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        定語從句中關系詞的選擇

        2017-09-01 14:41:33董晨
        廣東教育·高中 2017年8期
        關鍵詞:指人中作先行

        董晨

        定語從句是用來修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。它一般都跟在所修飾的名詞或代詞的后面,被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞,引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。

        關系詞的選擇取決于先行詞在從句中所作的成分,若先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語或定語,則選擇關系代詞;若先行詞在從句中作狀語,則選擇關系副詞。

        一、關系代詞的選擇

        1. Tom is a boy who (that) studies hard.

        指人,作主語

        2. Jane is a girl whom (that) you can trust.

        指人,作trust的賓語

        3. Bob is the boy whose father is a pilot.

        指人,作定語

        4. A plane is a machine which (that) can fly.

        指物,作主語

        5. Is this the book which (that) you bought yesterday?

        指物,作賓語

        6. My uncle bought a house, whose roof (=the roof of which) was green. 指物,作定語

        注意:

        1. 若先行詞在從句中作賓語時,關系代詞可以省略。如例2和例5兩句中的關系代詞都可以省略。

        2. 一般說來,無論先行詞是指人還是指物,也不論代表先行詞的關系代詞在從句中作主語還是作賓語,都可以用that,但需注意的是,that還有“六用,三不用”原則。

        六用

        (1)當先行詞是指事物的anything, everything, nothing, none, all, few, little, much等不定代詞,或先行詞被any, every, no, all, few, little, much修飾的事物名詞時,多用that。如:

        I cannot learn anything that does not interest me.

        Ive read all the books that were borrowed from the library.

        (2)當先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right/just, one of等修飾時,多用that。如:

        This is the very book that I am looking for.

        This is the only watch that I have.

        (3)當先行詞既有人又有物時,宜用that。如:

        They talked about the persons and the things that they remembered in the school.

        (4)當先行詞為序數(shù)詞或先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時,多用that。如:

        It was the first skyscraper that was designed by our own engineers.

        (5)當先行詞為形容詞最高級或先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時,多用that。如:

        Shakespeare is the greatest English writer that ever lived.

        (6)當主句是以who 或which 開頭的特殊疑問句時,為避免重復,多用that。如:

        Who is the lady that is talking to our teacher?

        Which is the house that caught fire last night?

        注意:一個句子中含有兩個定語從句,一個關系代詞用that,另一個用which。如:

        Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

        三不用

        (1)先行詞是指人的one, anyone, everyone, those, people, he等,或指人的先行詞位于there be之后時,用who 或whom,不用that。如:

        He who laughs last laughs best.

        God helps those who help themselves.

        One who has travelled far and wide will probably have a broad outlook.

        We should forgive people who hurt us.

        Is there anybody else who should be invited?

        (2)直接位于介詞之后, 用which或whom,不能用that。如:

        Here is the car about which I told you.

        Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?

        (3)在非限制性定語從句中,用who, whom, which,不能用that。如:

        I have lost my pen, which I like very much.

        二、關系副詞的選擇

        1. 當先行詞是表示時間的名詞,且在定語從句中作時間狀語時,用when。如:

        October 1st,1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.

        注意:有時雖然先行詞是表示時間的名詞,但如果定語從句中缺少的是主語或賓語,此時應使用關系代詞。請比較:

        I will never forget the days when I worked in the city.

        先行詞 作時間狀語

        I will never forget the days (that /which) I spent in the city.

        先行詞 作賓語

        2. 當先行詞是表示地點的名詞,且在定語從句中作地點狀語時,用where。如:

        Everyone wants to visit the place where Lu Xun once lived.

        注意:where 和when 一樣,在定語從句中只能充當狀語;否則,必須用關系代詞。請比較:

        This is the factory where my father worked last year.

        先行詞 作地點狀語

        This is the factory (that /which) my father visited last year.

        先行詞 作賓語

        3. 當先行詞為reason,且在定語從句中作原因狀語時,用why。如:

        The reason why she told a lie is unknown.

        注意:當在句中不是作狀語,而是作主語或賓語時,用that。請比較:

        The reason why he was late for class is that he got up late.

        先行詞 作原因狀語

        The reason that/which he gave us was hard to accept.

        先行詞 作賓語

        即學即練:

        1. This is the school __________we visited yesterday.

        2. This is the school ____________ my father works.

        3. The boy ______ parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.

        4. Can you see the house of______ the window face the south?

        5. This is the very thing _______ I am looking for.

        6. Who is the man _______ spoke to you at the gate?

        7. I believe the reason ___________he likes traveling.

        8. I believe the reason ___________he gave me for his decision.

        9. The way _______ he explained to us was very simple.

        10. The way _______ he explained the sentence to us was very simple.

        參考答案:1. that / which 2. where / in which 3. whose 4. which 5. that 6. that 7. why / for which 8. that / which 9. that / which 10. that /in which

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