郭雅蓉,侯扶江,于應文
(1.草地農業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家重點實驗室,蘭州大學草地農業(yè)科技學院,甘肅 蘭州 730020; 2.農業(yè)部草牧業(yè)創(chuàng)新重點實驗室,甘肅 蘭州 730020)
祁連山北坡3個季節(jié)性牧場夏季的土壤呼吸
郭雅蓉1,2,侯扶江1,2,于應文1,2
(1.草地農業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家重點實驗室,蘭州大學草地農業(yè)科技學院,甘肅 蘭州 730020; 2.農業(yè)部草牧業(yè)創(chuàng)新重點實驗室,甘肅 蘭州 730020)
以祁連山北坡高寒灌叢化草甸和高寒草原為對象,測定比較夏季、冬季和春秋季牧場的夏季土壤呼吸特征及與其影響因素之間的關系,為牧場碳匯管理提供依據(jù)。以高山灌叢化草甸為主的夏季牧場日均土壤呼吸速率(Rs)為0.26 μmol·(m2·s)-1,以高寒草原為主的冬季和春秋季牧場日均Rs分別為0.24和0.19 μmol·(m2·s)-1。隨放牧增強,冬季牧場Rs減小,春秋季和夏季牧場Rs增加。冬季牧場Rs與土壤含水量(soil mosture,SM)顯著正相關(P<0.05),Rs與放牧率(stocking rate,SR)和土壤溫度(soil temperature,Ts)顯著負相關(P<0.05);春秋季牧場Rs與SR、光合有效輻射(photosynthetically awailable radiation,PAR)、Ts顯著正相關(P<0.05);春秋季牧場Rs與SM和群落蓋度(community coverage,C)顯著負相關(P<0.05)。結構模型方程表明,冬季牧場放牧率通過Ts對Rs的負向間接作用最強,SM對Rs正向的直接作用次之;春秋季牧場群落蓋度對Rs負向直接作用最大,放牧率對Rs正向的直接作用次之。冬季牧場Rs可分別由Rs=0.436-0.012Ts+0.018SM(R2=0.911,P=0.038)和Rs=0.707+0.002SR-0.02Ts(R2=0.775,P=0.037) 估測;春秋季牧場可由Rs=-0.239+0.003PAR-0.001C(R2=0.979,P=0.004)估測。
放牧;高寒草原;高寒灌叢草甸;土壤呼吸;土壤溫度;土壤水分;光合有效輻射
土壤呼吸是其產生CO2的代謝過程,是自養(yǎng)(根)和異養(yǎng)呼吸(土壤微生物)的總和[1]。陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)2/3的碳儲存在土壤中[2],土壤呼吸是一種重要的碳交換過程,是土壤向大氣輸出碳的主要途徑[3],受土壤物理、化學和生物等因素的綜合影響[4]。草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)作為世界面積最大的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng),其土壤呼吸對調節(jié)全球碳循環(huán)具有重大作用[5],對土壤有機質的礦化、異養(yǎng)代謝、土壤腐殖質和枯落物碳代謝、草地地下碳分配和生產力等有重要指示作用[6]。
土地利用方式顯著影響草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤有機碳的貯存和釋放[7],而且是導致大氣CO2濃度升高的重要原因之一[1]。放牧通過家畜采食、踐踏和排泄糞便對土壤呼吸產生直接和間接作用[7]。家畜采食降低植被蓋度和高度,提高太陽透射率,導致地表升溫、蒸發(fā)增加,促進土壤呼吸[8]。高強度踐踏改變土壤緊實度、滲透率和透氣性等物理結構以及生物土壤結皮、土壤微生物活性等,導致土壤呼吸強度減弱[9-10]。家畜排泄改善草地養(yǎng)分,影響土壤微生物活性和根系代謝,從而加快生態(tài)物質循環(huán)和能量流動,進而促進土壤呼吸[11]。適度放牧促進草地生物量、根系和凋落物數(shù)量、土壤動物和微生物多樣性的提高,從而增強土壤呼吸;不合理的放牧導致草地植被稀疏,草地生物量下降,從而降低土壤呼吸速率[12-13]。青藏高原高山草甸的放牧強度降低約50%,土壤釋放的CO2大約翻一翻[14]。新疆天山高寒草原短期禁牧,土壤CO2和N2O排放與長期禁牧和自由放牧差異不顯著[15]。
國內外放牧強度對土壤呼吸的影響研究很多[2-3,16-29],但在牧場尺度上,放牧季節(jié)對草原土壤呼吸的影響報道較少,且放牧強度多以定性的過牧或重牧、中牧、輕牧、禁牧或圍封等為主,而放牧強度與土壤呼吸之間的定量關系尚不明確。國內對于高寒草甸研究較多[15,23,29-31],但對高寒灌叢化研究較少。為此,研究祁連山北坡不同季節(jié)牧場土壤呼吸特征及與影響土壤呼吸因素之間的相互關系,并建立預測模型,為牧場碳匯管理提供理論依據(jù),還可為牧場科學管理決策提供理論支持。
1.1 研究區(qū)概況
研究區(qū)位于甘肅省肅南裕固族自治縣甘肅馬鹿(Cervuselaphuskansuensis)養(yǎng)殖場,有3個季節(jié)牧場,地處祁連山中段北麓,地理坐標38.8° N、99.6° E附近,平均海拔2 850 m。年均溫3.6 ℃,年均降水量253.0 mm,主要集中在6月-9月。牧草一般4月下旬返青,7月上旬進入生長旺盛期,9月上旬開始枯黃[19]。
1.2 樣地設置
試驗設在甘肅馬鹿的冬季牧場(winter pasture,WP)、春秋季牧場(spring-autumn pasture,SAP)和夏季牧場(summer pasture,SP)。根據(jù)草原綜合順序分類法[32],冬季和春秋季牧場屬于寒溫微干山地草原類,土壤為山地栗鈣土[33];夏季牧場屬于亞高山灌叢草甸,土壤屬于高山灌叢草甸土。冬季和春秋季牧場主要植物種為紫花針茅(Stipapurpurea)、短花針茅(S.breviflora)、扁穗冰草(Agropyroncristatum)、醉馬草(Achnatheruminebrians)、冷蒿(Artemisiafrigida)、賴草(Leymussecalinus)、銀灰旋花(Convolvulusammannii)和其它一些植物[9,34];夏季牧場主要植物種為鬼箭錦雞兒(Caraganajubata);冬季牧場的醉馬草、甘肅馬先蒿(Pediculariskansuensis)、狼毒(Stellerachamaejasme)和銀灰旋花等毒雜草分布廣泛,在牧場入口附近甚至是優(yōu)勢種或次優(yōu)勢種,退化嚴重。醉馬草僅分布在春秋季牧場入口附近,縱深區(qū)域較少,退化較輕;夏季牧場畜圈附近退化嚴重,醉馬草為優(yōu)勢種[35]。
冬季和春秋季牧場沿馬鹿采食的主要路線在距牧場入口0、300、600、900、1 200和1 500 m處共設6個樣地,向外呈放射狀形成放牧率由高到低的牧壓梯度。1個家畜單位(animal unit,AU)為1頭成年甘肅馬鹿母鹿(活體重200 kg左右)帶一只哺乳期的小鹿。依據(jù)家畜體量或采食量,將各年齡段馬鹿換算為標準家畜單位[34,36-37]。放牧率以單位放牧地面積上家畜單位與放牧時間(月month,M)的乘積(AUM)表示,分別得到冬季和春秋季牧場的放牧率(表1)[34,36-37]。1999年夏季從放牧開始,直至放牧結束,每隔2 h觀察一次馬鹿的放牧行為,記錄樣地內馬鹿數(shù)量和年齡。
冬季和春秋季牧場各樣地放牧率(stocking rate,SR)計算公式:
式中:SRi為樣地i的放牧率,SR為整個牧場的放牧率,F(xiàn)i為家畜在樣地i的出現(xiàn)頻率,n為樣地的總數(shù)[36-37]。
夏季牧場由南北走向的兩個小山及其間谷地組成,距離畜圈50和600 m,分別在東西方向上設置兩條樣帶,600 m樣帶位于50 m樣帶南側,海拔較50 m樣帶高50 m左右。每條樣帶分為坡頂、坡中、坡谷;根據(jù)坡向分為陽坡和陰坡(表2)。
1.3 測定方法
應用CI-301PS閉路系統(tǒng)的CI-301SR土壤呼吸室測定土壤呼吸。冬季牧場,1999年7月06:00-21:00,每隔2 h測定一次,每樣地每次隨機選擇5個樣點,每樣點測定5次,取平均值。春秋季牧場和夏季牧場,09:00-11:00測定一次,每樣地隨機布設5個樣點,每樣點測5個數(shù)據(jù)。同時測定氣溫、光照、土壤地表溫度、土壤含水量等數(shù)據(jù)。
土壤呼吸速率計算公式:
Rs=12 323.35×V×P/Δt×Ta×A.
式中:Rs為土壤呼吸速率[μmol·(m2·s)-1],V為體積流速(L·min-1),P為大氣壓力(Pa),Δt為測定間隔時間(Δt=30 s),Ta為空氣濕度(K),A為呼吸室面積(A=74.5 cm2)。
冬季牧場日均土壤呼吸速率:用測定的土壤呼吸速率對時間積分,取其時間平均值。
冬季和春季牧場在每個樣地隨機取5個(1 m×1 m)樣方,統(tǒng)計每個樣方中的植物種類,記錄每個植物種的投影蓋度,總蓋度=各個植物種的分蓋度之和。土樣采集與群落蓋度同步,每樣地用直徑5 cm土鉆取15鉆,0-40 cm深度每10 cm為一層,篩出根系,測定根系生物量[38]。
表1 祁連山北坡不同放牧率下冬季和春秋季牧場植物群落Table 1 Plant community in winter and spring-autumn pasture under different stocking rates on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
表2 祁連山北坡夏季牧場不同坡位植物群落Table 2 Plant community on the different slope positions in summer pasture on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析
用SPSS 20.0軟件,對祁連山北坡夏季不同季節(jié)牧場影響土壤呼吸因子及其與土壤呼吸之間進行相關性分析;運用LSD法分別對夏季牧場相同距離不同坡位、不同距離相同坡位土壤呼吸進行多重比較;利用通徑分析方法,分析影響土壤呼吸因子分別在冬季和春秋季牧場對土壤呼吸的直接和間接作用;采用多元回歸方法,建立影響土壤呼吸因子與土壤呼吸之間的回歸模型。用Microsoft Excel 2010軟件繪圖。
2.1 土壤呼吸特征
冬季牧場300 m樣地土壤呼吸日動態(tài)具有代表性,基本呈單峰曲線變化,14:00左右最高(圖1),與土壤溫度變化一致。
隨放牧率增加,冬季牧場日均土壤呼吸速率下降,春秋季牧場呈增加變化(圖2)。放牧率增加1 AUM·hm-2,冬季和春秋季牧場土壤呼吸分別減少0.014 2 μmol·(m2·s)-1和增加0.025 7 μmol·(m2·s)-1。
圖1 冬季牧場土壤呼吸和土壤溫度日動態(tài)Fig. 1 Daily dynamics of soil respiration and soil temperature in winter pasture on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
夏季牧場,相同坡位,離畜圈50 m的樣地土壤呼吸速率高于離畜圈600 m的樣地(P<0.05)(表3);相同距離不同坡位土壤呼吸不同。夏季牧場陰坡坡頂日均土壤呼吸速率[Rs=0.318μmol·(m2·s)-1]>坡谷[Rs=0.214 μmol·(m2·s)-1]>坡中[Rs=0.165 μmol·(m2·s)-1],陽坡坡中日均土壤呼吸速率[Rs=0.308 μmol·(m2·s)-1]>坡頂[Rs=0.243 μmol·(m2·s)-1]>坡谷[Rs=0.214 μmol·(m2·s)-1]。
圖2 冬季牧場和春季牧場放牧率與土壤呼吸速率的關系Fig. 2 The relationship between stocking rate and soil respiration in winter and spring-autumn pasture on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
2.2 影響土壤呼吸的因素分析
冬季牧場土壤呼吸速率與放牧率、土壤含水量和土壤溫度顯著相關(P<0.05)(表4),放牧率與土壤0-10 cm溫度顯著負相關(P<0.05);冬季牧場土壤呼吸速率與其含水量顯著正相關(P<0.05),與放牧率和土壤溫度顯著正相關(P<0.05)。
影響春秋季牧場土壤呼吸的因素較多,放牧率、光合有效輻射和土壤溫度與土壤呼吸顯著正相關(P<0.05),土壤含水量、群落蓋度與土壤呼吸顯著負相關(P<0.05)。
冬季牧場土壤呼吸通徑分析顯示(圖3),土壤含水量和溫度對冬季牧場土壤呼吸是直接作用,放牧對土壤呼吸是間接作用,土壤溫度相較于土壤含水量對土壤呼吸的直接作用較大,說明冬季牧場日均土壤呼吸速率土壤0-10 cm溫度變化較敏感。放牧主要通過改變土壤0-10 cm溫度間接影響冬季牧場土壤呼吸。
表3 祁連山北坡夏季牧場不同坡位土壤呼吸速率Table 3 Soil respiration on the different slope positions in summer pasture on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
注:不同小寫字母表示相同距離不同坡位之間差異顯著(P<0.05);不同大寫字母表示相同坡位不同距離之間差異顯著(P<0.05)。
Note: Different lowercase letters within the same distance indicate significant difference between different slope positions at the 0.05 level; different uppercase letters within the same slope position indicate significant difference between different distances at the 0.05 level.
通徑分析顯示,春秋季牧場放牧率、光合有效輻射、土壤溫度、土壤含水量和群落蓋度均對土壤呼吸產生直接作用,放牧率和光合有效輻射對土壤呼吸有間接作用(圖4)。群落蓋度對春秋季牧場的土壤呼吸的直接作用最大,放牧次之;光合有效輻射通過群落蓋度對土壤呼吸的間接作用較大,放牧通過土壤含水量對土壤呼吸的間接作用極顯著。可見,群落蓋度是春秋季牧場土壤呼吸主要限制因子。
冬季牧場分別以放牧率和土壤溫度、土壤溫度和土壤含水量預測土壤呼吸的兩個決定系數(shù)均在0.05水平上顯著,說明冬季牧場土壤呼吸可由其與放牧率和土壤溫度、土壤溫度和土壤含水量之間的多元回歸模型很好地預測(表5)。春秋季牧場光合有效輻射和群落蓋度預測土壤呼吸的決定系數(shù)在0.01水平上顯著,說明春秋季牧場土壤呼吸可由其與光合有效輻射和群落蓋度之間的多元回歸模型很好地預測。
表4 祁連山北坡冬季和春秋季牧場土壤呼吸影響因素之間的相關性分析Table 4 Correlation among the factors of affecting soil respiration in winter and spring-autumn pasture on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
注:右上部分是春秋季牧場;左下部分是冬季牧場。SR,放牧率;PAR,光合有效輻射;Ts,土壤溫度;SM,土壤含水量;C,群落蓋度;UB,地下生物量;Rs,土壤呼吸速率。
Note: Upper right part, spring-autumn pasture; lower left part, winter pasture. SR, stocking rate; PAR, photosynthetically available radiation; Ts, soil temperatute; SM, soil moisture; C, community coverage; UB, underground biomass; Rs, soil respiration.
間接作用Indirecteffect作用值EstimateP放牧率通過土壤溫度對土壤呼吸的作用EffectofSRonRsbyTs-0.92130.002
圖3 祁連山北坡冬季牧場土壤呼吸通徑分析
Fig. 3 The path analysis of soil respiration in winter pasture on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
注:實線為直接影響。*, **, ***分別表示在0.05、0.01和0.001水平上顯著。下圖同。
Note: Solid lines indicate direct effects. *, **, and *** indicate significant relationship at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively. similarly for the Fig. 4.
冬季和春秋季牧場在夏季的土壤呼吸速率與放牧率變化趨勢相反,可能由于冬季牧場放牧較重,破壞了土壤理化性狀,一方面土壤水分和有機碳下降,抑制土壤微生物和根系活動[37-38],另一方面牧草地上部分光合物質同化下降,向根系物質運輸減少,使根系活動減弱[33-34];春秋季牧場放牧較輕,家畜春季適度放牧減少了群落蓋度,改善了群落微氣候,到達地面的太陽輻射增強,土壤升溫較快,土壤呼吸強度隨之增大[39]。春秋季牧場土壤呼吸速率低于冬季牧場,表明其碳匯功能較強,可能與放牧強度較低有關。
從土壤呼吸速率、土壤含水量和土壤溫度相關性來看,冬季牧場土壤呼吸速率與土壤溫度顯著負相關,與短花針茅荒漠草原不同放牧制度下土壤呼吸速率與土壤溫度相關性[28]相同,而亞高山草甸在生長季節(jié)的土壤呼吸速率與土壤溫度正相關[29],這可能是由于土壤呼吸受多種生物、非生物因素影響有關。一些研究表明,當土壤濕度成為冬季牧場限制因子時,土壤呼吸對溫度的敏感性會降低[31,40];當土壤溫度較低時,增加冠層蓋度可提高土壤濕度,從而促進土壤呼吸[1]。雖然冬季和春秋季牧場的土壤含水量與土壤溫度均呈負相關關系,但冬季牧場的相關性不顯著,而春秋季牧場呈顯著負相關關系;這可能是土壤呼吸在小尺度范圍內受地形地貌[40]、植被[41]、土壤質地[42]以及土地利用方式[43]的影響,從而土壤呼吸表現(xiàn)出明顯空間變化特征;另一方面,由于不同植物、群落、土壤微氣候存在一定差異,而土壤溫度和水分均可通過影響土壤中的微生物活性及植被根系生長直接影響土壤呼吸作用[44-45]。
在內蒙古短花針茅荒漠草原,放牧削弱了土壤水分對土壤呼吸速率的影響,可能是放牧樣地由于牲畜的采食和踩踏,地上生物量和凋落物等減少,導致土壤表層溫度易升高,土壤水分降低[46]。但本研究中,冬季牧場放牧促進土壤表層溫度對土壤呼吸速率的影響,從而對土壤呼吸產生影響。
夏季牧場陰坡坡頂日均土壤呼吸速率大于坡谷大于坡中,陽坡坡頂日均土壤呼吸速率小于坡中但大于坡谷,這可能因為高寒灌叢草甸土壤水分充足,熱量是土壤呼吸的限制因子,放牧強度越大,群落透光性越好,土壤升溫越快,因此太陽輻射量越大,日均土壤呼吸速率越大[6,47]。
間接作用Indirecteffect作用值EstimateP放牧率通過土壤含水量對土壤呼吸的作用TheeffectofSRonRsbySM0.2716<0.00光合有效輻射通過群落蓋度對土壤呼吸的作用TheeffectofPARonRsbyC1.18050.019
圖4 祁連山北坡春秋季牧場土壤呼吸通徑分析Fig. 4 The path analysis of soil respiration in spring-autumn pasture on north slope of Qilian Mountains
注: Rs,土壤呼吸; SR,放牧率; Ts,土壤溫度; SM,土壤含水量; PAR, 光合有效輻射; C,群落蓋度。
Note: Rs, soil respiration; SR, stoking rate; Ts, soil temperatute; SM, soil moisture; PAR, photosynthetically available radiation; C, community coverage.
隨放牧率增大,冬季牧場土壤呼吸速率減小,春秋季和夏季牧場土壤呼吸速率增大。土壤呼吸主要影響因子,冬季牧場為放牧率、土壤含水量與土壤溫度,春秋季牧場為放牧率、光合有效輻射、土壤溫度、土壤含水量和群落蓋度,夏季牧場為坡位。冬季牧場的土壤含水量和土壤溫度分別對其土壤呼吸起正向直接作用和負向直接作用,放牧率通過土壤表層溫度對土壤呼吸起負向間接作用;春秋季牧場放牧率、土壤溫度、土壤含水量、群落蓋度主要對土壤呼吸起直接作用,光合有效輻射對土壤呼吸主要起間接作用;夏季牧場的土壤呼吸速率陰坡坡頂>坡谷>坡中,陽坡為坡中>坡頂>坡谷。冬季牧場Rs可分別由Rs=0.436-0.012Ts+0.018SM和Rs=0.707+0.002SR-0.02Ts估測;春秋季牧場Rs可由Rs=-0.239+0.003PAR-0.001C估測。
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(責任編輯 武艷培)
Soil respiration in three types of seasonal pastures in summer on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains
Guo Ya-rong1,2, Hou Fu-jiang1,2, Yu Ying-Wen1,2
(1.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-escosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; 2.Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China)
To facilitate the management of carbon sink, soil respiration and factors affecting it were measured and analysed in summer pasture, winter pasture, and spring-autumn pasture on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains in summer. Daily soil respiration (Rs) was 0.24, 0.19, and 0.26 μmol·(m2·s)-1in the winter pasture, spring-autumn pasture, and summer pasture, respectively. With increase in stocking rate, Rsdecreased in winter pasture, whereas that in the spring-autumn pasture and summer pasture revealed the opposite trend. In winter pasture, Rswas significantly positively correlated with soil moisture (SM) and significantly negatively correlated with stocking rate (SR) and soil temperature (Ts) (P<0.05). However, in spring-autumn pasture, Rswas significantly positively correlated with SR, photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), and SM (P<0.05), but significantly negatively correlated with soil temperature (Ts) and community coverage (C) (P<0.05). A structural model revealed that the indirect negative effect of SR by Tson Rswas higher than the direct positive effect of SM in winter pasture. The direct negative effect of C on Rswas higher than the direct positive effect of SR in spring-autumn pasture. In winter pasture, Rscan be estimated better by Tsand SM,Rs=0.436-0.012ST+0.018SM(R2=0.775,P=0.037). In spring-autumn pasture, Rscan be estimated better by PAR and C,Rs=-0.239+0.003PAR-0.001C(R2=0.979,P=0.004).
grazing; alpine grassland; alpine shrub meadow; soil repiration; soil temperature; soil moisture; photosynthetically available radiation
Hou Fu-jiang E-mail:cyhoufj@lzu.edu.cn
10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2016-0454
2016-08-31 接受日期:2017-05-04
教育部“創(chuàng)新團隊發(fā)展計劃”(IRT_17R50);國家科技支撐計劃項目(2012BAD13B05)
郭雅蓉(1993-),女,山西長治人,在讀碩士生,研究方向為作物-家畜綜合系統(tǒng)。E-mail:guoyr15@lzu.edu.cn
侯扶江(1971-),男,河南扶溝人,教授,博士,研究方向為草地-家畜生產系統(tǒng)。E-mail:cyhoufj@lzu.edu.cn
S152
A
1001-0629(2017)08-1561-10
郭雅蓉,侯扶江,于應文.祁連山北坡3個季節(jié)性牧場夏季的土壤呼吸.草業(yè)科學,2017,34(8):1561-1570.
Guo Y R,Hou F J,Yu Y W.Soil respiration in three types of seasonal pastures in summer on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(8):1561-1570.
前植物生產層