黎燕敏

（長江師范學院 文學院，重慶 408100）

大數(shù)據時代《大學語文》多元化教學探究

黎燕敏

（長江師范學院 文學院，重慶 408100）

大數(shù)據時代，《大學語文》中的經典作品需要借助學生喜聞樂見的教學方式解讀、展示和演繹，從而真正提升學生的人文素養(yǎng)。cMOOC、PBL和FCM均為以學生為主體的教學手段，其效果在不同層次、不同學科得到驗證和推廣?！洞髮W語文》教學需針對不同學科背景的學生，引進多元化教學方式，采用多元化教學設計，利用多向度教學技術，多維度地實現(xiàn)學生人文素養(yǎng)的提升。

大學語文；多元化教學；cMOOC；PBL；FCM

在3D打印、大數(shù)據、機器人作業(yè)、無人機攝影的時代，用“犁耕耬種”“肩扛牛拉”的方式進行生產勞作顯然是落后的。然而在《大學語文》課堂中，這種情況卻并行存在，甚至部分教師以文學的獨特性為由拒絕使用新教學工具，以“一個教案用5年”的方式抗拒著新技術帶來的教學變革，也正是這種“穩(wěn)健”導致以“讀圖”“聲色”為閱讀習慣的“90后”逐步失去學習興趣。大數(shù)據時代語文教學與信息技術相接軌，會將大學語文教學帶上一個新的高度。

一、《大學語文》教學創(chuàng)新存在的不足

《大學語文》是古今優(yōu)秀作品的匯聚，是國人培養(yǎng)大學生人文情懷的重要載體，也是最能吸引大一新生投入精力學習的公共基礎課程之一。然而在實際教學中，《大學語文》的受喜愛程度遠低于《大學英語》等公共基礎性課程。

（一）《大學語文》教學創(chuàng)新程度不足

《大學語文》教學理念創(chuàng)新性探索與英語、思想政治、計算機公共基礎課類課程存在明顯的差距。以中國期刊網（CNKI）檢索結果為例，在核心期刊檢索中，大學語文教學、教改文章為583篇，英語為19871篇，思想政治為5276篇，計算機為7659篇，教學創(chuàng)新研究成果差距懸殊；在CSSCI期刊檢索中，英語為8047篇，思想政治2411篇，計算機1997篇，大學語文僅132篇；在CSSCI引用TOP10（教學成果引用頻次均在1000次以），大學英語直接研究成果占4篇，大學語文教學創(chuàng)新文章最高引用頻次僅100多次。見表1。因此，《大學語文》創(chuàng)新成果的篇數(shù)、創(chuàng)新質量以及頂級引用排行方面，均落后于其他3大公共基礎學科，教學教法創(chuàng)新成果的不足，嚴重制約了大學語文與時俱進的教學創(chuàng)新。

表1 公共基礎課教學研究成果比對表

（二）《大學語文》教學新工具應用不夠

生產工具直接影響著生產的效率，不同的教學工具產生的教學效果差異明顯。英語教學積極引進國內外先進的教學方式，如PBL教學、xMOOC教學、翻轉課堂等，并廣泛使用互聯(lián)網、英語教學數(shù)據庫、英語教學云平臺、MOOC平臺等資源，使得原本枯燥無味的外語學習，具有與時俱進的時代特性，并形成良好的教學效果。思想政治教育十分注重與時俱進，積極引入分眾式教學、互動教學、實踐導向型教學等，擁有十分豐富的網絡共享、云平臺資源，也取得了不錯的教學效果?！洞髮W語文》教學工具應用略顯不足，慕課資源相對稀缺，網絡共享型教學資源比較有限，語文教學仍以“口傳身授＋PPT”的靜態(tài)展示方式為主，以課堂知識傳授為核心，傳統(tǒng)的封閉半封閉教學環(huán)境使學生的參與度相對較低，學生學習的主動性不強。

（三）《大學語文》教學設計人文性不強

隨著社會的發(fā)展，教育更加注重對人的生命的關懷。然而，肩負大學生人文情懷培養(yǎng)重任的大學語文，在教學過程中仍不少教師以工具性和知識性作為大學語文教學的核心內容，以知識建構性、語法、詞語、語境方面的闡釋為主，缺少網絡資源、影視作品、音樂話劇、專家視頻等資源的引入，造成人文性講解演繹方面明顯不足，甚至把語文和生活對立起來[1]。人文性是大學語文根本的屬性，人文性傳授和培養(yǎng)的不足，使得大學語文教學內容顯得適應性不強，造成學生對大學語文學習失去興趣，進而通過通過感興趣的電影、電視劇、歌曲、文學作品等自我修煉，使得大學語文失去原本的引導性。

二、《大學語文》多元化教學的可行性分析

新技術提升生產率，教學新技術應用重在提升教學的實際效果。有效教學具有技術依附性，當嫻熟的技術表現(xiàn)為一種參與到情境中的方式，就會大大提升教學的有效性[2]?！洞髮W語文》引進多元化教學方式，能更有效地促進教學效果的提升。

（一）cMOOC在大學語文教學運用的可行性分析

“一千個讀者眼中有一千個哈姆雷特”，cMOOC以師生共創(chuàng)共享為核心，強調基于主題的創(chuàng)新活動，對大學語文教學有很強的適用性。MOOC（Massive Open Online Course，大規(guī)模在線開放課程）是2008年在開放教育領域出現(xiàn)一種新型課程模式，MOOC體現(xiàn)了開放教育資源從單純資源到課程與教學的轉變[3]。MOOC分為cMOOC和xMOOC兩種模式，cMOOC主要基于主題設計教學內容，學習方面?zhèn)戎赜谥R的建構與創(chuàng)新，學習者與教師共同參與課前和課堂教學活動，課堂以解讀和成果展示的方式互動，成為師生共創(chuàng)、共享的交流平臺，教師以綜合評估的方式對學習效果進行測試，主要適用于哲學、文學、藝術等類課堂。xMOOC主要基于教學內容設計教學活動，以知識掌握和傳播為核心內容，通過視頻、作業(yè)和測試引導強化學生對知識的掌握程度，課堂上師生關系明確，老師以答疑和引領學生探索知識的方式開展教學活動，以題庫測試和課程測試的方式測評教學效果和學生對知識的掌握程度。因而，cMOOC對大學語文教學活動有很強的適用性，能夠以興趣為導向構建學生的人文情懷解讀—認同—共享體系。見表2。

表2 cMOOC與xMOOC比較分析

（二）PBL在大學語文教學運用的可行性分析

“興趣是最好的老師”，PBL的核心在于激發(fā)學生學習積極性和主動性，對大學語文學習興趣的培養(yǎng)有很強的適用性。PBL（Problem-based Learning）教學法是基于項目/問題的學習方法，旨在轉變教師與學生的課堂角色，形成以學生“自主學習”為核心的小組學習方式。PBL以問題為導向，以項目為組織形式的學習方法，這是激發(fā)學生學習積極性和主動性的重要來源，也為學習提供了理論聯(lián)系實踐的空間和情景[4]。PBL強調知識的獲取需要學生主動去體驗，是一個探究和累積的過程[5]。大學語文選材涉及范圍寬泛，易于形成以問題為導向的教學場景，讓學生身置其中盡情發(fā)揮解讀。如華東師范大學出版社《大學語文》（增訂版）設有品格胸懷、為政愛國、社會民生、人生世態(tài)、親情人性、愛情婚姻、傳記逸事、懷古詠史、寫景游記、論文品藝、中國小說、外國小說等12個教學模塊127篇文章，每篇文章背后都有巨大的延伸拓展空間。因而，PBL是激發(fā)學生積極性和主動性的重要方式，對大學語文教學具有很強的適用性，文學作品能夠形成以問題為導向的小組學習形式，讓學生在書籍知識、文學作品、影視作品、音樂方面等獲取資源、共享解讀成果，在自學中提升自己的語文素養(yǎng)。

（三）FCM在大學語文教學的可行性分析

2011年，薩爾曼·可汗（Salman Khan）提出了FCM（Flipped Class Model，翻轉課堂教學模式），即通過對教學結構的顛倒安排，真正實現(xiàn)個性化教學[6]。學生成為教學活動的主角，教師則真正地上升為學生學習的組織者、幫助者和指導者[7]。教師需要通過課堂設計延伸課堂的空間，培養(yǎng)學生在課前、課中和課后的學習主動性，指導學生擴大學習范圍，讓學生不僅限于教材和教師傳授的內容。課堂作為學生成果的匯報、展示和測試的平臺，翻轉課堂通過教師和學生角色的顛倒使得教師的責任更大了，這種課堂中需要的是有責任、有愛心、懂設計的專業(yè)教育者[8]。“因材施教”，F(xiàn)CM顛覆了傳統(tǒng)課堂教師為核心的教學模式，轉變?yōu)橐詫W生為核心，教師是學生學習的組織者、幫助者和指導者，以因材施教、因人施教的方式，使得大學語文以人文情懷培養(yǎng)成為可能。因此，對學生因材施教，鼓勵學生人文情懷修養(yǎng)的個性化發(fā)展的FCM范式，適用于大學語文教學活動。

表3 FCM師生教學活動任務一覽表

三、《大學語文》的多元化教學改革

長期習慣了以講為主的教學設計和教學方式，突然轉向以學生為主體的活動設計和教學方式，必然會引起很大的不適應[9]?！洞髮W語文》教學同樣存在這一困境，教師必須積極適應大數(shù)據時代教師與學生角色的變化，努力實現(xiàn)向多元化教學設計、多向度教學技術探究、多維度人文素養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)的轉變。

（一）多元化教學內容設計

大學語文教學要選擇不同的教學工具，進行有針對性的教學活動，才能取得較好的效果。普通本科院?；驹O有10余個學科大類，數(shù)十個專業(yè)類別，文科、理工、藝體學科齊全，不同學科之間差異巨大，造成大學語文教學課程設計和教學的難度。大學語文教學應從3個向度進行差異化教學。第一，語文基礎及對課文的理解能力。整體而言文科學生表現(xiàn)相對較好，理科同學表現(xiàn)一般，藝體同學對大學語文的理解能力較差。第二，對大學語文學習興趣。整體而言文科同學保持較高的學習興趣，理科同學一般，藝體較差。第三，男女同學對課文講解需求存在差異，男生相對理性，女同學相對感性，教師課文解讀的需求存在差異。見表4。因此，在具體教學過程中，需要有針對性的教學設計。選擇適合的教學工具和方式開展教學活動，如藝體類學生更適合音樂視頻解讀、情景劇展示等FCM的教學方式；理工類同學更適合問題導向是教學活動，通過PBL問題引導的方式開展課堂教學；文科類學生更適合對學習主動性要求高、創(chuàng)造性強、共享性強的cMOOC教學方式，能更好地發(fā)揮文科基礎好、興趣高、創(chuàng)作欲望強的優(yōu)勢。

表4 不同學科大學語文學習狀況一般性分析

（二）多向度教學技術探索

語文教育是很傳統(tǒng)的學科，有著豐厚的歷史積淀和強大的人才和學科優(yōu)勢，有著完備的教學體系和成熟的教學方式，教師也有著對教學內容深度的熟悉和和扎實的理論功底。但有時候優(yōu)勢可能成為劣勢，在信息化造就學生的“讀圖”“聲色”和多視角解讀的習慣下，傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢已不適應新的教學環(huán)境。在教學模式探索方面，楊吉春總結多種大學語文教學模式：個別化教學模式、創(chuàng)造性教學模式、網絡化教學模式、“談話式”教學模式等[10]。因此，大學語文教學需轉變教學理念，積極順應時代需求，結合教學實踐在教學新工具、新技術、新模式方面強化探索，并在實踐中不斷完善。

（三）多維度人文素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng)

“文學是人學”，大學語文歸根結底是提升人文素養(yǎng)的教育，在學科大類、專業(yè)、學習基礎和興趣差異巨大的情況下，如何促進學生個體差異化任務素質培養(yǎng)，成為大學語文教學最大的問題，也是促使其教學革新的核心動力。無論是cMOOC、PBL還是FCM的教學革新，都是以學生為核心的教學組織活動，并進一步改善了教師的課堂角色。老師不僅要能借助現(xiàn)代教學技術手段，很好地詮釋生命與感性，將過去與現(xiàn)在有機地融為一體，揭示出作品何以經久不衰的奧秘[11]，更要讓學生沁入其中、親身體悟，并通過學生的差異化闡釋，在學生中激發(fā)情感共鳴，完成內化，況且每個學生的情感內化過程都無人可代。因此，以學生為學習主體、課堂主體、內化基點的人文素養(yǎng)教學是大學語文教學的根基，是多維度培養(yǎng)學生人文素養(yǎng)的切入點。

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[責任編輯：慶 來]

Xi Jinping’s Thinking on the Education of Ideal and Belief among Youth

LIU Shu-hao

(School of Marxism,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China)

Abstract:Attaching importance to the education of ideal and belief among youth has always been a fine tradition in CPC ideological and political work.Since the 18th CPC National Congress,Xi Jinping has made a series important expositions in which he insists that youth be educated to realize the importance of ideal and belief,establish the consciousness of scientific ideal and belief,and firmly promote ideal and belief.The new concept and thought contained in the expositions have not only innovated and developed Marxist education of ideal and belief,but also have given youth a clear direction for striving.It is of great theoretical value and practical significance to the ideological and political work in universities to make a scientific study and comprehension of Xi Jinping’s expositions on the educational theory and practice of ideal and belief among youth.

Key words:Xi Jinping;youth;education of ideal and belief among youth;thinking mode

An Annual Report of Research of China’s Chieftain System and Culture in 2016 Research and Innovation Team of China’s Chieftain System and Culture,

(Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:Researches of China’s chieftain system and culture have sprung up like mushroom.The researches in 2016 mainly include the following aspects:the basic theory and method,China’s chieftain system,the change from chieftain to flowing officials,China’s chieftain culture,case study of China’s chieftain;places of applying for world heritage and figures of chieftain system.All the researches have highlighted focus and hot spot in the researches of China chieftain system.and presented the major features and main content.On the one hand,these researches have provided support and reference for the establishment of“the study of chieftain” ,and on the other hand,they have reflected the development trajectory and veining of the researches of China’s chieftain system and culture.

Key words:China’s chieftain system;chieftain culture;research;scientific research report

Scrambling for position of Yongning Chieftain System and the Relationship between Guizhou and Sichuan in Ming Dynasty

Yan Bing-zhen

（College of History and Culture,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610064;College of Humanities,Anshun University,Anshun,Guizhou 561000,China）

Abstract:The scrambling for position of Yongning chieftain system lasted for about thirty years in the Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty.Yongning chieftain and the chieftains around related to each other by marriage，and these chieftains belonged to Guizhou and Sichuan respectively，therefore,two provinces had a lot of disputes for the position of Yongning chieftain system.

Key words:Ming Dynasty;Yongning chieftain System;succession;Sichuan Province;Guizhou Province

A Survey of Collecting,Reorganizing,Investigating and Researching of Baiheliang Inscriptions

ZENG Chao

(Editorial Department of Journal of Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:As a world-level cultural heritage,Baiheliang with its inscriptions has received a lot of attention from scholars and experts who have scored a great many achievements.Putting their academic achievements in order will be conducive to deepening the researches of Baiheliang inscriptions and accelerating the process of Baiheliang’s application for the status of world heritage.

Key words:Baiheliang inscriptions;review;deepening

Tourism Development and the Direction for the Cultural Construction of Ethnic Village--Based on the Field Experience in Siquan Miao Village in Youyang

LIU An-quan

(Research Center for the Development and Exploitation of Feature Resources in Wuling Mountain Area.Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:Under the guidance of the government,the tourism development of Miao village in Shiquan,Youyang,has taken a great leap and is moving on a scientific and standardized track.Based on the investigation of cultural change of tourism development of Miao village in the initial stage,the writer finds that the development of tourism industry has indeed promoted the development of ethnic village culture and highlighted its feature.Survey and publicity of tourism resources of Miao villages have made the culture of Miao village increasingly clear.More importantly,tourism development has made the villagers realize the value of cultural heritage itself,which,the writer believes,will have a profound impact on the cultural development of ethnic villages.

Key words:ethnic village;tourism development;cultural construction;cultural characteristics

Practicing Morals of History--An Investigation Centered on Governance History of Three Books

LI Dong-hui

(Institute of Science History and Science&Culture,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

Abstract:Scholars have benefited a lot from Yan Genwang’s gratitude to the predecessors and admonishment to young students expressed in his Governance of Three Books,which reflected his great personality as a man and his pursuit of academy.As a pure scholar,Mr.Yan had practiced the connotation of history moral all his life.

Key words:Yan Genwang;Governance History of Three Books;moral of history

A Textual Research of Pangzao Family,a Non-Chinese Nationality,from Epitaphs in Tang Dynasty

ZHANG Hai-yan

(Special Document Storage Center,Chongqing Library,Chongqing 40037,China)

Abstract:While clearing the unearthed epitaph,the writer of this article finds that among the epitaphs of the surname of Pang,many were from Gaoche family—a non-Chinese family called Pang family from Henan.Among the epitaphs,some members of the non-Chinese family purposely used Chinese as their nationality,causing confusion between Chinese Pang family and non-Chinese Pang Family.The newly unearthed Pang De epitaphs and the epitaphs of Pang Baozi,Pang Renxun,and Pang Ji which were unearthed in earlier period were all the descendants of non-Chinese Fang Zhao Family.From the epitaphs,we can link the Pang Zhao family in the Northern and Southern Dynasties(420-589)with their descendants in Tang Dynasty,providing a clear pedigree of family members,which can enrich the character appearances of non-Chinese people in Tang Dynasty,and help come to a different conclusion from Xiao Biao,and at the same time correct the mistakes in History of Sui Dynasty and History of Tang Dynasty.

Key words:epigraphs in Tang Dynasty;non-Chinese nationality;Pangzhao family;textual research

Novel as Thought and Philosophical Action--Aesthetical Pursuit of Literature Memory since 1990s

ZHANG Yu-hua

(College of Literature,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:Literature writing since 1990s has embodied the writers’unique aesthetic pursuit.Researching from the perspective of thought and philosophy,we can better understand the writers’holistic understanding of the history and judgment of its value.With profound life experience and rich imagination,writers explore the cultural psychology of Chinese nationality,and the survival mode and spiritual world of man,which has enabled their novels to get substantial breakthrough and innovation.However,over-exaggeration of writers’consciousness and sharp intellectual analysis or contradiction to historical subject cognition will lead to abstractness and complanation of novel,and thus further lose its artistic expressiveness and infectivity and is of representative significance.

Key words:novels in1990s;memory of literature;depth of thought;aesthetical pursuit

A Semiotic Interpretation of the Image of Jigger in Hills like White Elephants

YANG Hong-mei

(Changsha University,Changsha,Hunan 410003,China)

Abstract:Hemingway is well-known for his successful creation of male image,but he can also surpass the male view to express his understanding of and sympathy with female.Observing from the perspective of semiotics,this paper comes to the conclusion that Hemingway has successfully created a female character who is not only a drifter of life,but also a struggler void of love.The represented female image is marginalized by the society and affection.

Key words:Hills like White Elephants;female;semiotics;iceberg theorem

Exploring the Efforts to Prove the Existence of God in Christian Philosophy in Middle Ages

LI Yin-bing,LUO Jin-ji

(School of Marxism,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang 580001,China)

Abstract:God,as the most metaphysical concept in western culture,has played an important role in the development of the history in the west.Christian philosophers in middle ages attempted to prove the existence of God in a rational way and attempted to combine the God in their belief with the God in knowledge system.However,they hardly expected that their efforts failed to prove the existence of God,but instead proved the nonexistence of God,and has consequently led to the disappearance of God in modern western society.Therefore,the efforts to prove the existence of God was accidental but the propelling rational development behind the action was inevitable.

Key words:middle age;“existence of God” ;Christian philosophy;action of proving

An Analysis of Xunzi's Critical Thinking Tendency and Limit

TIAN Hua-yin,LI Fang

(School of Political Science and History,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:Critical thinking is a thinking consciousness,thinking skill and thinking temperament.Based on independence of individual,it is a thinking state of finding,analyzing,and solving problems.Through analysis of theory and social activities of Hsun-Tzu，the writers of this article find that the eminent thinker and politician was in many aspects endowed with outstanding critical thinking,including independence and equality，truth-seeking and legitimacy,openness and creativity,reality and practicality,comprehensiveness and integrity.However,Hsun-Tzu's critical thinking tendency has limitations of history,the exploration of which is conducive to expanding our understanding of Hsun-Tzu’s thinking mode,ideas and temperament,as well as of Confucianism and traditional ideology and culture of Pre-Qin period.

Key words:Hsun-Tzu;critical thinking;theory of evil human nature;etiquette

[英文編輯：曾文武]

Connotation of Xi Jinping’s Strategic Thought about Poverty-relief and Development

YAO Yuan-he

(Party School of CPC Qianjiang District Committee,Chongqing 409000,China)

Geminated in his youth in Yan’an,developed in his administration in Fujian and Zhejiang,and matured after the 18th CPC National Congress,Xi Jinping’s strategic thought about poverty-relief and development includes the theories about essential requirements,short slab of folk,poverty relieving,inner motive power,overcoming difficulties with co-efforts,eliminating poverty from the root,and other important theories.His theories are a profound reflection of Marxist outlook of world and methodology,and have become the guide to poverty relief and development in China’s Thirteenth Five Year Plan.

Xi Jinping’s thought about poverty-relief;development vein;rich connotation

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1674-3652（2017）04-0141-04

2017-04-22

黎燕敏，女，重慶石柱人。主要從事語言與文化研究。