大連市第二十四中學(xué)　胡穎

語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。英語(yǔ)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。比如：If I were you，I would study English harder.現(xiàn)將虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法做簡(jiǎn)要的總結(jié)和歸納。

一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句的用法

條件句有兩類，一類是真實(shí)條件句；一類是非真實(shí)條件句，也就是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實(shí)條件句，謂語(yǔ)要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go to the park.如果假設(shè)的情況是過去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)聿淮罂赡馨l(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。如If he had seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it.在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，列表如下：

從句（條件句）　主句（結(jié)果句）與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)動(dòng)詞過去式be一般用were would should+動(dòng)詞原形could might與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)had+過去分詞would should+have+過去分詞could might與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)動(dòng)詞過去式should+動(dòng)詞原形were to+動(dòng)詞原形would should+動(dòng)詞原形could might

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：

If I knew his exact address，I would take the parcel to him without hesitation.

與過去事實(shí)相反：

If he had followed the professor's advice，he would have got his doctor's degree in physics.

與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)從句形式較多，舉例說明如下 ：

Ifitweretosnowtomorrow，thepicnic would be canceled.

If it should snow tomorrow，the picnic would be canceled.

If it snowed tomorrow，the picnic would be canceled.

虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下4種特殊情況：

1.如果從句中含有助動(dòng)詞had/should/were，可以省略if，把助動(dòng)詞移到從句的句首采用局部倒裝語(yǔ)序：

Were it to snow tomorrow，our picnic would be canceled.

Should it snow tomorrow，our picnic would be canceled.

Had it not been for the snow，we would have had a picnic.

2.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)態(tài)的條件句

有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，這時(shí)需要根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境采用表示不同時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞形式。

If she had taken the doctor's advice，she might be all right now.

If I were you，I would have chosen a different profession.

3.含蓄條件句

有時(shí)候假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表示出來，而是通過介詞短語(yǔ)來表示。

Without air （=If there were no air）， there would be no living things.

But for your help（=If it hadn't been for your help）， I couldn't have succeeded.

4.表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句或從句有時(shí)可以省略，通過上下文可以推知。

I was busy preparing for the final exam that day.Otherwise I would have participated in the party.（由otherwise可推知省略了條件句If I hadn't been busy.）

這種句式也被稱為“前實(shí)后虛”，前面句子是真實(shí)發(fā)生的事，后面句子用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

We could have gone shopping but the schedule was too tight.（省略了 If the schedule hadn't been too tight.）

We could have walked there.The taxi was not necessary at all.（省略了 If we had wanted to.）

這種句式也被稱為“前虛后實(shí)”，前面句子用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，后面句子是真實(shí)發(fā)生的事。

二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用

1.Wish后面賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)的某種形式。

表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望用一般過去式，系動(dòng)詞用were；

表示對(duì)過去的愿望用“had+過去分詞”；

表示對(duì)將來的愿望用“would/could+動(dòng)詞原形”。

比如：

He wishes he were Bill Gates.

They wish they had met each other earlier.

I wish I would go to the moon.

2.在表示建議、要求、愿望、命令、堅(jiān)持（advise，command， demand， urge， decide， desire，insist，order， prefer，propose， request，require，suggest）等動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句，或這些動(dòng)詞的同源名詞后面所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中，從句謂語(yǔ)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。如：

The doctor advised that he change his job because it had caused too much pressure to him.

The young man insisted that I（should） go with him to see the result of the experiment he had been doing.

在這些動(dòng)詞中比較特殊的是suggest和insist，因?yàn)樗鼈冞€有其他的意思：suggest還可以表示 “暗示、表明”；insist還有“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”的意思，這個(gè)時(shí)候它們的賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，因此要依據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境來判斷。

He insisted that he was innocent and that he should be set free.

His pale face suggested that he was not feeling well.

3.在would rather后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)常常用過去時(shí)來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時(shí)表示過去的情況。如：

—Shall I open the window?

—I'd rather you didn't.

George is going to talk about the geography of his country，but I'd rather he focused more on its culture.

4.在 It is+形容詞（important， necessary， good，right， wrong， natural， proper， strange， surprising等）+that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

It is important that you（should） know all the traffic regulations.

Don't you think it necessary that he （should）be sent to hospital without delay?

三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在狀語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用

1.if only引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

if only與 I wish一樣，也用于表示愿望，其后所接虛擬語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)態(tài)與 wish后所接時(shí)態(tài)的情況相同。如：

If only I had more time to stay with my son!

If only Peter would go with us for the summer vacation!

Look at the trouble I am in!If only I had followed your advice.

2.as if（as though）引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

as if（as though）引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句可用陳述語(yǔ)氣，也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

① as if從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣的情況。

當(dāng)說話者所述的是真實(shí)的或極有可能發(fā)生或存在的事實(shí)時(shí)。比如：

It sounds as if it is raining.

② as if從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的情況。

當(dāng)說話人認(rèn)為句子所述的是不真實(shí)的或極少有可能發(fā)生或存在的情況時(shí)。從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的形式如下：

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞用were。如：

He talks as if he were the ruler of the whole world.

與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 “had+過去分詞”。如：

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.

表示將來發(fā)生的可能性不大，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would （could， might）+動(dòng)詞原形”。如：

He looks as if he would eat the rabbit whole.

3.目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

① 以in order that，so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)多用“could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”，在口語(yǔ)中常用“can/could+動(dòng)詞原形”。

She took a taxi so that she could get there on time.

② 以lest，for fear that和in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用 “（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。

She took an umbrella with her lest/for fear that/in case it should rain.

四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他形式中的使用

1.It's time that句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

在It's time that句型中，從句謂語(yǔ)通常用一般過去時(shí)或should+動(dòng)詞原形（should不能省略），其意為“（早）該做某事了”。如：

It'shightimethatweleftthisdangerous place.

2.在 would/had rather，would（just）as soon，would sooner和 would prefer結(jié)構(gòu)中，也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。共同特點(diǎn)是：表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪龅氖?，從句中?dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)；表示過去的情況，則用過去完成時(shí)。

I'd rather you left tomorrow.

I would rather I had bought the dictionary last week.

3.表示“祝愿”“祝?！钡鹊木渥赢?dāng)中。如：

May you have a good journey!

Long live our friendship!

God bless you!

五、強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

1.If only I----（know） how to operate a computer as you do!

2.But for your help， I----（not find） where the bank was.

3.Frankly， I'd rather you----（not do） anything about it for the time being.

4.Don'thandlethevaseasifit----（be）made of steel.

5.----it----（not be） for your laziness， you could have finished the task now.

6.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe----（do）nothing wrong and----（set） free.

7.（2013 天津）If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before， he----（be） able to speak it much more fluently now.

8.It is essential that these application forms----（send） back as early as possible.

9.I didn't know he was deaf，or else I----（not say） that.

10.The committee urged that the matter----（discuss） at the next meeting.

11.（2013 重慶） -It rained cats and dogs this morning.I'm glad we took an umbrella.

-Yeah，we would have got wet all over if we----（have）.

12.（2016 浙江）Had the governments and the scientists not worked together，AIDS-related deaths----（not fall） since their highest in 2005.

13.How I wish I----（have） the chance to watch the football games with my father，who was a reporter there.

14.It is high time that we----（protect） our environment.

15.Ifwe----（book）atableearlier，we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.

16.Were it not for the fact that he----（not sing） well， we would invite him to the party.

17.-The weather has been very hot and dry.-Yes.If it had rained even a drop，things would be much better now!

And my vegetables----（die）.

18.He suggested that management----（strengthen）to promote the process of the projects.

19.It's too bad that my computer has got a new virus.If only I----（run） that program!

20.The passengers on the bus remained silent.Otherwise， the thief----（catch） red-handed.

（答案：1.knew2.wouldn't have found

3.didn't do4.were 5.Had； not been 6.did； be set 7.would be8.be sent9.would not have said

10.be discussed11.hadn't had12.wouldn't have fallen13.had had14.protected15.had booked 16.doesn'tsing17.wouldn'thavedied18.be strengthened19.hadn't run20.would have been caught）

What life would be if there_____1_（be）no telephone?

Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.Some think it is good for students to bring a mobile phone.But some people do not think so.If a mobile phone______2_（ring） in the class， the teacher and students_3__（disturb）.We must turn itoffinclass，otherwisesuchathing______4（happen）.If it had not been for your warning， I_5_（make） such a mistake yesterday.

What's worse，if the young people should depend on mobile phones to communicate with each other in an extreme way，the whole society___6___（go）unconcerned.

___7__the electronic communication replace the face-to-face contact，people's life would go empty and boring， meanwhile there___8___（be）a danger that the human world would collapse（坍塌）.

In my opinion，the mobile phone is a fashionable and useful invention，so I suggest we__9__（make）the best use of it.If effective measures were taken， the situation___10____（change）for the better.

（答案：1.were2.rang3.would be disturbed 4.would happen5.would have made6.would go 7.Should8.would be9.（should）make10.would change）