張嬈嬈 葉艷芳 卜克
(1.鄭州大學第五附屬醫(yī)院 重癥醫(yī)學科 河南 鄭州 450052; 2.鄭州鐵路職業(yè)技術(shù)學院 藥學系 河南 鄭州 450000)
胸腔閉式引流對機械通氣患者呼吸力學和血流動力學的影響
張嬈嬈1葉艷芳2卜克1
(1.鄭州大學第五附屬醫(yī)院 重癥醫(yī)學科 河南 鄭州 450052; 2.鄭州鐵路職業(yè)技術(shù)學院 藥學系 河南 鄭州 450000)
目的探討合并大量胸腔積液的機械通氣患者行胸腔閉式引流術(shù)對其呼吸力學和血流動力學的影響。方法對入住ICU的機械通氣合并大量胸腔積液患者行胸腔閉式引流術(shù),觀察胸腔閉式引流前后患者血流動力學及呼吸力學指標的變化。結(jié)果23例患者行胸腔閉式引流術(shù)后血壓、心率變化差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);肺動脈壓下降,平臺壓下降,肺順應性增加,氧合指數(shù)增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論胸腔閉式引流能夠改善機械通氣患者的呼吸力學指標,改善氧合狀態(tài),對機械通氣合并大量胸腔積液患者應積極行胸腔閉式引流術(shù),尤其是肺順應性良好患者。
機械通氣;胸腔積液;呼吸力學;血流動力學
胸腔積液在危重癥患者中十分常見,常規(guī)超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)ICU患者胸腔積液的發(fā)生率高達60%[1],且多種因素參與ICU患者胸腔積液的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,如肺炎、心源性或非心源性肺水腫、低蛋白血癥、液體超負荷等。胸腔積液使患者呼吸力學改變、膈肌收縮受阻,延長危重癥患者機械通氣時間和入住ICU時間。既往研究中胸腔穿刺引流對機械通氣合并胸水患者的影響結(jié)論不一,可能與患者胸水量的不同有關(guān)。本研究的目的在于觀察胸腔積液引流對機械通氣合并大量胸腔積液患者氧合、呼吸力學、血流動力學的影響。
2.1胸腔積液引流后患者呼吸力學及血流動力學指標變化2例感染性多器官功能衰竭患者胸腔閉式引流后不到24 h死亡(>6 h),行統(tǒng)計學處理時將其排除。6 h和24 h胸腔積液平均引流量分別為(683±213)ml和(1 142 ±328)ml。胸腔積液引流后平臺壓下降,肺順應性增加(P<0.05);血流動力學監(jiān)測顯示肺動脈壓下降(P<0.05),而血壓、心率和心輸出量在胸水引流后無明顯變化(P>0.05);胸腔積液引流后患者氧合指數(shù)增加(P<0.05)。見表1。
表1 胸腔積液引流6、24 h后呼吸力學和血流動力學指標變化
2.2相關(guān)性從胸腔閉式引流前(H0)到胸腔閉式引流后24 h(H24),氧合指數(shù)提高的百分比與排水量無相關(guān)性(r=0.20,P=0.34),與基礎(chǔ)呼氣末平臺壓負相關(guān)(r=-0.61,P=0.031),與基礎(chǔ)靜態(tài)順應性呈正相關(guān)(r=0.64,P=0.02)。
胸腔穿刺引流是合并大量胸腔積液患者的重要治療措施,能夠改善患者的氣體交換。既往研究顯示胸腔積液相關(guān)的呼吸困難與胸腔積液的量無明顯相關(guān)性,而胸水引流后患者癥狀緩解的程度也因人而異[2-3]。針對胸腔積液患者行胸水引流后其相關(guān)病理生理指標改變方面的研究很少;本文觀察了機械通氣合并大量胸水患者胸腔閉式引流后呼吸力學和血流動力學指標的變化。
研究顯示,胸腔內(nèi)壓力增加產(chǎn)生的心包填塞樣效果在胸水引流后得以逆轉(zhuǎn)[4],該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胸腔積液引流對血流動力學無明顯影響;胸腔積液引流后患者血壓、心率、心輸出量無明顯變化;胸腔積液引流使患者平臺壓下降、靜態(tài)順應性增加,氧合指數(shù)提高。近期1項納入19項研究(共1 124例患者)的meta分析顯示機械通氣患者胸水引流后氧合指數(shù)平均提高18%[5];氧合指數(shù)增加可能為胸水引流后塌陷的肺復張,通氣血流改善,肺內(nèi)分流減少所致[6]。既往研究也顯示胸水引流對氣體交換的影響主要依賴于復張的肺容積的多少[7]。本研究中,氧合指數(shù)的提高與靜態(tài)順應性正相關(guān),與基礎(chǔ)呼氣末平臺壓負相關(guān),而與排出的胸水量無關(guān);平臺壓反映呼吸系統(tǒng)彈性回縮壓及機械通氣時肺泡承受的最大壓力[8],通常平臺壓高的患者,其靜態(tài)順應性往往下降;胸水引流后肺順應性高的患者肺容積增加的比例更大,肺順應性差的患者肺容積增加有限,與之前的研究結(jié)果一致,而合并大量胸腔積液的ARDS患者行胸腔閉式引流術(shù)后氧合指數(shù)無明顯改善[7,9],也能夠用其肺順應性差解釋。
本研究的意義在于觀察到哪些合并大量胸腔積液的機械通氣患者能夠從胸腔閉式引流術(shù)中獲益。另外,中心導管置管法引流能夠在危重癥患者床旁操作實施,是一種簡單、安全的胸腔閉式引流方法[10]。本研究中23例患者均未出現(xiàn)血胸、氣胸等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
總之,大量胸腔積液的引流能夠提高機械通氣患者的氧合、呼吸力學,而對血流動力學無明顯影響,對合并大量胸腔積液的危重癥患者可以積極行胸腔閉式引流術(shù),尤其是肺順應性良好的患者。
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Influenceofclosedthoracicdrainageonrespiratorymechanicsandhemodynamicsinmechanicallyventilatedpatients
Zhang Yaoyao1, Ye Yanfang2, Bo Ke1
(1.DepartmentofCriticalCareMedicine,theFifthAffiliatedHospitalofZhengzhouUniversity,Zhengzhou450052,China; 2.DepartmentofPharmacy,ZhengzhouRailwayVocational&TechnicalCollege,Zhengzhou450000,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the influence of closed thoracic drainage on respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics in mechanically ventilated patients.MethodsClosed thoracic drainage was performed for patients with massive pleural effusion treated with mechanical ventilation in ICU. The changes of hemodynamics and respiratory mechanics indexes before and after closed thoracic drainage were observed.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in blood pressure and heart rate between before and after closed thoracic drainage in 23 patients (P>0.05). Pulmonary arterial pressure and the plateau pressure decreased, lung compliance and oxygenation index were increased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionClosed thoracic drainage can improve the respiratory mechanics indexes and oxygenation status in patients treated with mechanical ventilation. For patients with massive pleural effusion treated with mechanical ventilation, thoracic closed drainage should be performed, especially for patients with good lung compliance.
mechanical ventilation; pleural effusion; respiratory mechanics; hemodynamics
R 561doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-437X.2017.17.006
2016-11-19)