屬(Flavobacterium)、假交替單胞菌屬、假單胞菌屬和嗜冷桿菌屬為已報道海帶相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落成員[2,4,12]。希瓦氏菌屬(Shewanella)、亞硫酸桿菌屬(Sulfitobacter)、假交替單胞菌屬、假單胞菌屬、寡養(yǎng)單胞菌屬(Stenotrophomonas)、Glaciecola和節(jié)桿菌屬(Arthrobacter)在L.saccharina中發(fā)現(xiàn)[14]。L.digitata的細(xì)菌群落由短小桿菌屬(Curtobacterium)、節(jié)桿菌屬、副球菌屬、假交替單胞菌屬和假單胞菌屬組成[15]。從L.longicruris分離出屬于假單胞菌屬和黃桿菌屬的種類[16]。芽孢桿菌屬的細(xì)菌也可從L.hyperborea分離獲得[20]。微桿菌屬在澳洲石莼(Ulvaaustralis)和Pachymeniopsislauceolata中發(fā)現(xiàn)[24-25]。腸桿菌屬(Enterobacter)、動性球菌屬和Salinibacterium分別屬于藻類Cystoseiramyrica[26]、Gracilariadura[27]、Camphylaephorahyphaeoides[28]和Ahnfeltiasp. (Genbank未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù))相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落成員。原小單胞菌屬(Promicromonospora)、Virgibacillus和Oceanobacillus作為海藻相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落成員為首次發(fā)現(xiàn)，擴展了目前海帶相關(guān)微生物群落的知識。

海帶相關(guān)細(xì)菌可能是潛在的抗菌資源，如一種芽孢桿菌、一種假單胞菌和一種黃桿菌(Flavobacteriumsp.)具有抗微生物活力[29]，也可能是潛在病原，如Pseudoalteromonasbacteriolytica[6]和P.elyakovii[7]分別是海帶紅點病和葉斑點傷病害的病原菌。7株假交替單胞菌屬和4株弧菌屬細(xì)菌可能為海帶孔爛病的潛在病原[8]。本研究從海帶中發(fā)現(xiàn)了芽孢桿菌、假單胞菌、黃桿菌、假交替單胞菌和弧菌屬，其生態(tài)作用及其對宿主的影響待于進(jìn)一步研究。

3.2 海帶和海水細(xì)菌群落比較

本試驗中海帶養(yǎng)殖區(qū)海水中的細(xì)菌群落由變形菌門、厚壁菌門、放線菌門和擬桿菌門組成。這些門廣泛分布在其他海藻生長海域水體中，如L.saccharina生長海域水體中的細(xì)菌屬于變形菌門和擬桿菌門[13]。澳洲石莼生長海域水體中優(yōu)勢門為變形菌門、擬桿菌門和放線菌門，而厚壁菌門豐度較低。盡管在門水平上海帶相關(guān)細(xì)菌群落與其周圍海水的細(xì)菌群落大致相似，但在種水平，海帶和海水細(xì)菌群落明顯不同。這一結(jié)果與已有的研究結(jié)果基本一致[13,19,30]。Staufenberger 等[13]研究結(jié)果表明，L.saccharina和海水樣品DGGE 條帶圖譜明顯不同，相似性只有20%。L.hyperborea表面生物膜和其周圍海水細(xì)菌群落重疊較少[19]。Burke等[30]通過16S rRNA基因克隆文庫技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)在門水平澳洲石莼附生細(xì)菌群落和和其周圍海水細(xì)菌群落類似，但是，Bray-Curtis相似性和聚類分析結(jié)果表明，在較低等分類水平(種)，兩細(xì)菌群落明顯不同?？赡苁怯捎趦煞N環(huán)境的物理差異引起群落組成的差異。海藻上細(xì)菌的可能來源之一是其周圍的海水，因此海藻表面細(xì)菌可能是通過選擇過程或經(jīng)直接表面接觸輸送細(xì)菌，從海水較少的種群中吸收成員[19]。

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CulturableBacteriaCommunityAssociatedwithSaccharinajaponicafromTwoSeaAreasinDalian

SUN Pihai1, QIAN Kun2, YANG Zhiping3, LI Xiaoli4, WANG Lianshun4, SUN Xueying4, MA Yuexin4

( 1.Seafood Seedling Breeding Base, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023， China;2. Dalian Jinzhou District Oceanic and Fishery Administration, Dalian 116100, China; 3. Dalian Huixin Titanium Equipment Development Company Limited, Dalian 116039, China; 4. Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North Chinas Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023,China )

The aim of the study was to examine the bacterial community associated with the kelpSaccharinajaponicafrom two sea areas in Dalian. In December 2014 and March 2015, a total of 240 isolates were obtained from the healthy kelp and the surrounding seawater collected from the sea areas of Dengshahe bay and Zhengmingsi using spread plate method relied on Zobell 2216E medium. Polymerase chain reaction and partial 16S rDNA sequencing of DNA from all isolates revealed that 120 kelp-associated sequences were classified as 4 phyla, 5 classes, 8 orders, 15 families, 19 genera and 42 species; that 120 water-derived sequences were classified as 4 phyla, 6 classes, 10 orders, 18 families, 26 genera and 46 species. At phylum level,S.japonicaand seawater communities were composed of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, with dominant phyla of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. At genus level, the composition of community associated withS.japonicawas represented principally byPsychrobacter,Pseudomonas,SalinibacteriumandParacoccus; the seawater community was dominated byBacillus,Pseudoalteromonas,Pseudomonas,PlanococcusandVibrio. Additionally,Microbacterium,Exiguobacterium,Flavobacterium,Curtobacterium,Enterobacter,StenotrophomonasandPromicromonosporawere exclusively present in community ofS.japonica. As indicated by S?rensen index, there were some differences in bacterial communities between kelp samples from the two different sea areas; while there existed significant differences in communities between seawater samples from the two sea areas and between kelp sample and seawater sample from the same sea area.

Saccharinajaponica;16S rDNA; bacterial community

10.16378/j.cnki.1003-1111.2017.04.016

S917.1

A

1003-1111(2017)04-0498-06

2016-03-10；

2016-12-16.

大連市海洋與漁業(yè)局項目(2014115,2014118).

孫丕海(1959-)，男，高級工程師；研究方向：海珍品種苗培育及養(yǎng)殖.E-mail：dlsph@aliyun.com.通訊作者：馬悅欣(1963-)，女，教授，博士；研究方向：微生物生態(tài)學(xué). E-mail：mayuexin@dlou.edu.cn.