苗祥嶺+馮銳
[摘要]近年來(lái)乳腺癌發(fā)病率已經(jīng)躍居女性所患腫瘤發(fā)病率的首位,乳腺癌術(shù)后,安全與美觀一直是臨床上比較突出的問(wèn)題。隨著脂肪自體移植 (autologous fat grafting, AFG)各項(xiàng)技術(shù)日益成熟,現(xiàn)已成為臨床外科整形的常規(guī)應(yīng)用。乳腺癌患者在術(shù)后運(yùn)用自體脂肪移植進(jìn)行乳房重建,取得了較好的效果,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低。目前,腫瘤安全是阻礙脂肪移植應(yīng)用于腫瘤術(shù)后的關(guān)鍵影響因素,迄今為止并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)自體脂肪移植與腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)存在關(guān)聯(lián)。本文就近期自體脂肪移植在乳腺癌術(shù)后乳房重建中的臨床應(yīng)用及全面評(píng)估進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]自體脂肪移植;腫瘤安全;乳腺癌;乳房重建;乳房整形
[中圖分類號(hào)]R323.2+3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2017)10-0137-04
Abstract: In recent years, the morbidity of breast cancer has ranked fast, both the safety and the aesthetic after breast cancer operation has been the goal pursued by clinicians. The autologous fat grafting (AFG) technology has already been a routine surgical plastic surgery applications with it's increasingly mature, patients with breast cancer after mastectomy achieved a better aesthetics and a lower incidence of complications through the use of autologous fat grafting for reconstruction,oncologic safety is one of the key factors that prevent fat grafting from being used in postoperative tumor. So far, there is no correlation between autologous fat grafting and oncologic recurrence. This review summarizes the clinical applications and overall evaluation of autologous adipose grafting in the breast reconstruction of breast cancer operations.
Key words: autologous fat grafting; mammaplasty oncologic safety; breast cancer; breast reconstruction; mammaplasty
一個(gè)世紀(jì)前,自體脂肪移植乳房重建就已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于臨床。1895年Czerny[1]在脂肪瘤術(shù)后第一次將患者背部脂肪移植于缺陷的乳房中。此后受限于技術(shù)原因,并未廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。20世紀(jì)70年代末Illouz YG[2]發(fā)明負(fù)壓吸脂術(shù)重新燃起人們對(duì)脂肪移植的興趣。近年來(lái)技術(shù)的優(yōu)化及程序的規(guī)范化促進(jìn)了脂肪移植的發(fā)展。2013年美國(guó)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明,大約80%的整形外科醫(yī)生已經(jīng)將脂肪移植用于臨床實(shí)踐[3],2015年多中心研究顯示:整形外科醫(yī)生對(duì)術(shù)后效果的滿意度為79%~100%,患者滿意度則為80%~100%[4]。
1 自體脂肪移植技術(shù)
1.1 抽脂部位、麻醉藥物及抽脂針的選擇:最常見(jiàn)的抽脂部位包括腹部、大腿、臀部、膝蓋內(nèi)側(cè)、上肢,首選的是腹部(76%)[3]。Small K等[5-6]人比較了各部位獲得脂肪的細(xì)胞參數(shù),證明細(xì)胞活性無(wú)明顯差異。在90年代,Moore JH Jr等人[7]認(rèn)為局部麻醉可能影響脂肪細(xì)胞代謝、生長(zhǎng)和生存能力。然而Keck M等人[8]實(shí)驗(yàn)證明浸潤(rùn)麻醉后脂肪細(xì)胞的數(shù)目并沒(méi)有明顯差異。然而對(duì)麻醉藥物的選擇一直頗有爭(zhēng)議,Colman建議使用0.5%利多卡因、腎上腺素(1:200 000);而Nordstrom建議0.5%利多卡因、腎上腺素(1:80 000);Tzikas則用50ml 2%的利多卡因和1ml腎上腺素(1:1 000)的混合物和12.5ml碳酸氫鈉混合于1L乳酸林格氏溶液[9]。手持抽脂針針器收集脂肪是首選(55%),有研究表明手持抽脂針抽取脂肪可以獲得更多的脂肪細(xì)胞和更強(qiáng)的脂肪生存能力[10]。有證據(jù)表明適當(dāng)減少吸脂時(shí)的負(fù)壓是避免脂肪細(xì)胞損傷的關(guān)鍵因素[11]。
1.2 收獲脂肪的處理:脂肪獲取后最佳的處理方法是整個(gè)脂肪移植過(guò)程中最具爭(zhēng)議的步驟之一。脂肪加工處理技術(shù)包括靜置法、離心法、洗滌法、過(guò)濾法以及各種技術(shù)的組合[12]。2014年美國(guó)共識(shí)調(diào)查顯示執(zhí)行脂肪移植的整形外科醫(yī)師中有45%的人使用靜置法、34%使用離心法、34%的人使用過(guò)濾、11%的人用棉墊紗布濃縮法、3%移植前未處理、 7%執(zhí)行其他一些其他的技術(shù)(調(diào)查對(duì)象選擇適用他們的所有技術(shù))[3]。Fisher C等人[13]最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相比離心,棉墊紗布濃縮法可以獲得更多脂肪量,最大限度的保護(hù)脂肪組織的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)脂肪細(xì)胞活性。
1.3 脂肪的注射:脂肪注射部位及注射量是乳房重建至關(guān)重要的一環(huán),其影響到后期乳房的外觀?;谥靖杉?xì)胞的活性,在處理完收獲的脂肪后應(yīng)盡快完成注射,在4°C的條件下注射時(shí)限不得超過(guò)24h[14]。應(yīng)用Colman手持注射器注射,該方法是最常用的技術(shù)(97%)[3]。注射部位一直存在爭(zhēng)議,早期研究認(rèn)為脂肪注射到肌肉層與皮下組織之間的間隙會(huì)更好地促進(jìn)血管生成[15]。Rieck B等人[16]則認(rèn)為應(yīng)減少注射到肌肉的脂肪量以增加脂肪的可塑性。應(yīng)避免注射到乳房腫瘤切除術(shù)區(qū),研究表明60%~85%的腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)在同一象限內(nèi)[17-19]。注射量要視病人需要、乳房缺如體積、處理完成的脂肪質(zhì)量而定,不要一次性注射大量脂肪組織,以避免脂肪壞死。研究建議小劑量、分期多次完成注射[20-22]。endprint
2 保乳術(shù)后自體脂肪移植乳房重建
現(xiàn)代乳腺手術(shù)越來(lái)越多的往微創(chuàng)、美容方向發(fā)展。乳腺癌保乳手術(shù)(Breast-conserving treatment,BCT)只移除腫瘤及周圍的乳腺組織,與傳統(tǒng)乳腺癌手術(shù)相比,術(shù)后的美容效果好、生活質(zhì)量高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)使得其成為一種常規(guī)的手術(shù)選擇[23-25]。但BCT后皮下組織缺失產(chǎn)生的疤痕、乳頭移位和乳腺畸形等問(wèn)題仍有待解決。BCT結(jié)合脂肪移植乳房重建作為一種新技術(shù)具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì):病人不受乳房切除術(shù)后對(duì)情緒的影響可增加皮瓣成活率的同時(shí)降低了手術(shù)時(shí)間,從而避免了行二次手術(shù)和應(yīng)用皮瓣的乳房重建術(shù)[26];特別適合對(duì)乳房較小、位于內(nèi)上象限的腫瘤切除后產(chǎn)生的畸形進(jìn)行修復(fù)[27]。Petit等調(diào)查513例保乳手術(shù)后患者的脂肪移植療效報(bào)告(平均隨訪19.2個(gè)月)發(fā)現(xiàn)BCT組局部復(fù)發(fā)率為2.07%,高于乳房切除組的1.38%[28]。在手術(shù)滿意度調(diào)查中90%的患者對(duì)手術(shù)效果非常滿意,7%為滿意[29]。Mestak O等人[30]認(rèn)為從理論來(lái)講,殘留乳腺組織與自體脂肪組織混合可能引起腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),但研究并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn),BCT后自體脂肪移植乳房重建會(huì)增加腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。BCT后自體脂肪移植乳房重建會(huì)獲得更多的醫(yī)生和患者的重視,相信更多相關(guān)的臨床研究將逐漸開(kāi)展起來(lái)。
3 體外預(yù)擴(kuò)張器在自體脂肪移植乳房重建中的應(yīng)用
乳腺癌乳腺切除術(shù)后皮瓣的局限性和皮下組織過(guò)少及BCT后外輪廓畸形一直阻礙著自體脂肪移植乳房重建的發(fā)展。體外預(yù)擴(kuò)張器由美國(guó)著名的整形外科專家Dr. Roger Khouri發(fā)明并在世界范圍內(nèi)迅速推廣,體外預(yù)擴(kuò)張器是一塑料圓形帶可以調(diào)節(jié)的持續(xù)負(fù)壓的特殊胸罩,最初為非手術(shù)隆胸設(shè)計(jì)[31]。有研究已經(jīng)證明真空負(fù)壓區(qū)有利于血管的生成,提高脂肪的成活率[32]。Khouri RK統(tǒng)計(jì)488例使用體外擴(kuò)張器的患者后發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)體外預(yù)擴(kuò)張2-4周后體積可增加100%~300%??赏瓿?00~400cc自體脂肪的注射。97%的患者對(duì)手術(shù)效果滿意或非常滿意[33]。經(jīng)過(guò)多中心研究證明體外預(yù)擴(kuò)張器是一種安全有效且適用于自體脂肪乳房重建的技術(shù),可達(dá)到臨床安全、 可預(yù)測(cè)的和令人滿意的結(jié)果[34]。
4 自體脂肪移植乳房重建術(shù)后并發(fā)癥
自體脂肪移植乳房重建的并發(fā)癥包括:脂肪壞死、血腫、積液、膿腫、增生性瘢痕、吸脂造成的氣胸、植入性損傷及腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)[35]。Riaz A.Agha等人[36]通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)對(duì)3624例患者病例研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪壞死是最常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥,其發(fā)生率為4.4%,2.7%的可疑腫塊需要做穿刺活檢明確性質(zhì),11.5%需要做影像學(xué)檢查。國(guó)外最新一項(xiàng)研究表明乳腺癌根治術(shù)后自體脂肪乳房重建是相對(duì)安全的,局部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低(發(fā)生率為:每個(gè)乳房0.6%,每個(gè)病人為0.9%),可疑乳房包塊活檢率也相對(duì)較低(活檢率:每個(gè)乳房4.8%,每個(gè)病人為7.4%),需要進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)評(píng)估這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的長(zhǎng)期成果[35]。
5 自體脂肪移植乳房重建術(shù)后的腫瘤安全性
盡管近年自體脂肪移植在乳房重建中應(yīng)用廣泛,但自體脂肪移植并不一直被認(rèn)為是一種安全、有效的治療選擇,因此關(guān)于腫瘤安全性的爭(zhēng)議不斷。1987年美國(guó)整形重建外科醫(yī)生委員會(huì)(American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons,ASPRS)報(bào)告將脂肪移植標(biāo)記為"實(shí)驗(yàn)性",強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)它的使用[37]。2013年美國(guó)整形外科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Plastic Surgeons,ASPS)關(guān)于自體脂肪移植乳房重建安全性的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),49%的受訪者同意缺乏證據(jù)證明自體脂肪移植和腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)率有關(guān),并表示這將制約這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展[3]。有研究表明在基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)研究和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)移植后干細(xì)胞缺乏調(diào)劑生長(zhǎng)模式從而導(dǎo)致乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)[38-39]。有學(xué)者擔(dān)憂移植后乳腺組織出現(xiàn)鈣化的后續(xù)發(fā)展[40]。2013年和2014年國(guó)外報(bào)道2例自體脂肪移植后乳腺浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌復(fù)發(fā)(分別為乳房切除術(shù)加腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后4個(gè)月和乳腺癌改良根治術(shù)后10個(gè)月)[41]。然而到目前為止,沒(méi)有研究證明在人體內(nèi)移植后的脂肪與乳腺癌的進(jìn)展、局部復(fù)發(fā)之間有關(guān)聯(lián)。2007年ASPS和美國(guó)審美外科協(xié)會(huì)(American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery,ASAPS)發(fā)表公開(kāi)聲明:強(qiáng)烈支持建立在安全性和有效性的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行自體脂肪移植研究工作[42]。2009年ASPS脂肪移植專家組指出,雖然沒(méi)有證據(jù)證明脂肪移植使腫瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,但合理的懷疑仍然存在[43]。2012年ASPS發(fā)表立場(chǎng)聲明:有證據(jù)證明自體脂肪移植乳房重建表現(xiàn)了良好的外觀效果、較高的病人滿意度及較低的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。但該報(bào)告也承認(rèn),目前的證據(jù)是有限的,需要對(duì)脂肪移植術(shù)的安全性和有效性進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究[44]。Kaoutzanis C等人[35]對(duì)108名自體脂肪移植乳房重建的患者6個(gè)月的隨訪中沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的個(gè)體。Agha R A等人對(duì)3624例自體脂肪移植乳房重建病例進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果表明 AFG組和非AFG組腫瘤發(fā)生率無(wú)顯著性差異 (P=0.10)[45]。Groen JW等人[46]對(duì)43個(gè)研究共6260 名患者進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性回顧顯示,在乳腺癌術(shù)后接受自體脂肪移植乳房再造后的12~136個(gè)月隨訪期間發(fā)現(xiàn)平均局部腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率2.5%(95%CI可信區(qū)間1.7~3.7),遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率2.0%(95%CI可信區(qū)間1.1~3.5)。影像學(xué)檢查中AFG組比非AFG組更少發(fā)生囊腫和鈣化。然而,更多的發(fā)生組織活檢(3.7%vs1.6%)和脂肪壞死 (9.0%vs4.7%),AFG并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為8.4%(95%CI可信區(qū)間7.6~9.1) 低于其他乳房重建手術(shù)。平均體積保留了76.8%(44.7~82.6%),滿意度為93.4%(患者)和90.1%(醫(yī)生)。endprint
6 結(jié)論和展望
自體脂肪移植是乳腺癌術(shù)后乳房重建的一個(gè)具有吸引力的選擇,技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)單明了,并發(fā)癥較少,美容效果得到了患者及醫(yī)生的充分肯定。脂肪獲取、加工、注射等各項(xiàng)技術(shù)日益成熟,離心法依然是當(dāng)今使用最多的提純技術(shù),但沒(méi)有研究證明其相對(duì)其他提純技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。棉墊紗布濃縮法不僅有效的去除待移植脂肪中的雜質(zhì),保障了移植的脂肪量同時(shí)更有效保護(hù)脂肪內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu),但復(fù)雜的手工操作不適用于大量的脂肪移植。隨著B(niǎo)CT數(shù)量的逐年增長(zhǎng),BCT后即刻自體脂肪乳房重建會(huì)因其無(wú)法比擬的優(yōu)點(diǎn)獲得臨床醫(yī)生和患者重視。體外預(yù)擴(kuò)張器的使用增加了脂肪移植區(qū)的皮下空間,擴(kuò)大了脂肪移植乳房重建的適應(yīng)范圍。自體脂肪乳房重建后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低,需要警惕的是移植后鈣化的發(fā)展。雖然到目前為止一直沒(méi)有證據(jù)證明自體脂肪移植乳房重建會(huì)增加腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但需要更多研究來(lái)證明該技術(shù)的腫瘤安全性。筆者認(rèn)為自體脂肪移植乳房重建前景廣闊,隨著各項(xiàng)技術(shù)的成熟與規(guī)范,以及臨床研究的進(jìn)展,該技術(shù)必將造福于廣大乳腺癌患者。
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[收稿日期]2016-12-16 [修回日期]2017-07-19
編輯/張惠娟endprint