崔建宏
【中圖分類號】G633.41 【文獻標(biāo)識碼】B 【文章編號】2095-3089(2015)15-0208-01
語言是一種交際工具,其呈現(xiàn)方式為口頭表達和書面表達兩種形式。不論漢語還是英語,都要學(xué)會這兩種表達方式,而且中高考英語試題中都少不了這方面內(nèi)容,特別是書面表達有更具體的試題,試題所占分值也不低,足以引起師生的高度重視。
多年來的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗告訴我,要培養(yǎng)中學(xué)生的英語書面表達能力,應(yīng)該從以下幾個方面做起。
一、課文改寫法。
英語課文沒有漢語課文那么復(fù)雜,基本上都是與我們?nèi)粘I钣嘘P(guān)的話題。學(xué)生可以運用與課文有關(guān)的字、詞、句改寫,也就是說學(xué)生可以利用現(xiàn)成的語言材料,寫出自己的文章。這就要求教師教引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會用簡單的詞,寫簡單的句子、避開不太常用的詞、運用自己熟悉的詞表達自己的思想感情。例如:My Favorite Subjects一文,在第一段,學(xué)生學(xué)會了introduce myself , 基本上掌握了live in , in the north of …, in the future等短語,還掌握了簡單句的基本句型,如主系表結(jié)構(gòu),主謂結(jié)構(gòu),主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)以及簡單的賓語從句。他們按照這樣的課文,也能寫出自己的簡介,如:Hello! My name is …. I live in Xianyang, a city in the north of China. I have lived here for many years. I think Xianyang is a lovely city, and I love it very much. I hope that you will visit it sometime in the future.
二、精品示范法。
教師一定要讓學(xué)生背誦相當(dāng)篇目的精品范文,然后寫作與之體裁題材相同的文章。范文語言精練、傳神、明白易懂。學(xué)生如果能背誦幾十篇范文,比如《新概念英語》二冊,經(jīng)過吸收、消化,變成自己的知識,寫起作文來便會得心應(yīng)手,左右逢源。如:
A private conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end,I could not bear it. I turned round again. “I can?蒺t hear a word!”I said angrily.
“It?蒺s none of your business,” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation! ”
這篇課文簡短精煉,朗朗上口,趣味橫生,學(xué)生樂于學(xué)習(xí)背誦。其中生詞可分為,名詞:conversation 談話,theatre 劇場,戲院seat 座位,play 戲,attention 注重,business 事;形容詞:private私人的, angry 生氣的;副詞:loudly大聲地,angrily生氣地,rudely 無禮地,粗魯?shù)?;動詞:bear容忍。這些詞大多數(shù)學(xué)生都學(xué)過,引入課堂并不會加重學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)負擔(dān),反而會增加學(xué)生興趣,學(xué)生由熟讀到背誦,最終也能寫出自己的A private conversation.
三、聽音復(fù)寫法。
聽音在初中階段,不再停留在單詞和單句上,而是篇段聽寫。教師要有意識地讓學(xué)生聽后寫出所聽材料的全部內(nèi)容,不要只停留在聽音選擇或判斷這個層面。學(xué)生如果能把聽音材料全部寫出來,說明他們已經(jīng)聽懂,那么,做選擇、判斷題就不在話下。一旦這樣的練習(xí)做多了,他們的語言感悟能力也會隨之提高。語言感悟能力提高之后,便能自如地用英語表達自己的思想。如下面這篇聽力材料:
Once, a rich man and a poor man lived in the same house. The rich man lived upstairs. And the poor man, Peter, lived downstairs.
The poor mans job was making clothes. He liked singing while he was working. He sang songs one by one. But the rich man hated this.
One day the rich man said, “Well, Peter, I will give you a bag of money every day if you stop singing.” “Fine,” said the poor man. So he stopped singing and got richer and richer. But as time went on, he felt unhappy because he couldnt sing. At last he brought all the money back to the rich man. “Here,” he said, “take all your money. I wont be happy if I cannot sing.”
So he gave the money back to the rich man and began to sing again. And then he was happy.
在聽說課堂上,學(xué)生聽完之后,能夠口頭表達的占五分之一,能夠?qū)懗鰜淼恼既种?。通過多次訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生的表達能力明顯比以前有所提高。
四、討論再現(xiàn)法。
《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》給學(xué)生列出了24個話題,教師要很好地組織學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)、討論,讓學(xué)生記錄要點,然后把討論過程的內(nèi)容取精去粗,簡明扼要地寫出來。這樣做的目的,在于讓學(xué)生有話可寫,有事可敘,避免學(xué)生無話可說,無事可敘的尷尬局面出現(xiàn)。如情感(Emotions):1.Happiness(高興),2.Surprise(驚奇)3.Worries(憂慮)等九種感情表達方式,學(xué)生通過討論,能夠掌握以下這些關(guān)鍵詞句,如:
1. How wonderful/nice!
Thats lovely/great/wonderful!
Im so happy.
Its well done.
Im pleased to know that.
2. Really?
Oh dear!
Is that so?
3. What a surprise!
How nice to see you!
How surprising!
Im surprised.
Does that surprise you?
Whats Wrong?
Whats the matter?
Anything wrong?
What should we do?
Are you worried about your health?
學(xué)生一旦掌握了這些關(guān)鍵句型,加上教師引導(dǎo),反復(fù)訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生既熟悉了話題,也學(xué)會了寫作,具有一箭雙雕之功效。
五、講評分析法。
教師不但要讓學(xué)生寫英語作文,還要批改學(xué)生英語作文,更要講評分析學(xué)生英語作文。其目的在于,通過講評分析,讓學(xué)生看到自己的長處和不足。
講評分析法分為四個步驟。一是學(xué)生根據(jù)老師批語自評。二是學(xué)生互評。三是教師精選精評。通過精選精評,讓學(xué)生掌握寫作時常用的重要句型、詞匯、語法以及剪裁構(gòu)思、謀篇布局的大概方法。四是講評分析后,要求學(xué)生重寫同題目的作文。
初中學(xué)生書面表達能力的強弱,固然與教師教給的方法有關(guān),但艱苦的訓(xùn)練過程和教師耐心細致的面批也分不開。希望教師能夠選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒?,堅持長期有效地訓(xùn)練,做好耐心細致的批改工作,逐漸提高學(xué)生的英語書面表達能力。