董佳佳 程康安
100730 中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科
·綜述·
亞臨床心房顫動(dòng)的認(rèn)識與進(jìn)展
董佳佳 程康安
100730 中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科
心房顫動(dòng)是最常見的心律失常之一。亞臨床房顫是沒有或幾乎沒有癥狀的心房顫動(dòng)。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),亞臨床房顫的發(fā)生率較高,有顯著的臨床意義,常見的臨床結(jié)局包括血栓栓塞,心力衰竭及早期死亡。本文就亞臨床AF定義、檢測方法、腦卒中、系統(tǒng)栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及抗凝治療展開討論。
心房顫動(dòng); 高心房率事件; 心內(nèi)植入裝置; 抗凝治療
【Keywords】 Atrial fibrillation; Atrial high-rate episodes; Cardiac implantable electronic devices; Anticoagulants therapy
心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fibrillation,AF)是臨床最常見的心律失常之一,隨著人口老齡化時(shí)代到來,AF發(fā)病率穩(wěn)步上升,2010年全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示全球AF患病人數(shù)約為3 350萬人,約占全球總?cè)巳旱?.5%[1]。我國30~80歲居民AF的患病率為0.77%[2]。隨著心內(nèi)植入裝置(cardiac implantable electronic devices,CIED)的發(fā)展,亞臨床心房顫動(dòng)(subclinical AF、asympomatic AF、silent AF)逐漸得到臨床醫(yī)師及學(xué)者認(rèn)識,其無明顯臨床癥狀,常常在常規(guī)體檢、術(shù)前檢查或人口調(diào)查期間偶然診斷,可導(dǎo)致缺血性腦卒中、心衰及突發(fā)死亡等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。
目前國際無亞臨床AF明確定義,在臨床研究中認(rèn)為亞臨床AF為無或幾乎無典型臨床表現(xiàn)的AF,主要因體檢、發(fā)生卒中并發(fā)癥等情況發(fā)現(xiàn)[3]。近年因心內(nèi)導(dǎo)管技術(shù)發(fā)展,CIED記錄到亞臨床AF比例逐年增加。Savelieva等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)約有多達(dá)1/3的AF為亞臨床AF。Quinn等[4]報(bào)道人群中亞臨床AF比例為1%,且隨年齡增加而增加,存在心臟基礎(chǔ)疾病如心衰的患者,亞臨床AF的比例則更高。
高心房率事件(atrial high-rate episodes,AHREs)是由CIED記錄到的室上性心動(dòng)過速事件,為亞臨床AF的一種形式[5-6]。大多數(shù)事件持續(xù)時(shí)間很短,往往僅持續(xù)數(shù)秒至數(shù)分鐘,用于區(qū)別持續(xù)時(shí)間較長的臨床型AF。ASSERT研究將AHREs限定為心房率大于190次/min,持續(xù)6 min[7]。MOST研究認(rèn)為心房率大于220次/min,連續(xù)超過10次為1次AHRE[8]。TRENDS研究將心房率大于175次/min,持續(xù)時(shí)間大于20 s定義為1次AHRE[9]。
房顫負(fù)荷(atrial fibrillation burden,AFB)用于衡量CIED記錄到的AHREs或亞臨床AF發(fā)作時(shí)間,用于預(yù)測心律失常及相關(guān)不良事件(如缺血性腦卒中及系統(tǒng)栓塞)的發(fā)生率,Clotzer等[10]認(rèn)為AFB的結(jié)果更能表達(dá)AFB定義。Kennedy等[11]將AFB視為每監(jiān)測時(shí)間段中亞臨床AF或AHREs發(fā)生的時(shí)間總和,不同的短AHREs可合并為單一的長發(fā)作,但其所產(chǎn)生的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)及臨床效應(yīng)可能并不完全相同。
亞臨床AF因無明顯的臨床表現(xiàn),傳統(tǒng)12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖及體表動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖對其監(jiān)測存在局限性。Kirchhof等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),既往無AF病史患者,出現(xiàn)缺血性腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA),予12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖監(jiān)測,AF檢出率僅為2%~4%,予動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖監(jiān)測(24~72 h),新發(fā)AF檢出率提高至2.4%~18.0%。而Healey及Ziegler等研究納入既往無AF病史或口服抗凝藥病史行心臟起搏器或除顫器植入的患者,亞臨床AF檢出率為30%~35%[13-17]。雖然CIED對于亞臨床AF檢出率很高,但因其為介入性操作,存在一定局限性,目前僅較多用于心臟起搏器植入術(shù)、除顫器植入術(shù)及心臟再同步化治療的患者。
為提高亞臨床AF的檢出率,研究者將可插入循環(huán)裝置(insertable loop recorder,ILR)至于左胸壁區(qū)域從而實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)監(jiān)測,此種監(jiān)測方法有接近95%的敏感性,但特異性較低[18],受外界噪音、頻發(fā)室上性及室性早搏以及竇性心律失常的影響。Ritter等[19]納入32例關(guān)于亞臨床AF檢測的研究,通過meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)采用多種監(jiān)測手段及周期性隨訪可增加高危人群(如高齡或隱源性卒中患者)的亞臨床AF檢出率。Stahrenberg等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對于亞臨床AF患者,通過體表心電圖每月間斷監(jiān)測或持續(xù)監(jiān)測30 d,其敏感性及陰性預(yù)測值與臨床型AF基本相同。
陣發(fā)性、持續(xù)性及永久性AF均可顯著增加卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn),非瓣膜AF相較于竇性心律發(fā)生卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加5倍,瓣膜性AF(二尖瓣狹窄型)可增加20倍[9,17,21-22]。亞臨床AF同樣可顯著增加卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。ASSERT研究納入2 580例植入CIED、年齡﹥65歲的老年高血壓患者,既往無心房撲動(dòng)或AF且未服用口服抗凝藥,隨訪2.5年,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)亞臨床AF患者發(fā)生卒中或血栓栓塞事件的比例(4.2%)是無亞臨床AF患者(1.69%)的2.49倍[16]。MOST研究中納入312例因竇房結(jié)功能不全植入起搏器的患者,隨訪27個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn)伴AHREs患者總死亡、卒中事件和AF發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別為無AHREs患者的2.48、2.79和5.93倍[8]。TRENDS研究納入2 486例植入CIED的患者進(jìn)行前瞻性觀察研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)AHREs組卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高(HR:2.20;95%CI:0.96~5.05;P=0.06)[9],同時(shí)該研究根據(jù)AHREs負(fù)荷分為低負(fù)荷組(30 d內(nèi)1 d中AFB最長時(shí)間≤5.5 h)及高負(fù)荷組(>5.5 h),年栓塞發(fā)生率分別為1.1%和2.4%,與零負(fù)荷相比,調(diào)整后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比例分別為0.98和2.20,但低負(fù)荷組及高負(fù)荷組年栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[23]。
Hindricks及Lau等[16,24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在相同CHADS2評分下,亞臨床AF年卒中及栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于臨床型AF(表1)。可能的原因?yàn)椋篊IED監(jiān)測到的亞臨床AF包括各種房型心律失常,與臨床型AF不同;亞臨床AF處于AF早期階段,其發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥仍需一定時(shí)間;研究中部分患者處于抗凝治療,相應(yīng)減少了卒中與栓塞發(fā)生率。TRENDS研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)CIED監(jiān)測到的亞臨床AF年栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較臨床型AF低[9]。但目前尚缺乏亞臨床AF與臨床AF卒中及栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之比的前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究。
迄今為止多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)亞臨床AF卒中及栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于正常人群。2013年歐洲心律協(xié)會(huì)(共33中心,16個(gè)國家)就亞臨床AF的華法林抗凝治療達(dá)成共識[25]。但亞臨床AF抗凝治療率仍然低下。Healey等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有卒中危險(xiǎn)因素的亞臨床AF人群中僅有不足25%的患者進(jìn)行抗凝治療,該項(xiàng)研究納入445例起搏器植入患者進(jìn)行回顧對照研究,亞臨床AF發(fā)生率高達(dá)50%,但亞臨床AF患者抗凝治療遠(yuǎn)低于AF患者(23.7% 比 58.9%;P<0.001)。
2016年ESC指南推薦使用CHA2DS2-VASc評分系統(tǒng)來預(yù)防AF患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。評分≥2分的男性及≥3分的女性患者需口服抗凝藥治療;評分=1分的男性及=2分的女性患者需考慮口服抗凝藥治療;評分等于0分的男性及=1分的女性無需抗血小板或抗凝治療[27]。對于亞臨床房顫,部分學(xué)者致力于將亞臨床AF卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及抗凝治療與亞臨床AF持續(xù)時(shí)間/負(fù)荷關(guān)聯(lián)起來[11,13-14],Boriani及Botto等[28-29]研究證實(shí)將亞臨床AF持續(xù)時(shí)間或負(fù)荷作為臨床參數(shù),與CHADS2/CHA2DS2-VASc評分聯(lián)合進(jìn)行卒中危險(xiǎn)分層,可提高亞臨床AF卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(CHADS2:0.653 比 0.713;CHA2DS2-VASc:0.898 比 0.910)。加拿大心血管協(xié)會(huì)關(guān)于AF指南指出,亞臨床AF持續(xù)時(shí)間>24 h,年齡≥65歲或CHADS2≥1分的患者以及亞臨床AF持續(xù)時(shí)間較短,但有高危因素的患者(比如近期有隱源性腦卒中)建議抗凝治療(低質(zhì)量等級)[30]。
目前一些關(guān)于亞臨床AF抗凝治療及藥物選擇的前瞻性隨機(jī)研究正在進(jìn)行中。IMPACT研究[31]納入227例患者,比較CIED記錄的AHREs組(試驗(yàn)組)與臨床型AF/心房撲動(dòng)組的抗凝治療效果,該研究因試驗(yàn)組與對照組相比無明顯臨床獲益而提前終止。2013年一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究進(jìn)入試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)階段,其納入起搏器監(jiān)測到的亞臨床AF且伴有卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者,比較新型口服抗凝藥(阿哌沙班)與阿司匹林發(fā)生卒中和系統(tǒng)性栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[32]。
表1 亞臨床AF與臨床型AF年卒中及栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(%)
亞臨床AF已逐步得到學(xué)者及臨床醫(yī)師認(rèn)識及重視。持續(xù)心內(nèi)監(jiān)測為檢測亞臨床AF金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但適用人群有限。亞臨床AF最佳監(jiān)測方法,監(jiān)測時(shí)間及監(jiān)測周期仍需進(jìn)一步研究。多項(xiàng)研究表明亞臨床AF與卒中發(fā)生密切相關(guān),但因其間斷發(fā)作,無臨床癥狀,缺乏前瞻性隨機(jī)研究,抗凝治療率低下。華法林用于亞臨床AF抗凝效果與AF是否相同,新型口服抗凝藥是否適用于亞臨床AF以及不同新型口服抗凝藥在亞臨床AF治療中上是否有所不同等問題均亟須解決。
利益沖突:無
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Cognitionandadvancementofsubclinicalatrialfibrillation
DongJiajia,ChengKangan
DepartmentofCardiology,PekingUnionMedicalCollegeHospital,PekingUnionMedicalCollege,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences,Beijing100730,China(DongJJ,ChengKA)
ChengKangan,Email:chengkangan@hotmail.com
Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias,and subclinical atrial fibrillation is almost asymptomatic.Recent studies have found that the subclinical atrial fibrillation is common and has significant clinical implications.The clinical consequences of subclinical atrial fibrillation,which include thromboembolism,heart failure,and early death,are of paramount importance.In this article we reviewed the definition,detection methods,outcomes and anticoagulant therapy of subclinical atrial fibrillation.
程康安,電子信箱:chengkangan@hotmail.com
10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2017.05.014
2017-05-22)
(本文編輯:周白瑜)