張 鋒, 苗江永
1.保定市第二中心醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,河北 保定 072750;2.河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科
維生素K2調(diào)控Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞侵襲、凋亡的影響及機(jī)制研究
張 鋒1, 苗江永2
1.保定市第二中心醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,河北 保定 072750;2.河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科
目的探討維生素K2調(diào)控Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞侵襲、凋亡的影響及機(jī)制。方法5、10、20、40、80 μmol/L的維生素K2處理人肝癌SMMC-7721細(xì)胞24、48、72 h后,CCK8實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的增殖情況;22 μmol/L的維生素K2處理細(xì)胞48 h后,Transwell小室檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的侵襲能力;流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡;Western blotting檢測(cè)MMP-2、MMP-9、Cleaved caspase3、β-catenin、Cyclin D1蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果10、20、40、80 μmol/L的維生素K2處理肝癌細(xì)胞不同時(shí)間均可顯著抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖,具有濃度依賴性和時(shí)間依賴性(P<0.01)。根據(jù)IC50值選擇22 μmol/L的維生素K2為研究對(duì)象,維生素K2組細(xì)胞的凋亡率及Cleaved caspase3蛋白表達(dá)均顯著高于對(duì)照組,細(xì)胞侵襲數(shù)及MMP-2、MMP-9、β-catenin、Cyclin D1蛋白表達(dá)均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。結(jié)論維生素K2可通過(guò)下調(diào)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖及侵襲能力,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。
維生素K2;Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào);肝癌
肝癌具有高死亡率、高轉(zhuǎn)移性及高侵襲性等特點(diǎn),目前尚無(wú)有效的治療方法[1]。研究[2-3]顯示,維生素K2對(duì)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖有抑制作用,且可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的凋亡,如白血病、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤等,與一些其他的抗腫瘤藥物同時(shí)使用影響效果更好。研究[4]顯示,維生素K2可誘導(dǎo)胃癌細(xì)胞的凋亡,與苯那普利聯(lián)合使用效果更好。目前,維生素K2在肝癌中的作用也受到廣泛關(guān)注,但維生素K2對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特性的影響及作用機(jī)制尚不明確。因此,本研究旨在探討維生素K2對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、凋亡的影響,并研究其作用機(jī)制,為該病的治療提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
1.1細(xì)胞及主要試劑和儀器人肝癌SMMC-7721細(xì)胞購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫(kù);維生素K2購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;胎牛血清、RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco公司;CCK8試劑盒、BCA試劑盒、Annexin V-FITC凋亡試劑盒均購(gòu)自碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;MMP-2、MMP-9、Cleaved caspase3、β-catenin、Cyclin D1抗體均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Abcam公司;Transwell小室購(gòu)自美國(guó)Millipore公司;酶標(biāo)儀購(gòu)自美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司;流式細(xì)胞儀購(gòu)自美國(guó)BD公司。
1.2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)人肝癌SMMC-7721細(xì)胞在37 ℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的CO2、95%飽和濕度的恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中用RPMI 1640細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液(含質(zhì)量濃度為100 g/L胎牛血清及青鏈霉素雙抗的混合液)培養(yǎng),觀察到細(xì)胞貼壁且匯合為80%~90%時(shí),用2.5 g/L的胰蛋白酶消化,完全培養(yǎng)基終止消化,根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)需要進(jìn)行傳代培養(yǎng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)所用為對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的細(xì)胞。
1.3細(xì)胞增殖檢測(cè)以2×104個(gè)/孔的濃度將生長(zhǎng)至對(duì)數(shù)期的SMMC-7721細(xì)胞接種于96孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,設(shè)置6個(gè)復(fù)孔,24 h后分別加入5、10、20、40、80 μmol/L的維生素K2,并將終濃度調(diào)至100 μmol/L,不加入維生素K2的為對(duì)照組,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24、48、72 h后收集細(xì)胞。向每孔細(xì)胞中加入CCK-8試劑10 μl,37 ℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的CO2條件下培養(yǎng)2 h,用空白對(duì)照孔調(diào)零,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定490 nm波長(zhǎng)的吸光度(A值),計(jì)算細(xì)胞增殖率。細(xì)胞增殖率=(實(shí)驗(yàn)A值-空白孔A值)×100%。
1.4細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)將生長(zhǎng)至對(duì)數(shù)期的SMMC-7721細(xì)胞以1×106個(gè)/ml濃度接種于24孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,培養(yǎng)24 h后細(xì)胞貼壁,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)融合度為80%以上時(shí)加入22 μmol/L的維生素K2,對(duì)照組不加維生素K2,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h后收集細(xì)胞,加入預(yù)冷的PBS 2次洗滌細(xì)胞,再用結(jié)合緩沖液懸浮細(xì)胞,取100 μl的細(xì)胞懸液及5 μl的Annexin V-FITC和PI加入至流式管中,充分混合均勻后室溫反應(yīng)15 min,1 h內(nèi)上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的凋亡情況。
1.5細(xì)胞侵襲能力檢測(cè)Matrigel膠用預(yù)冷的不含胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基稀釋成1∶10的比例,Transwell小室上室中每孔加入100 μl的Matrigel膠,7~8 h后取出,備用。上室中加入用22 μmol/L的維生素K2處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞48 h的細(xì)胞懸液(濃度為1×105個(gè)/ml)200 μl,下室中加入RPMI 1640細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液(質(zhì)量濃度為100 g/L胎牛血清)600 μl,按照Transwell小室的說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行操作。
1.6MMP-2、MMP-9、Cleavedcaspase3、β-catenin、CyclinD1蛋白表達(dá)檢測(cè)22 μmol/L的維生素K2處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞48 h后,收集細(xì)胞,加入細(xì)胞裂解液提取細(xì)胞中的蛋白,取少量蛋白樣品用二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)試劑盒對(duì)蛋白進(jìn)行定量,將蛋白樣品與上樣緩沖液充分混合均勻,100 ℃變性5 min,取40 μg變性蛋白,分別進(jìn)行電泳分離、PVDF轉(zhuǎn)膜及5%脫脂奶粉封閉后孵育一抗(1∶500稀釋的MMP-2、MMP-9、Cleaved caspase3、β-catenin、Cyclin D1及1∶1 000稀釋的GAPDH),4 ℃環(huán)境過(guò)夜培養(yǎng),TBST洗膜(3×5 min),加入1∶2 000稀釋的二抗HRP-IgG,室溫孵育2 h,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光劑曝光顯影,膠片掃描。以GAPDH作為內(nèi)參,分析MMP-2、MMP-9、Cleaved caspase3、β-catenin、Cyclin D1的蛋白表達(dá)水平。
2.1維生素K2抑制SMMC-7721細(xì)胞增殖5、10、20、40、80 μmol/L的維生素K2處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞24、48、72 h后,CCK8實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的增殖情況,結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)10、20、40、80 μmol/L的維生素K2處理肝癌細(xì)胞不同時(shí)間均可顯著抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖,且具有濃度依賴性和時(shí)間依賴性(P<0.01,見(jiàn)表1)。5、10、20、40、80 μmol/L的維生素K2處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞24、48、72 h的IC50分別為(95.60±4.44)μmol/L、(45.94±3.87)μmol/L、(22.44±3.21)μmol/L。選擇22 μmol/L的維生素K2為研究對(duì)象。
表1 維生素K2對(duì)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞增殖的影響Tab 1 Effects of vitamin K2 on the proliferation %
注:與對(duì)照組比較,**P<0.01。
2.2維生素K2抑制SMMC-7721細(xì)胞侵襲Transwell小室檢測(cè)22 μmol/L的維生素K2處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞48 h后的細(xì)胞侵襲能力,Western blotting檢測(cè)侵襲相關(guān)蛋白MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,維生素K2組SMMC-7721細(xì)胞的侵襲能力顯著低于對(duì)照組,MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01,見(jiàn)圖1)。
2.3維生素K2促進(jìn)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞凋亡流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)22 μmol/L的維生素K2處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞48 h后細(xì)胞的凋亡情況,結(jié)果顯示,維生素K2組SMMC-7721細(xì)胞的凋亡率顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.01,見(jiàn)圖2)。
注:與對(duì)照組比較,**P<0.01。圖1 維生素K2對(duì)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞侵襲的影響 A:Transwell小室檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲能力;B:Western blotting檢測(cè)MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表達(dá);C:MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量Fig 1 Effect of vitamin K2 on the invasion of SMMC-7721 cells A: transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion; B: MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were detected by Western blotting; C: MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein relative expression
注:與對(duì)照組比較,**P<0.01。圖2 維生素K2對(duì)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞凋亡的影響 A:流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)結(jié)果;B:細(xì)胞凋亡率Fig 2 Effect of vitamin K2 on the apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells A: result of flow cytometry; B: apoptosis rate of cells
2.4維生素K2對(duì)Cleavedcaspase3、β-catenin、CyclinD1蛋白表達(dá)的影響Western blotting檢測(cè)22 μmol/L的維生素K2處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞48 h后凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Cleaved caspase3及Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路中β-catenin、Cyclin D1的蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,維生素K2組Cleaved caspase3蛋白表達(dá)顯著高于對(duì)照組,β-catenin、Cyclin D1的蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01,見(jiàn)圖3)。
注:與對(duì)照組比較,**P<0.01。圖3 維生素K2對(duì)Cleaved caspase3、β-catenin、Cyclin D1蛋白表達(dá)的影響 A:Western blotting檢測(cè)結(jié)果;B:蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量Fig 3 Effects of vitamin K2 on the expression of Cleaved caspase3, β-catenin, Cyclin D1 proteins A: result of Western blotting test; B: relative expression of protein
維生素K的抗腫瘤作用受到廣泛關(guān)注,其中維生素K2的抗癌效應(yīng)比較廣譜,在該家族中作用突出[5-6]。研究[7-8]顯示,維生素K2對(duì)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖有抑制作用,可誘導(dǎo)多種實(shí)體腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡,如乳腺癌、膀胱癌等,且能協(xié)同多種抗腫瘤藥物發(fā)揮更強(qiáng)的抗腫瘤效果。近些年,研究者對(duì)維生素K2對(duì)肝癌的影響做了多方面的研究,有報(bào)道[9]原發(fā)性肝癌中維生素K2比癌周組織和轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌組織低,維生素K2可有效降低肝炎到肝癌的發(fā)病率。對(duì)肝癌維生素K2也有明顯的抑制作用,但其作用機(jī)制尚不明確。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,維生素K2可呈時(shí)間和劑量依賴性抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖,且可抑制細(xì)胞的侵襲和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的凋亡。MMPs屬于鋅金屬蛋白酶家族的一類肽鏈內(nèi)切酶,可影響細(xì)胞的遷移、侵襲,其中MMP-2和MMP-9是該家族中的重要成員,與降解基底膜及血管形成有關(guān),參與侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移和預(yù)后[10]。研究[10-11]指出,在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中可通過(guò)抑制MMP-2和MMP-9的表達(dá)抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展,如肝癌、乳腺癌等。Caspase3是細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程中的一個(gè)效應(yīng)蛋白,屬于Caspase家族,可通過(guò)作用于蛋白因子調(diào)控細(xì)胞的凋亡,正常情況下沒(méi)有活性,受到凋亡刺激后被激活,其活化是細(xì)胞進(jìn)入凋亡不可逆的標(biāo)志,因此,被稱為“凋亡的執(zhí)行者”,在膠質(zhì)瘤、肝癌等均有研究[12-14]。本研究檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,維生素K2可下調(diào)MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表達(dá),上調(diào)Cleaved caspase3蛋白表達(dá)。
Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路是一條高度保守的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,是Wnt信號(hào)通路中的一條經(jīng)典信號(hào)通路,與多種人類疾病密切相關(guān),參與細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡、分化等過(guò)程,在肝癌、結(jié)直腸癌等腫瘤細(xì)胞中有異常表達(dá),加速腫瘤的進(jìn)展[15-16]。有研究[17]指出,在肝癌細(xì)胞中抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路可抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖及誘導(dǎo)凋亡。β-catenin是Wnt信號(hào)通路的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子,可通過(guò)一系列過(guò)程影響c-myc、Cyclin D1等靶基因的表達(dá),影響細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性。本研究檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,維生素K2可下調(diào)β-catenin和Cyclin D1的蛋白表達(dá)。
綜上所述,維生素K2可抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖和侵襲能力,并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的凋亡,其機(jī)制與下調(diào)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。該研究為肝癌的治療提供了一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。
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(責(zé)任編輯:王全楚)
TheeffectandmechanismofvitaminK2oninvasionandapoptosisofhepatocellularcarcinomacellsbytheregulationofWnt/β-cateninsignaling
ZHANG Feng1, MIAO Jiangyong2
1.Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Center Hospital of Baoding, Baoding 072750; 2.Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of vitamin K2 on invasion and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.Methods5, 10, 20, 40, 80 μmol/L vitamin K2 treated human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 for 24, 48, 72 hours, CCK8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation; Transwell assay was performed to detect cell invasion after 22 μmol/L vitamin K2 treated cell for 48 hours; cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry; expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, Cleaved caspase3, β-catenin and Cyclin D1 protein were detected by Western blotting.ResultsThe proliferation of cancer cells was inhibited after 10, 20, 40, 80 μmol/L vitamin K2 treated cells with different time, with the concentration and time dependence (P<0.01). 22 μmol/L vitamin K2 was selected as the research object according to the IC50value; cell apoptosis rate and the expression of Cleaved caspase3 protein in vitamin K2 group were significantly higher than those in the control group, the number of cell invasion and expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, β-catenin, Cyclin D1 protein were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01).ConclusionVitamin K2 can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cell and induce apoptosis by down regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Vitamin K2; Wnt/β-catenin signal; Hepatocellular carcinoma
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.11.006
張鋒,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:脂溶性維生素在重癥肝病中的臨床療效觀察。E-mail: 894317671@qq.com
R735.7
A
1006-5709(2017)11-1222-04
2017-05-24