亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        重生之冬

        2017-10-13 18:58:24ByBerndBrunner
        英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí) 2017年9期
        關(guān)鍵詞:重生季節(jié)人類(lèi)

        By+Bernd+Brunner

        季節(jié)輪換,周而復(fù)始,自古以來(lái)與人的吃穿用住密切相關(guān),尤其是冬季,似乎在當(dāng)代流行文化想象中穩(wěn)占一席之地?!稒?quán)力的游戲》、《冰血暴》、《冰雪奇緣》……眾多極受歡迎的影視作品,不僅展現(xiàn)了大自然賦予人類(lèi)、賦予世界的冬,我們還能看到人性在其中的糾纏、期盼與重生。于我,冬是反思、重生之季,是退一步思考、追緬之季。于你呢?

        Winter can mean different things, depending on where you are. It rages most fiercely in the north—in Scandinavia, Siberia, Alaska or Canada—and in the extreme south, the Antarctic.1 In these places, winter is the darkest season. The Norwegian village of Rjukan2,tucked away in a steep valley, was shaded from the Sun for close to six months of the year, until its inhabitants began using giant mirrors to direct sunlight into the vale a few years ago.

        Theres no such thing as a “typical” winter, geographically speaking. But some kind of universal cultural image seems to have grasped the collective imagination in its cold talons3. Think snowfalls, swirling icestorms, Game of Thrones, Disneys Frozen.4 Whats the appeal of the idea of an extreme winter? Even in the Arctic, the season isnt one long blizzard5. Because of the dryness of the air, it doesnt snow very much, though once it falls, it lasts longer than in more temperate climes.

        The form winter takes is a matter of location, latitude and altitude. In the temperate areas of Brazil, the cold sets in between June and August,when residents start priming6 themselves for “chilly”temperatures of 20 degrees Celsius. Pullovers, scarves, wool caps and anoraks7 are considered essential, and the beaches are empty.

        The existence of four seasons is a feature of the middle and upper latitudes, and a vestige of the geopolitical dominance of the countries affected by such seasonal shifts.8 The ancient Romans were among the first to carve up the year into quarters, as a way of attempting to control the inherent variability of nature and to plan recurring tasks. Why did this particular system catch on? Perhaps because there are certain parallels with the phases of human life: childhood, youth, adulthood, old age.

        All over the world, animals and plants have had millions of years to adapt to low temperatures. We humans, however, are tropical beings, with biological origins in the African savanna9. We havent even had the time to develop fur. Over the centuries, weve made a multitude of efforts to deal with the cold season: meteorology, heating, insulated homes,10 food preservation, appropriate clothing. The legendary ice-man “?tzi”, who lived more than 5,000 years ago, is Europes oldest natural mummy; he was found in a glacier in the Alps wearing five different types of skin and fur, including leggings and a hat.endprint

        But climate change is a confounding factor. Now that we have officially arrived in the Anthropocene11, winters in many places are getting shorter, wetter and warmer. In fact, 2016 was the hottest year since records began. In some parts of North America in 2016, autumnal foliage12 lasted almost a month longer than normal, and frost came extremely late. In the Mediterranean and the American South, the summers have grown hotter and longer than before, and the winters are correspondingly shorter and milder.

        Unsurprisingly, as with everything thats scarce or unpredictable, “winter” can now be dosed out13 as a well-measured product, an intense sensual experience.“Ice swimming” in gelid14 lakes or beside glaciers is a popular topic on local European news broadcasts every winter. For those of us who can afford it, a weekend at an ice hotel might beckon, or a trip to the Arctic that allows us to see vast expanses of vanishing ice up close.15 Knowing that we might be among the last generations to see sea-ice seems to add a morbid, illicit thrill to the exercise.16

        The devastating effects of these changes on the Earths natural ecosystems should be our most urgent concern. But we might also consider what we will miss, philosophically and spiritually, if winter as we know it disappears in the Anthropocene.

        Winter, for me, is a period of reflection and regeneration, of withdrawal, reminiscent of a time when humans were forced to be more malleable and responsive to the seasons.17 Each year, I long to see the landscape around my home in Germany transformed by the cold: frost-limned trees, crisp air, and snow shrouding everything, muffling every sound, as if covering over the acoustic evidence of humanity.18

        But human intervention will affect the phenomenology19 of winter. This is not just because of meteorological change. Knowing that the caprices of the weather are caused by us, as much as by any “natural” process, changes how we experience the seasons: our relation to them, the respect and interest we accord them,20 and the way that they affect our perception of our place in the world.

        For me, the experience of real, unbridled21 cold is what lets me relish the warmth and release of summer. In a sense, both seasons depend on each other. Albert Camus reminds us of this dialectic of seasonal anticipation: “In the depth of winter, I finally learned that within me there lay an invincible summer.”22

        不同地域的冬,有著不一樣的風(fēng)情。在斯堪的納維亞、西伯利亞、阿拉斯加或加拿大等北部地區(qū),冬肆虐橫行,天寒地凍——最南端的南極洲亦是如此。在這些地方,冬是最暗無(wú)天日的季節(jié)。挪威尤坎鎮(zhèn)隱藏在深深的山谷里,一年中將近六個(gè)月看不到陽(yáng)光,直到幾年前,村民們裝起了巨大的鏡子,將陽(yáng)光折射至谷中。endprint

        從地理學(xué)的角度講,根本沒(méi)有“典型的”冬天這種說(shuō)法。然而,某一普遍的文化意象,仿佛伸出冰冷的爪子,緊緊攫住了大眾對(duì)冬的集體想象:一提到冬,人們就會(huì)聯(lián)想到下雪、呼嘯紛飛的冰暴、《權(quán)力的游戲》和迪士尼的《冰雪奇緣》。冬天這樣的極寒之季究竟有何魅力?(實(shí)際上)即便是在北極地區(qū),冬季也從來(lái)不是一場(chǎng)漫無(wú)休止的暴風(fēng)雪。由于空氣干燥,降雪反倒不太常見(jiàn),然而一旦降雪,持續(xù)時(shí)間比溫帶地區(qū)要更長(zhǎng)。

        一個(gè)地方的冬所呈現(xiàn)的形態(tài)取決于其位置,即緯度和海拔。在巴西的溫帶氣候地區(qū),六到八月間逐漸感受到?jīng)鲆馇忠u,居民們開(kāi)始為20攝氏度“寒冷的”氣溫來(lái)臨做準(zhǔn)備:套頭衫、圍巾、羊毛帽和帶風(fēng)帽的厚夾克必不可少,海灘上也空無(wú)一人。

        四季分明,是中高緯度地區(qū)的氣候特征,也是那些經(jīng)歷四季輪換的國(guó)家在地緣政治上的優(yōu)勢(shì)所遺留的歷史結(jié)果。最早將一年劃分為四季的是古羅馬人,他們?cè)噲D掌控大自然的內(nèi)在變化規(guī)律,制訂周期性任務(wù)。為什么唯獨(dú)這一劃分體系得到了廣泛的采用?也許是因?yàn)樗c人生階段——童年、青年、壯年和老年——有著些許共通之處。

        世界各地的動(dòng)植物,經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)百萬(wàn)年的進(jìn)化,已經(jīng)逐漸適應(yīng)了在低溫下生存。而我們?nèi)祟?lèi)是熱帶生物,起源于非洲熱帶大草原,沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間進(jìn)化出皮毛。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),人類(lèi)想盡各種辦法抵御寒冷季節(jié):研究氣象學(xué),發(fā)明供暖,建造隔熱的房屋,儲(chǔ)藏食物,設(shè)計(jì)防寒衣物。傳說(shuō)中的冰人“奧茨”生活在五千多年前,是歐洲最古老的一具(因冰封而保存完好的)天然木乃伊。人們?cè)诎柋八股矫}的一座冰川里找到他時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)他渾身上下的穿戴,包括護(hù)腿和一頂帽子,是由五種不同動(dòng)物的皮毛制成的。

        然而,氣候變化令人捉摸不透。如今,我們已經(jīng)正式邁進(jìn)人類(lèi)世,許多地方的冬季變得越來(lái)越短,越來(lái)越溫暖濕潤(rùn)。實(shí)際上,2016年是有記錄以來(lái)最熱的一年。就在這一年,北美一些地區(qū)的秋季落葉期比往常長(zhǎng)了將近一個(gè)月,霜凍也來(lái)得格外地遲;地中海地區(qū)和美國(guó)南部的夏天也比以前更炎熱綿長(zhǎng),相應(yīng)地,冬季也變得更短、更暖和。

        正如所有那些稀缺或不可預(yù)知的事物一樣,“冬”現(xiàn)在可以被設(shè)計(jì)為一件經(jīng)過(guò)精心打造的商品,或是一種強(qiáng)烈的感官體驗(yàn)。這也不是什么出乎意料的事。每年冬天,在冰冷刺骨的湖水中或冰川邊“冰泳”都是歐洲當(dāng)?shù)匦侣劜?bào)的熱門(mén)話(huà)題。對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)上能夠承擔(dān)得起的人來(lái)說(shuō),周末去冰雪主題酒店小住,或赴北極旅行,近距離觀察廣闊冰川的漸漸消融,都是令人神往之舉。一想到我們可能是最后幾代還能欣賞到眼前這些海上冰川的人,就仿佛平添了一絲病態(tài)的、說(shuō)不出口的刺激。

        我們最應(yīng)該擔(dān)心的是這些改變對(duì)地球自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)所造成的災(zāi)難性影響。但或許也同樣該想一想,若我們所知道的“冬”真的在人類(lèi)世消失,那么我們?cè)谡軐W(xué)和心靈層面將缺失什么。

        冬,于我,是反思與重生之季,是退隱之季,使我回想起人類(lèi)不得不更順從自然、呼應(yīng)季節(jié)變換之時(shí)。每年我都期盼著看到德國(guó)家周?chē)木吧诙鞜ㄈ灰恍拢核ü蠢盏臉?shù)木,干冷清新的空氣,白雪茫茫,覆蓋萬(wàn)物,悄無(wú)聲息,似乎抹去了人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的一切聲響。

        但是,人類(lèi)對(duì)自然的干預(yù)將會(huì)影響到其自身對(duì)冬的直觀感知。這不僅僅是由于氣象變化。造成氣候反復(fù)無(wú)常的原因,不僅是“自然的”變化,還包括人類(lèi)的活動(dòng)。明白這一點(diǎn)后,我們對(duì)季節(jié)的感受——人與季節(jié)的聯(lián)系,人對(duì)季節(jié)的敬畏和關(guān)注,以及季節(jié)是如何影響人類(lèi)對(duì)自身在整個(gè)世界中地位的認(rèn)知——也會(huì)隨之改變。

        對(duì)我而言,切膚、肆意的寒冷讓我更加享受夏天的溫暖和愜意。從某種意義上說(shuō),這兩個(gè)季節(jié)是相互依存的。阿爾貝·加繆這樣辯證地提到對(duì)季節(jié)的期盼:“隆冬時(shí)分,我終于發(fā)現(xiàn),我的心中有一個(gè)永不凋零的夏天?!?/p>

        1. Scandinavia: // 斯堪的納維亞(歐洲西北部文化區(qū)),包括挪威、瑞典和丹麥,有時(shí)還包括芬蘭、冰島和法羅群島;Siberia:// 西伯利亞,是俄羅斯及蒙古國(guó)北部的一片非常大的地域,面積約1276平方公里。

        2. Rjukan: 尤坎,挪威泰勒馬克行政區(qū)的一個(gè)中心城市。四面環(huán)山的尤坎,每年九月下旬到次年二月上旬幾乎都沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光直射,居民只能坐纜車(chē)到山頂上曬太陽(yáng)。政府在2013年投資在山上安裝了三面能自動(dòng)調(diào)整角度的大反光鏡,將陽(yáng)光反射到中心廣場(chǎng)上。

        3. talon:(尤指猛禽的)爪。

        4. Game of Thrones:《權(quán)力的游戲》,一部中世紀(jì)史詩(shī)奇幻題材的美國(guó)電視連續(xù)劇,改編自美國(guó)作家喬治·R.R.馬丁的奇幻文學(xué)作品《冰與火之歌》系列;Frozen:《冰雪奇緣》,2013年迪士尼3D動(dòng)畫(huà)電影,取材自安徒生童話(huà)《白雪皇后》。

        5. blizzard: 暴風(fēng)雪。

        6. prime: 使做好準(zhǔn)備。

        7. anorak: 帶風(fēng)帽的夾克。

        8. vestige: 殘留,殘跡;geopolitical:地緣政治的,指國(guó)家根據(jù)其地理位置因素對(duì)其政治、軍事、外交等進(jìn)行分析。

        9. savanna: 熱帶(或亞熱帶)稀樹(shù)草原。

        10. meteorology: // 氣象學(xué);insulated: 隔熱的,絕緣的。

        11. Anthropocene: / 人類(lèi)世,地球最年輕的地質(zhì)年代。目前并沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)確的起始年份,大約是由18世紀(jì)末人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)氣候及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成全球性影響開(kāi)始,以氣候變暖為標(biāo)志。

        12. foliage: // 葉子的總稱(chēng)。

        13. dose out: 給……服藥。

        14. gelid: 非常寒冷的。

        15. beckon: 迷人,吸引;expanse: 浩瀚,廣袤。

        16. morbid: (興趣、思想等)病態(tài)的;illicit: 不正當(dāng)?shù)?,不適當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

        17. reminiscent of: 使人回想起;malleable: (人)易說(shuō)服的,順從的。

        18. shroud: 覆蓋,遮蔽;muffle: 使(聲音)減弱;acoustic: 聲音的,聽(tīng)覺(jué)的。

        19. phenomenology: 現(xiàn)象學(xué),是一種通過(guò)原始的意識(shí)和直接的認(rèn)識(shí)描述現(xiàn)象的研究方法。

        20. caprice: // 突然變化,反復(fù)無(wú)常;accord:授予,給予(尤指權(quán)力、尊敬或地位)。

        21. unbridled: // 肆無(wú)忌憚的。

        22. Albert Camus: 阿爾貝·加繆(1913—1960),法國(guó)小說(shuō)家、哲學(xué)家、戲劇家和評(píng)論家,代表作包括《異鄉(xiāng)人》和《鼠疫》;dialectic:(兩種力量或想法的)對(duì)立,辯證;invincible: 不可戰(zhàn)勝的。endprint

        猜你喜歡
        重生季節(jié)人類(lèi)
        人類(lèi)能否一覺(jué)到未來(lái)?
        人類(lèi)第一殺手
        我喜歡的季節(jié)7
        1100億個(gè)人類(lèi)的清明
        季節(jié)蠕變
        季節(jié)的變換
        微軟重生
        商周刊(2017年17期)2017-09-08 13:08:58
        重生
        花的季節(jié)
        人類(lèi)正在消滅自然
        奧秘(2015年2期)2015-09-10 07:22:44
        久久伊人精品中文字幕有尤物 | 内射精品无码中文字幕| 亚洲伊人久久成人综合网| 亚洲中文字幕av一区二区三区人 | 亚洲av永久无码精品成人| 日本韩国一区二区高清| 亚洲av中文无码字幕色本草 | 国内精品久久久久久久久齐齐| 国产一线视频在线观看高清| 人妻少妇偷人精品视频| 亚洲熟女综合色一区二区三区 | 色欲AV无码久久精品有码| 亚洲视频在线免费观看一区二区| 国产在线视频一区二区天美蜜桃 | 国自产精品手机在线观看视频 | 国产一区三区二区视频在线观看| 欧洲成人一区二区三区| 国产精品欧美成人| 亚洲av日韩片在线观看| 国产女人av一级一区二区三区 | 日韩精品人成在线播放| 四川少妇大战4黑人| 巨臀中文字幕一区二区| 偷偷夜夜精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 色综合久久无码五十路人妻| 开心婷婷五月激情综合社区 | 国产女人18毛片水真多18精品| 中文亚洲成a人片在线观看| 亚洲天天综合色制服丝袜在线| 加勒比av在线一区二区| 欧美日韩一区二区三区在线观看视频| 国产精品后入内射日本在线观看| 日本一区二区三本视频在线观看| 亚洲第一幕一区二区三区在线观看| 国产揄拍国产精品| 国产人成无码视频在线| 日韩精品一区二区在线视| 欧美国产亚洲日韩在线二区| 精品久久久无码中文字幕| 国产内射视频在线播放| 色婷婷久久亚洲综合看片|