董佳月+倪紅英
[摘要] 目的 探討Cys C在體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者急性腎損傷早期診斷中的價(jià)值。 方法 選擇我院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室2013年7月~2016年10月行體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者114例,根據(jù)術(shù)后有無(wú)產(chǎn)生急性腎損傷分為觀察組及對(duì)照組,測(cè)定術(shù)后第1、2、3、4天Cys C數(shù)值,采用 ROC曲線評(píng)價(jià)Cys C對(duì)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后急性腎損傷的診斷價(jià)值。 結(jié)果 結(jié)果顯示,觀察組Cys C1、Cys C2、Cys C3、Cys C4(術(shù)后第1、2、3、4天Cys C數(shù)值)、Cys Cx(術(shù)后Cys C平均值)及Cys Cnl(Cys C標(biāo)準(zhǔn)負(fù)荷量)與對(duì)照組比較,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P1=0.006,P2=0.022,P3=0.001,P4=0.000,Px=0.000,Pnl=0.005),ROC曲線結(jié)果顯示,Cys C1的ROC曲線下面積為0.674,Cys C2的ROC曲線下面積為0.672,Cys C3的ROC曲線下面積為0.706,Cys C4的ROC曲線下面積為0.752,Cys Cx的ROC曲線下面積為0.732,Cys Cnl的ROC曲線下面積為0.702,采用Cys C1為早期診斷指標(biāo),Cys C1的最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.3 mg/L;多次測(cè)量的患者可采用Cys Cnl作為早期診斷指標(biāo),Cys Cnl的最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.15 mg/L。 結(jié)論 Cys C可作為體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者發(fā)生急性腎損傷的內(nèi)源性標(biāo)志物,Cys C1及Cys Cnl可作為體外循環(huán)術(shù)后急性腎損傷早期診斷的指標(biāo)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室;胱抑素C;體外循環(huán);急性腎損傷;早期診斷
[中圖分類號(hào)] R654.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)25-0004-04
Study on the early predictive value of cystatin C in acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass
DONG Jiayue NI Hongying
Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Jinhua Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jinhua 321000, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the value of CysC in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods A total of 114 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass from July 2013 to October 2016 in the ICU in our hospital were selected. According to whether there was the occurrence of acute kidney injury after surgery, the patients were divided into observation group and control group. The value of Cys C was measured at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after operation. The diagnostic value of Cys C in acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass was evaluated by ROC curve. Results The results showed that there were statistical differences in Cys C1, Cys C2, Cys C3, Cys C4 (Cys C values on day 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after the surgery), Cys Cx (mean value of Cys C after the surgery) and Cys Cnl (Cys C standard load) between the observation group and the control group (P1=0.006, P2=0.022, P3=0.001, P4=0.000, Px=0.000, Pnl=0.005). The ROC curve showed that the area under the ROC curve of Cys C1 was 0.674, the area under the ROC curve of Cys C2 was 0.672, that of Cys C3 was 0.706, that of Cys C4 was 0.752, that of Cys Cx was 0.732, and that of Cys Cnl was 0.702. Cys C1 was used as the early diagnosis index. The optimal cutoff value of Cys C1 was 1.3 mg/L; Cys Cnl could be used as an early diagnostic index for the patients with multiple measurements. The optimal cutoff value for Cys Cnl was 1.15 mg/L. Conclusion Cys C can be used as an endogenous marker of acute kidney injury in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass. Cys C1 and Cys Cnl can be used as an early diagnosis index of acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass.endprint
[Key words] Intensive care unit (ICU); Cys C; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Acute kidney injury (AKI); Early diagnosis
胱抑素C(cystatin C,Cys C)是一種半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑,循環(huán)中的Cys C僅經(jīng)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)而被清除,不依賴任何外來(lái)因素如性別、年齡、飲食的影響,是一種反映腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率變化的理想標(biāo)志物。在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(intensive care unit,ICU)中,引起急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)最常見(jiàn)的疾病是膿毒癥,體外循環(huán)手術(shù)為第二大誘因[1],心臟手術(shù)引起AKI的可能原因是腎臟的低灌注和缺血[2-3]。AKI對(duì)進(jìn)行體外循環(huán)手術(shù)的患者而言,是一種嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥[4]。由于AKI的定義有多個(gè)版本,經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)AKI的發(fā)病率為10%~40%不等[5-7]。近年來(lái)腎損傷領(lǐng)域的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Cys C、中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,NGAL)、尿白細(xì)胞介素-18及B型尿鈉肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)等生物標(biāo)記物能夠預(yù)測(cè)AKI的發(fā)生[8-11]。本研究通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者Cys C的水平,評(píng)價(jià)Cys C對(duì)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后AKI早期預(yù)測(cè)及診斷的價(jià)值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
研究對(duì)象來(lái)自于我院ICU 2013年7月~2016年10月行體外循環(huán)術(shù)后的患者,本院體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者均需進(jìn)入ICU監(jiān)護(hù)治療,保證了數(shù)據(jù)收集的完整性。進(jìn)入ICU后收集患者年齡、原發(fā)疾病、性別、體重、急性生理與慢性健康評(píng)分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHⅡ)、心功能(NYHA心功能分級(jí))等基本信息。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[12]:(1)年齡<15周歲;(2)合并多器官功能衰竭預(yù)期生存時(shí)間<24 h;(3)既往腎功能衰竭立即要求行透析治療者。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
采集患者的基礎(chǔ)肌酐值及術(shù)后1、2、3、4天的血清肌酐值、Cys C值、液體進(jìn)出量。根據(jù)有無(wú)發(fā)生術(shù)后AKI分為腎損傷組及非腎損傷組。然后對(duì)采集到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。AKI的定義為血清肌酐值7 d內(nèi)較基礎(chǔ)肌酐值升高至1.5倍及以上,或連續(xù)6 h尿量<0.5 mL/(kg·min)[13]。血清肌酐值及Cys C值由金華市中心醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科測(cè)驗(yàn)。液體進(jìn)出量由ICU護(hù)士統(tǒng)計(jì)?;A(chǔ)肌酐值為患者入院后第一次肌酐檢查結(jié)果。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS22.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理。年齡、體重、APACHⅡ評(píng)分、血清肌酐值、Cys C值、液體進(jìn)出量等計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),性別比例、心功能、原發(fā)疾病等構(gòu)成比等計(jì)數(shù)資料采用%表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。采用ROC曲線評(píng)估術(shù)后第1、2、3、4天Cys C的數(shù)值、術(shù)后Cys C的平均值及Cys C標(biāo)準(zhǔn)負(fù)荷量對(duì)AKI的早期診斷價(jià)值。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 基本信息
一般資料納入流程:心臟外科術(shù)后147例患者,選取體外術(shù)后循環(huán)患者117例,剔除3例資料缺失過(guò)多患者,根據(jù)術(shù)后有無(wú)AKI分為腎損傷組20例,非腎損傷組94例。對(duì)兩組患者的基本信息進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的年齡、性別比、體重、心功能、APACHⅡ評(píng)分、肌酐基礎(chǔ)值、原發(fā)疾病等比較,均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組Cys C診斷價(jià)值結(jié)果
對(duì)兩組患者的Cys C值進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)并計(jì)算,結(jié)果顯示,兩組Cys C1、Cys C2、Cys C3、Cys C4(術(shù)后第1、2、3、4天Cys C數(shù)值)、Cys Cx(術(shù)后Cys C平均值)及Cys Cnl(Cys C標(biāo)準(zhǔn)負(fù)荷量)比較,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后Cys C值ROC曲線
ROC曲線結(jié)果顯示,Cys C1的ROC曲線下面積為0.674,Cys C2的ROC曲線下面積為0.672,Cys C3的ROC曲線下面積為0.706,Cys C4的ROC曲線下面積為0.752,Cys Cx的ROC曲線下面積為0.732,Cys Cnl的ROC曲線下面積為0.702。根據(jù)ROC曲線面積結(jié)果及早期診斷價(jià)值,對(duì)于單次測(cè)量Cys C的患者可選取Cys C1作為早期預(yù)測(cè)的指標(biāo),計(jì)算約登指數(shù)(Youden index)后Cys C1的最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.3 mg/L。對(duì)于多次測(cè)量的Cys C數(shù)值可使用Cys Cnl作為早期預(yù)測(cè)的參數(shù),計(jì)算約登指數(shù)后Cys Cnl的最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.15 mg/L。見(jiàn)封三圖1。
3 討論
體外循環(huán)術(shù)后AKI作為一種嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,能夠早期預(yù)測(cè)、診斷治療AKI,對(duì)患者意義重大。主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間、平均動(dòng)脈壓、液體的進(jìn)出量均被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)關(guān)于體外循環(huán)術(shù)后AKI發(fā)生的重要因素。其中,對(duì)于圍手術(shù)期液體的管理仍有很大的爭(zhēng)議[14]。有危重癥患者的觀察性研究表明液體的正平衡和組織的水腫會(huì)加快AKI的進(jìn)程[15],同樣有研究表明液體的過(guò)多攝入會(huì)使AKI惡化為嚴(yán)重的AKI并降低患者的生存率[16]。有系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果顯示保守目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的液體管理能減少AKI的發(fā)生率[17]。目前,體外循環(huán)術(shù)后AKI的診斷主要依靠傳統(tǒng)的指標(biāo)如肌酐、尿素氮及尿量的變化,然而這些指標(biāo)的影響因素較多,且這些指標(biāo)在腎功能明顯受損時(shí)才會(huì)出現(xiàn)變化,早期預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值有限,臨床需要敏感性及特異性更高的早期預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。近年來(lái)有一批腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率標(biāo)志物被發(fā)現(xiàn)可用于AKI的診斷[18],其中Cys C是一種良好的內(nèi)源性腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率標(biāo)志物[19]。有研究顯示Cys C在慢性腎病的診斷中優(yōu)于肌酐,且能更好地預(yù)測(cè)患者的預(yù)后[20],故本研究目的在于探討Cys C對(duì)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者AKI的早期診斷價(jià)值。endprint
本研究結(jié)果顯示體外循環(huán)患者Cys C對(duì)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后急性腎損傷早期診斷有重要作用?;颊卟杉腃ys C數(shù)值中術(shù)后第4天值的ROC曲線下面積值最大,故診斷價(jià)值最大,但是術(shù)后第4天值獲得數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)間較晚,對(duì)AKI的早期診斷價(jià)值不高。由ROC曲線可知,Cys C術(shù)后第1天值診斷價(jià)值高于術(shù)后第2天值,且Cys C術(shù)后第1天值獲得數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)間較早,在肌酐尚未上升至最高值時(shí)已具有預(yù)測(cè)AKI發(fā)生的價(jià)值,所以本研究選取Cys C術(shù)后第1天值作為診斷指標(biāo)。約登指數(shù)又稱為正確指數(shù),是評(píng)價(jià)篩查試驗(yàn)真實(shí)性的方法,計(jì)算方法是靈敏度與特異度之和減去1,表示篩檢方法發(fā)現(xiàn)真正的患者與非患者的總能力,指數(shù)越大說(shuō)明篩查實(shí)驗(yàn)的效果越好,真實(shí)性越大。我們選取約登指數(shù)最大的值為最佳截?cái)嘀?,?jì)算出Cys C術(shù)后第1天值診斷AKI的最佳參考值為1.3 mg/L,該結(jié)果提示,體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者術(shù)后第1天Cys C值若大于1.3 mg/L,需考慮并發(fā)AKI。由于本研究多次測(cè)量Cys C,單獨(dú)采用Cys C術(shù)后第1天值作為診斷參考值時(shí)ROC曲線下面積僅為0.674,所以我們對(duì)多次采集的Cys C值采用了平均值計(jì)算及Cys C標(biāo)準(zhǔn)負(fù)荷量的計(jì)算,由于平均值計(jì)算時(shí)并未考慮采集數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)間的因素,故不建議作為最終參考值,我們根據(jù)Zhang Z等[13]的研究中關(guān)于乳酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)負(fù)荷量的計(jì)算方法,提出Cys C標(biāo)準(zhǔn)負(fù)荷量的概念,對(duì)采集到的Cys C值進(jìn)行時(shí)間因素的加權(quán)計(jì)算,Cys Cnl的ROC曲線下面積為0.702,大于Cys C1的曲線下面積,提示Cys Cnl的診斷價(jià)值要大于Cys C1,所以本研究建議:臨床有條件進(jìn)行多次測(cè)量Cys C時(shí),根據(jù)公式
計(jì)算出CysCnl(v值為采集的Cys C值,t值為采集的時(shí)間),使用Cys Cnl為診斷參數(shù),本研究計(jì)算約登指數(shù)后選取Cys Cnl的最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.15 mg/L,該結(jié)果提示體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者Cys Cnl若>1.15 mg/L,需考慮并發(fā)AKI。
本研究通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者Cys C的水平,研究 Cys C對(duì)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者AKI 的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,結(jié)果顯示,Cys C1及Cys Cnl可作為體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者早期預(yù)測(cè)及診斷指標(biāo),若患者Cys C1>1.3 mg/L 或Cys Cnl>1.15 mg/L,需考慮體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者并發(fā)AKI。Cys C的早期預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值要高于肌酐值,在患者術(shù)后肌酐值尚未上升時(shí)即能預(yù)測(cè)AKI,且較肌酐值的干擾因素較少,所以根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果,建議臨床工作時(shí)對(duì)于體外循環(huán)術(shù)后的患者,有條件時(shí)應(yīng)在術(shù)后監(jiān)測(cè)Cys C的水平,能有效地預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后AKI的發(fā)生,并能夠提前進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療,改善患者的預(yù)后。本研究納入的患者均為體外循環(huán)術(shù)后的患者,Cys C對(duì)于其他疾病引起的AKI是否具有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,尚待更多研究證明。對(duì)于近年來(lái)腎損傷領(lǐng)域發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他的生物學(xué)指標(biāo),如NGAL、尿白細(xì)胞介素-18及BNP等對(duì)體外循環(huán)術(shù)后患者AKI的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值本研究未能納入,需要更多的臨床研究驗(yàn)證。
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