戚永曄
“各民族都是一個瓜秧子上結(jié)出來的哈密瓜?!边@是哈密當(dāng)?shù)亓鱾骱軓V的一條鄉(xiāng)諺。在這方古韻與新風(fēng)交織的土地上,團(tuán)結(jié)和諧是文明基因,也是文化自覺;是歷史底蘊(yùn),也是固本之舉。
哈密地處新疆東部,橫跨天山南北,這座絲綢之路上的重鎮(zhèn),是中原文化與西域文化、東方文化與西方文化、草原文化與農(nóng)耕文化等多民族文化的交匯融合之地。
今年,我跟隨“一帶一路”報(bào)道團(tuán)來到哈密,追尋她的歷史遺跡,審視她的文化源流,體驗(yàn)她的成長與風(fēng)情,再次認(rèn)識了哈密。
哈密是一座有歷史的城市。古絲路從洛陽出發(fā),一路向西,在敦煌分為南北兩道。陽關(guān)和玉門關(guān)分別是把守這兩條古絲路的軍事要塞。哈密,距離玉門關(guān)外五百多公里。作為新疆最早開發(fā)的地區(qū)之一,距今1萬年前哈密已有人類活動。即便作為城市,哈密至少已經(jīng)存在了兩千年。哈密北部約60公里的天山頂上,可看到一座天山廟。據(jù)說漢代的班超正是在此處附近穿越,征戰(zhàn)北匈奴立下赫赫戰(zhàn)功。如今的天山廟,經(jīng)過修舊如舊,再現(xiàn)了古時的風(fēng)貌,新塑的班超全身像屹立山巔,威武豪邁,成為天山新景。
哈薩克族獨(dú)特的馬術(shù)表演,吸引大量游客。
哈密又是一座嶄新的城市,2016年年初,成為絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶沿線誕生的最年輕的地級市之一。
這里最先引人注目的就是當(dāng)?shù)厝A麗的傳統(tǒng)服飾。普通百姓大多只有過節(jié)時候才會穿上這些服裝,但從事表演的木卡姆藝人天天都將傳統(tǒng)服飾演繹得光彩亮麗。仔細(xì)看,這些服裝延用了漢族傳統(tǒng)的“右衽”方式,在款式、質(zhì)地、色澤、花紋圖案等方面,都表現(xiàn)出維吾爾族服飾與滿族、漢族等民族服飾相融合的特征。刺繡則大量吸收了中原牡丹、蓮、菊、梅、佛手、龍、鳳等吉祥圖案,色彩繽紛,鮮艷奪目。
在哈密市回城鄉(xiāng)沙棗井村,我見到了手工刺繡傳承人阿加汗·賽買提。10年前,他開了家庭刺繡坊,8年前兒子幫他開了網(wǎng)店,產(chǎn)品也銷往各地。2013年2月注冊成立了哈密阿加汗特色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展有限公司,現(xiàn)有員工25人,從事民族服飾、刺繡產(chǎn)品的加工銷售,年收入40多萬元?!皬那?,這些服裝只是我們本地節(jié)慶時穿的,但今天,它們已經(jīng)成了我們對外展示的窗口。”阿加汗這樣說。
事實(shí)上,阿加汗并非個例,傳統(tǒng)服裝紡織業(yè)已經(jīng)成為哈密市“二產(chǎn)抓重點(diǎn)、三產(chǎn)大發(fā)展”的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。去年12月,當(dāng)?shù)卣匍_了“絲綢之路哈密紡織服裝展洽會”,哈密本地和外省分別有21家企業(yè)參展,圍繞著“傳統(tǒng)+時尚”、“密作+文化”、“產(chǎn)業(yè)+援疆”的主題,上萬件參展產(chǎn)品亮相展會。
2017年1月,哈密市建立了少數(shù)民族特色產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū),并被列入自治區(qū)民生工業(yè)示范基地,阿加汗的公司等18家小微企業(yè)第一批入駐。
哈密的農(nóng)業(yè)也有著巨大潛力。哈密市政府介紹了當(dāng)?shù)卮蛟臁懊茏鳌比缕放企w系的過程。當(dāng)?shù)匾呀?jīng)形成“密作”貢瓜、“密作”古棗、“密作”刺繡三大品牌系列,并開啟“密作”三寶私人訂制模式,提高產(chǎn)品附加值,增加農(nóng)牧民收入。預(yù)計(jì)全年哈密瓜銷售收入將突破6億元。
用歷史照亮現(xiàn)實(shí),將文化發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè),是哈密近年來的主題詞之一。
在哈密歷史上,民族團(tuán)結(jié)的佳話世代相傳。許多學(xué)者專家,都對此地多元交融型文化課題有過系統(tǒng)研究,特別是哈密木卡姆、巴里坤社火等一批非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目,還成了今天當(dāng)?shù)刂穆糜钨u點(diǎn)。
在哈密下轄的巴里坤縣,有一個哈薩克民族風(fēng)情園,胡安拜克是第一個進(jìn)園至今已10年的牧家樂經(jīng)營戶。他告訴我:“最近幾年,生意越來越好做,各地游客很多。而且很明顯感覺到,游客對文化的興趣明顯提高了,也越來越懂得尊重疆民的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和信仰。”
事實(shí)上,哈薩克民族風(fēng)情園所“產(chǎn)出”的哈薩克大氈房和經(jīng)營模式已輸出到烏魯木齊、伊犁等地。而在哈密市花園鄉(xiāng)民俗風(fēng)情一條街,民族風(fēng)格與現(xiàn)代裝飾相融合的民居成為瓜鄉(xiāng)一景。
除了旅游業(yè)漸熱,老百姓的文化生活越來越豐富,并在保持傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上越來越追求現(xiàn)代化與開放性。在哈密市東河區(qū),活躍著一支名為“胡楊”的老年業(yè)余藝術(shù)團(tuán),其中包括木卡姆隊(duì)、舞蹈隊(duì)、模特隊(duì)、拉丁舞隊(duì)、合唱隊(duì)等。團(tuán)員平均年齡55歲,總?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)到了560人。艾力·卡德爾是伊吾縣下馬崖鄉(xiāng)木卡姆藝人,因?yàn)樘貏e喜歡音樂,跟漢族朋友學(xué)會了拉二胡和小提琴、唱京劇和秦腔。他不無自豪地介紹:下馬崖鄉(xiāng)維吾爾木卡姆演出隊(duì)原生態(tài)木卡姆表演上了國家級的舞臺,在“第六屆全國原生民歌大賽”獲得多人組銀獎,唱紅歌也唱出了名,《北京的金山上》《繡金匾》《春天的故事》《走進(jìn)新時代》《祝福祖國》《中國夢》……只要他們一登場,臺上臺下就是和聲一片,激蕩人心。
近年來,“社區(qū)春晚”、“農(nóng)民春晚”成了哈密耀眼的文化風(fēng)景線。催生這一風(fēng)景的是“村(社區(qū))文化室建設(shè)、農(nóng)家書屋建設(shè)、體育活動場地建設(shè)、文化干事配備、文化活動隊(duì)伍、文化活動經(jīng)費(fèi)保障”等基層公共文化服務(wù)體系。當(dāng)?shù)卣ぷ魅藛T告訴我們,各級地方財(cái)政3年投入1億元,修建了90個多功能村(社區(qū))文化室。每個文化室都建有不小于200平方米的綜合大廳,冬季也能進(jìn)行演出活動、放電影、辦培訓(xùn)。每個村(社區(qū))配備了一名文化協(xié)管員,每月至少有1000元活動經(jīng)費(fèi)保障,每月至少辦一次全體居民參與的文化活動……
正是政府推動與“草根力量”的互動,促進(jìn)文化繁榮發(fā)展,300多支民間文藝團(tuán)體活躍在哈密鄉(xiāng)村、社區(qū),一鄉(xiāng)一品牌,一村一亮點(diǎn),增強(qiáng)了各族群眾的認(rèn)同感、親和感。通過把文化之根扎到基層,把鄉(xiāng)土文化能人發(fā)掘出來的做法,把各類群眾文化興趣小組組織起來,讓群眾“種文化”、“育文化”、享受文化,參與其中、學(xué)在其中、樂在其中。
隨著“一帶一路”建設(shè)的推進(jìn),哈密也日漸展現(xiàn)出它與絲綢之路重鎮(zhèn)所匹配的產(chǎn)業(yè)飛躍。
采訪過程中,我們目睹了一臺臺超臨界火電機(jī)組的投產(chǎn)運(yùn)營,一座座閃耀的光伏發(fā)電站并網(wǎng)發(fā)電,一條條特高壓輸電線路的連通,讓哈密的傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢資源——煤炭,在新型工業(yè)化的催生下產(chǎn)生了奇特的效益。全疆第一條±800千伏特高壓直流輸電通道從哈密直達(dá)鄭州,截至目前已送電648億度;新能源產(chǎn)業(yè)和裝備制造業(yè)等綠色、低碳產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)占據(jù)全市制造業(yè)的“半壁江山”,其中裝備制造業(yè)工業(yè)增加值占全市規(guī)模以上工業(yè)增加值的16%;風(fēng)電裝備制造業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)了主體設(shè)備本地化生產(chǎn),關(guān)鍵零部件制造率已達(dá)70%以上,成為全疆最大、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈最全的新能源裝備制造基地;光伏和電氣裝備制造業(yè)、石油和煤化工裝備及礦山機(jī)械制造業(yè)產(chǎn)品本地化生產(chǎn)能力不斷增強(qiáng);鎂合金、鈦合金等新型材料加工業(yè)初步形成,當(dāng)?shù)匦陆熘S節(jié)能板材填補(bǔ)了疆內(nèi)無大規(guī)模高檔金屬面夾芯板生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的空白……
哈密的油菜花田,是新疆夏季最美的風(fēng)景之一。
這一串串?dāng)?shù)據(jù),一個個鮮活的事例,都是哈密近年來產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的生動體現(xiàn),都與哈密堅(jiān)持科技創(chuàng)新優(yōu)化發(fā)展分不開。哈密市已經(jīng)通過加快高新技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)來推進(jìn)高新產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)發(fā)展,并取得了相當(dāng)成效。清華大學(xué)、河南新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院、河南師大等高校在哈密的碩士研究生班相繼開辦,在本地培養(yǎng)碩士人才已達(dá)335人,新引進(jìn)碩士以上學(xué)位人才148人。
人才、產(chǎn)業(yè)、文化、品牌全面復(fù)興,哈密只是“一帶一路”復(fù)興之路上的一個剪影。
Hami: Reloaded for
A New Start
By Qi Yongye, our special reporter
Located in eastern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Hami is well known as the home of sweet Hami melons, a famous fruit specialty of the region. For most of its history that dates back to about 10,000 years, it was a place of strategic importance on the map of the Silk Road and a melting pot embracing all cultures. Marco Polo reported visiting “Camul” in the mid-14th century and that was the name under which todays Hami first appeared on European maps, during the 16th century.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220AD), Hami repeatedly changed hands between the Chinese and the Xiongnu who both wanted to control this fertile and strategic oasis, located only hundreds of kilometers from Yumen Fortress, one of the two most important strongholds safeguarding the two west-bound bifurcations of the ancient Silk Road. It is believed that the famous East Han general and cavalry commander Ban Chao, who led Han forces for over 30 years in the war against the Xiongnu and secured Han control over the Tarim Basin region, won his decisive victory near the Tianshan Temple, now towering like a giant on the mountaintop as a new landmark of the Tianshan area.
Archeological studies have proved that, as a city, Hami has a history of at least 2,000 years; but it is also one of the youngest cities in the Silk Road economic belt – in early 2016, the former Hami county-level city was merged with Hami Prefecture to form Hami prefecture-level city now known as Yizhou District.
On important festivals and events, the locals wear dazzlingly beautiful traditional costume and accoutrements characteristic of a charming fusion of the Han fashion embroidery elements with Uygur aesthetics. Local embroidery artisans in a village called Shazaojinare are transforming the regions unique craft into a new source of income, contributing to the exporting of the fabulous local arts and crafts at the same time. Launched 10 years ago, the online shop run by Aga Khan and his son now employs 25 people and brings in more than 400,000 yuans annual income for the family. The thriving business of the Aga Khan family is a vignette of the resurgence of the citys traditional textile industry. An industrial park newly opened in early 2017 now hosts 18 companies specializing in textile industrial innovation.endprint
The local government is also making great efforts to ‘rebrand the local agriculture to cater to a high-end clientele. The sales revenue of sweet Hami melons in the year 2017 is estimated to top 600 million yuan.
The cultural brilliance of Xinjiang is playing an increasingly important role in the economic life of the locals, as can be seen in Barkol Kazak Autonomous County. One of the countys tourism attractions, the Kazak Folk Custom Fairground is becoming a showroom of the colorful Kazakhstan folk culture and arts represented by the Bzrkol New Year Carnival, the 12 Muqams - the national oral epic of the Uyghurs and a UNESCO Intangible Heritage of Humanity and Kazak yurt craftsmanship. The county is drawing visitors from all over China to marvel at the stunning musical artistry of local performers.
A new grassroots cultural wave has been surging into the everyday life of the locals in recent years, thanks to the local governments vigorous investment in the construction of various cultural facilities such as village-level ‘cultural center where many activities are open to all people for free.
Todays Hami is bracing up for a new round of integration into the countrys ‘Belt & Road ambition, demonstrating enormous potentials of taking an important role as a key ‘station on the Silk Road. It hosts Xinjiang regions first ±800 kilovolt high-voltage power transmission passage that reaches Zhengzhou in Henan Province directly. New energy, equipment manufacturing and low-carbon industries are joining the citys pillar industrial sections legion, with high-tech materials manufacturing, such as magnesium and titanium alloy, emerging as a powerful player in the local industrial network. Keeping in mind its historical roots while embracing the future, Hami is building up projects on a grand scale.endprint