吳為民,李 杰,武夢華
河北省廊坊市第四人民醫(yī)院麻醉科(廊坊065700)
腹部惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)前D-二聚體水平與術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成的關(guān)系探討*
吳為民,李 杰,武夢華
河北省廊坊市第四人民醫(yī)院麻醉科(廊坊065700)
目的:分析腹部惡性腫瘤患者、非惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)前D-二聚體(DD)水平及與下肢深靜脈血栓(DVT)形成的關(guān)系,探討檢測DD術(shù)前篩查DVT的價(jià)值。方法:腹部惡性腫瘤患者204例,普通腹部手術(shù)患者314例,均為非急診手術(shù),術(shù)前24 h采集患者肘部靜脈血5 ml凝固法檢測DD含量,術(shù)后采用下肢彩色多普勒超聲篩查DVT發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:惡性腫瘤患者發(fā)生DVT 24例,發(fā)生率11.76%(24/204),高于對非惡性腫瘤患者的3.50%(11/314)(P<0.05);惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)前DD水平(1003.7±365.7)ng/ml,高于非惡性腫瘤患者的(437.7±105.6)ng/ml(P<0.05)。惡性腫瘤有DVT、無DVT的DD水平均高于非惡性腫瘤患者(P<0.05);惡性腫瘤患者DD水平預(yù)測下肢DVT截?cái)嘀?874 ng/ml,ROC=0.776,非惡性腫瘤患者截?cái)嘀?56 ng/ml,ROC=0.875,惡性腫瘤ROC低于非惡性腫瘤者(P<0.05);惡性腫瘤患者DD水平>1874 ng/ml,年齡>60歲、晚期、腹水比例高于≤1874 ng/ml者(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:腹部惡性腫瘤患者無論是否有下肢DVT,DD水平均較高,DD對DVT的敏感性不如非惡性腫瘤患者,這可能與惡性腫瘤DD水平影響因素較多有關(guān),針對腹部惡性腫瘤患者不僅需要考慮截?cái)嘀担€需綜合考慮腫瘤分期等影響因素。
@D- two concentration
深靜脈血栓(DVT)形成多見于惡性腫瘤、手術(shù)、凝血功能障礙患者。DVT危害較大,是住院患者死亡的常見病因、伴隨疾病,有報(bào)道顯示約70%的住院死亡患者伴DVT,DVT可并發(fā)肺栓塞、彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血(DIC),兩者是腹部手術(shù)后常見死亡原因之一[1]。D-二聚體(DD)是反應(yīng)纖維蛋白溶解功能的重要指標(biāo),臨床上,一般以500 nɡ/ml作為判斷是否正常的臨界值,但該指標(biāo)僅適合普通成人,對于腹部手術(shù)患者特別是惡性腫瘤患者,并不適用[2-3]。本研究分析惡性腫瘤患者、非惡性腫瘤患者腹部手術(shù)前DD水平及術(shù)后DVT形成情況,探討DD水平與DVT的關(guān)系。
1 一般資料 選擇惡性腫瘤患者204例,其中男110例、女94例,年齡18~75歲,平均(56.3±10.4)歲。胃癌71例、結(jié)直腸癌53例、小腸癌31例、其它49例。均為擇期手術(shù)。普通腹部手術(shù)患者314例,其中男172例、女142例,年齡18~75歲,平均(54.±13.4)歲。急性闌尾炎82例、膽結(jié)石/膽管結(jié)石63例、急性胃潰瘍/胃炎31例、腸梗阻27例、其它111例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①臨床資料完整;②診斷明確;③未合并原發(fā)性凝血功能障礙、大出血;④知情同意;⑤年齡18~75歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①誤漏診;②拒絕接受相關(guān)檢查,無法診斷DVT;③已接受抗凝、介入治療;④近1個(gè)月有大手術(shù)史、輸血史、急性血管病史;⑤急診手術(shù),入院24 h內(nèi)手術(shù)。
2 研究方法 ①DD含量測定:術(shù)前24 h采集肘部靜脈血5 ml,3.8%枸櫞酸鈉硅化玻璃管抗凝,60 min內(nèi)送檢,1000 g,離心10 min,室溫2~7℃,采用凝固法檢測DD含量。②下肢超聲檢查:仰臥位,儀器選擇GE、西門子系列多普勒超聲診斷系統(tǒng),檢查腘靜脈等下肢靜脈血管走形、血流信號、血管壁厚度,必要時(shí)進(jìn)行左右側(cè)對比,判斷是否存在血管管腔堵塞、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常表現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)為彩色血流成像模式,若阻塞遠(yuǎn)端靜脈擴(kuò)大,或阻塞部位見血栓回聲,或血流呈低回聲或不均質(zhì)增強(qiáng)回聲信號,CDFI顯示彩色血流繞過血栓向心走形,或血流中斷、側(cè)支循環(huán)形成,則基本可判斷為下肢DVT形成,部分患者配合加壓實(shí)驗(yàn)陽性、深呼吸實(shí)驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步明確診斷。
1 兩組術(shù)前DD水平及術(shù)后DVT發(fā)生情況 ①惡性腫瘤組術(shù)前DD水平(1003.7±365.7)ng/ml,高于非惡性腫瘤組的(437.7±105.6)ng/ml(P<0.05)。②惡性腫瘤組術(shù)后發(fā)生DVT 24例,發(fā)生率11.76%(24/204),高于非惡性腫瘤組3.50%(11/314)(P<0.05)。③惡性腫瘤有DVT的DD水平高于非惡性腫瘤患者[(2643.1±891.6)ng/ml與(1352.4±472.4)ng/ml](P<0.05);惡性腫瘤無DVT的DD水平亦高于非惡性腫瘤患者[(785.1±203.1)ng/ml與(245.6±74.5)ng/ml](P<0.05);惡性腫瘤組DD在1874 ng/ml上下曲線面積最大,為最佳截?cái)嘀担琑OC=0.776,非惡性腫瘤組在856 ng/ml上下曲線面積最大,為最佳截?cái)嘀?,ROC=0.875,惡性腫瘤組曲線面積低于非惡性腫瘤組(P<0.05)。
2 惡性腫瘤組DD水平影響因素 見表1。惡性腫瘤組DD>1874 ng/ml,年齡>60歲、晚期、腹水患者的比例高于DD≤1874 ng/ml的患者(P<0.05)。
表1 惡性腫瘤組DD水平影響因素[例(%)]
注:與>1874 ng/ml相比,*P<0.05
DD是反應(yīng)纖維蛋白溶解功能的重要指標(biāo),血液高凝狀態(tài)、DIC是其主要影響因素,腎臟病對該指標(biāo)影響也較大[4]。本研究顯示,惡性腫瘤及非惡性腫瘤患者腹部手術(shù)前DD水平存在顯著差異,惡性腫瘤患者無論有無DVT其DD水平均高于非惡性腫瘤患者(P<0.05)。這與惡性腫瘤引起的高凝狀態(tài)有關(guān):①惡性腫瘤會(huì)引起急性相互反應(yīng)、蛋白代謝異常、壞死、血液動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,引起血液黏滯改變,激活凝血功能[5];②腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放纖維蛋白溶解壞死因子等細(xì)胞因子,激活凝血功能;③腫瘤新生血管導(dǎo)致血管壁異常,誘導(dǎo)血栓形成[6-7];④影響內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、血小板、單核巨噬細(xì)胞功能;⑤部分惡性腫瘤患者還接受輔助治療,造成組織損傷[8]。這種高凝狀態(tài)直接增加DVT發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本研究中惡性腫瘤檢出DVT 24例,發(fā)生率11.76%(24/204),高于對非惡性腫瘤患者的3.50%(11/314)(P<0.05)。故對于惡性腫瘤患者,以DD篩查DVT,陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)高于500 nɡ/ml。本組資料表明,惡性腫瘤患者腹部手術(shù)前DD截?cái)嘀禐?874 ng/ml,DD預(yù)測惡性腫瘤DVT的ROC=0.776,低于非惡性腫瘤患者0.875(P<0.05)。
為進(jìn)一步提高惡性腫瘤患者腹部手術(shù)DD在術(shù)前DVT篩查中的價(jià)值,我們進(jìn)行單因素分析顯示:惡性腫瘤患者DD水平>1874 ng/ml,年齡>60歲、晚期、腹水比例高于≤1874 ng/ml的患者(P<0.05),提示年齡、腹水、腫瘤分期對DD水平影響較大,即使不發(fā)生DVT,也可能導(dǎo)致DD水平上升,但對于中青年人、無腹水、早期局限性惡性腫瘤,可適度調(diào)整DD的截?cái)嘀怠?/p>
綜上所述:腹部惡性腫瘤患者無論是否有下肢DVT,DD水平均較高,針對腹部惡性腫瘤患者不僅需要考慮截?cái)嘀?,還需綜合考慮腫瘤分期等影響因素。
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DiagnosticvalueofpreoperativeD-twopolymerconcentrationondeepveinthrombosisinpatientswithabdominalmalignanttumorandnontumor
Wu Weimin,Li Jie,Wu Menghua.
Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Langfang City,Hebei Province(Langfang 065700)
Objective:To analyze the D- two level and the formation of deep venous thrombosis (vein thrombosis Deep,DVT) in patients with malignant tumor and non malignant tumor in abdominal surgery,the analysis of the D- two polymer level and the correlation of DVT,summed up the experience of D- two polymer preoperative screening diagnosis DVT. Methods: A prospective study was used,screening of 204 patients with malignant tumor,314 cases of patients with abdominal surgery were screened,non emergency surgery,preoperative 24 h collection elbow vein blood 5ml coagulation method to detect the content of D-two polymer,using color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of DVT,according to whether the abdominal malignant tumor group. Results: The incidence rate of DVT24 was 11.76% (24/204),which was higher than that in non malignant tumor patients (11/314),and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); there were significant differences in the levels of in patients with DVT,no DVT,and total D-in patients with non malignant tumors,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); malignant tumor diagnosis of lower extremity 1874 ng/ml,DVT,ROC=0.776,non malignant tumor truncated value 856 ng/ml,ROC=0.875,malignant tumor ROC lower than non malignant tumor,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); D- two level of D-dimer in patients with malignant tumors,1874 ng/ml older than 60 years old,advanced,ascites proportion was higher than than 1874 ng/ml,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: The patients with abdominal malignant tumors regardless of whether there are DVT of lower extremity,two D- dimer levels are high,two D-dimer of DVT are less sensitive than non cancer patients,which may be related to malignant tumor D-two dimer level is affected by many factors,for the patients with abdominal malignant tumor not only need to consider the cutoff value,are necessary considering the influence factors such as tumor staging.
Neoplasms Digestive system surgical procedures Lower extremity Venous thrombosis
*河北省霸州市科技項(xiàng)目(2015013030)
腫瘤 消化系統(tǒng)外科手術(shù) 下肢 靜脈血栓形成 @D-二聚體
R658.3
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-7377.2017.10.024
(收稿:2017-01-10)