楊木澤+趙峰
[摘 要] 目的:比較右美托咪定和咪達(dá)唑侖用于困難氣道患者清醒插管的效果。方法:選擇2015年10月—2016年10月于我院行擇期全麻手術(shù)的困難氣道患者60例,隨機(jī)分為A組(右美托咪定組,n=28)、B組(咪達(dá)唑侖組,n=32)。2組患者均采用表面麻醉下纖支鏡輔助氣管插管。記錄2組患者麻醉前(T1)、纖支鏡進(jìn)入咽腔時(shí)(T2)、纖支鏡進(jìn)入聲門(mén)時(shí)(T3)、插管即刻(T4)、插管后1min(T5)、插管后3min(T6)、插管后5min(T7)時(shí)心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、脈搏氧飽和度(SPO2)以及Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分的變化,分別于T1、T4、T6時(shí)刻監(jiān)測(cè)患者外周靜脈血中去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)、皮質(zhì)醇(Cor)的濃度,統(tǒng)計(jì)2組患者插管過(guò)程中及術(shù)后24h不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果:T3~T7 A組HR、MAP明顯低于B組且A組Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分優(yōu)于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,p<0.05;T4、T6時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者NE、E、Cor明顯低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,p<0.05;A組躁動(dòng)和咽喉疼痛的發(fā)生率明顯低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,p<0.05。結(jié)論:右美托咪定用于困難氣道患者清醒氣管插管不僅鎮(zhèn)靜效果優(yōu)于咪達(dá)唑侖,而且能夠有效抑制患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;咪達(dá)唑侖;困難氣道;清醒氣管插管
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R614 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2017)03-048-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201703021
[Abstract] Objective: This study was conducted to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine and midazolam on the awake intubation of patients with difficult airway. Methods: 60 patients with difficult airway surgery from October 2015 to October 2016 were enrolled in this study, and they were randomly divided into group A (dexmedetomidine group, n=28) and group B (midazolam group, n=32). Both two groups of patients underwent endotracheal intubation under topical anesthesia with bronchoscopy. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) and Ramsay sedation score at the time points of pre-anesthesia (T1), the bronchoscope entering into the pharyngeal cavity (T2), the bronchoscope entering into the glottis (T3), intubation immediately (T4), 1 min after intubation (T5), 3 min after intubation (T6), 5 min after intubation (T7) of both groups were recorded respectively. The patients levels of norepinephrine (NE), adrenaline (E) and cortisol (Cor) in venous blood were monitored at the time points of T1, T4 and T6, and the adverse reactions were observed during the intubation and postoperative 24 h. Results: The HR and MAP at the time points of T3-T7 in group A were significantly lower than those of group B, the Ramsay sedation score of group A was better than that of group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of NE, E and Cor of group A at the time points of T4 and T6 were significantly lower than those in group B, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); the incidences of restless and throat pain in group A was significantly lower than those in B group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Dextromethorphan for the awake intubation in patients with difficult airway not only has better sedative effect than midazolam, but also can effectively inhibit the stress response and reduce adverse reactions.
[Key words] dexmedetomidine; midazolam; difficult airway; awake intubation
困難氣道是麻醉誘導(dǎo)期的重大挑戰(zhàn)之一,正確的氣道管理是患者麻醉手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵[1]。纖支鏡引導(dǎo)下的清醒氣管插管是困難氣道最常用的處理方法[2]。清醒氣管插管常在表面麻醉下進(jìn)行,但插管過(guò)程的疼痛刺激等不適不僅會(huì)增加患者的抵抗,降低插管的成功率,而且會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng),增加不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率,嚴(yán)重者甚至影響患者的生命安全[3-4]。右美托咪定是一種選擇性的α2受體激動(dòng)劑 [5-6];咪達(dá)唑侖具有鎮(zhèn)靜、催眠、抗焦慮、抗癲癇、順行性遺忘的作用[7-8],二者均能有效降低外源性刺激引起的交感神經(jīng)反應(yīng),降低麻醉后心腦血管等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。本研究將比較右美托咪定和咪達(dá)唑侖用于困難氣道患者清醒插管的效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2015年10月—2016年10月于我院行擇期全麻手術(shù)的困難氣道患者60例,40~60歲,ASAI~I(xiàn)II級(jí) ,隨機(jī)分為A組(右美托咪定組,n=28)、B組(咪達(dá)唑侖組,n=32)。2組患者術(shù)前均進(jìn)行術(shù)前訪視且均確診為困難氣道(甲頦距離<0.6cm,張口度<3指,Mallampati分級(jí)為三級(jí)以上)。排除有嚴(yán)重心肺疾病、肝腎功能電解質(zhì)異常、凝血功能異常,不能耐受麻醉手術(shù)的患者。2組患者一般情況(性別比、年齡、身高、體重)相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,p>0.05,具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),且所有患者及家屬均簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 方法
2組患者均采用2%利多卡因咽喉噴霧器對(duì)咽喉部進(jìn)行表面麻醉,1%丁卡因3mL環(huán)甲膜穿刺,1%麻黃堿收縮鼻腔粘膜。A組患者于氣管插管前10min持續(xù)靜脈泵注右美托咪定1ug/kg,10min后以0.5ug.kg-1.h-1持續(xù)泵注;B組患者于氣管插管前5min給予咪達(dá)唑侖30ug/kg。2組患者均在纖支鏡引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)鼻氣管插管,男性患者選擇7.0號(hào)或7.5號(hào)氣管導(dǎo)管,女性患者選擇6.5號(hào)或7.0號(hào)氣管導(dǎo)管,將氣管導(dǎo)管和纖支鏡表面使用石蠟油充分潤(rùn)滑,再將纖支鏡沿患者一側(cè)鼻腔垂直插入,邊向下進(jìn)入邊調(diào)整角度尋找會(huì)厭及聲門(mén),完全暴露清楚后將纖支鏡插入支氣管的上1/3處并將氣管導(dǎo)管順式插入聲門(mén),退出纖支鏡,3min后接麻醉機(jī)行機(jī)械通氣,靜脈給予依托咪酯0.2mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.5ug/kg,
順式阿曲庫(kù)銨0.2mg/kg,術(shù)中均采用靜吸復(fù)合麻醉維持
麻醉。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄2組患者麻醉前(T1)、纖支鏡進(jìn)入咽腔時(shí)(T2)、纖支鏡進(jìn)入聲門(mén)時(shí)(T3)、插管即刻(T4)、插管后1min(T5)、插管后3min(T6)、插管后5min(T7)時(shí)心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、脈搏氧飽和度(SPO2)以及Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分的變化,并分別于T1、T4、T6時(shí)刻監(jiān)測(cè)患者外周靜脈血中去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)、皮質(zhì)醇(Cor)的濃度,統(tǒng)計(jì)2組患者插管過(guò)程中及術(shù)后24h不良反應(yīng)(嗆咳、惡心嘔吐、躁動(dòng)、呼吸抑制、心律失常、咽喉疼痛、聲嘶)的發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn)或方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),p<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 2組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)生命體征及Ramsay評(píng)分比較
2組患者T1~T7時(shí)間點(diǎn)SPO2相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T1~T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)HR、MAP相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T3~T7 A組患者HR、MAP明顯低于B組患者且A組患者的Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分優(yōu)于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,p<0.05,見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)NE、E、Cor濃度比較
T1時(shí)間點(diǎn)2組患者NE、E、Cor相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T4、T6時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者NE、E、Cor明顯低于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,p<0.05,見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況
A組嗆咳、躁動(dòng)、咽喉疼痛各1例,B組嗆咳3例、惡心嘔吐2例、躁動(dòng)8例、呼吸抑制1例、心律失常1例、咽喉疼痛8例。A組各反應(yīng)發(fā)生率均低于B組,且躁動(dòng)和咽喉疼痛的發(fā)生率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,p<0.05。
3 討論
纖支鏡引導(dǎo)下清醒氣管插管是處理困難氣道的有效方法之一。臨床上清醒氣管插管常在咽喉部表面麻醉后進(jìn)行,但困難氣道患者氣道情況復(fù)雜,插管難度大,插管過(guò)程中纖支鏡可能會(huì)引起患者氣道損傷,且纖支鏡引起的咽喉部異物感及局部麻醉藥物的刺激會(huì)增加患者的應(yīng)激,引起患者心率增快、血壓增加,進(jìn)而增加患者的恐懼感和抵抗反應(yīng),降低插管成功率[9-11]。當(dāng)機(jī)體受到外源性或內(nèi)源性刺激后,血液中NE、E、Cor分泌增加,導(dǎo)致患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)[12-13]。
右美托咪定廣泛應(yīng)用于麻醉和重癥監(jiān)護(hù)患者的鎮(zhèn)靜[14]。咪達(dá)唑侖是臨床麻醉中廣泛應(yīng)用的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物之一[15]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示2組T1~T7時(shí)間點(diǎn)SPO2相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明兩種藥物在合適劑量下對(duì)患者的呼吸影響無(wú)差異,由于T1~T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)纖支鏡對(duì)患者的刺激輕,因而2組患者HR、MAP、NE、E、Cor相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。T3~T7時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者HR、MAP明顯低于B組患者且A組患者的Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分優(yōu)于B組患者,T4、T6時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者NE、E、Cor明顯低于B組患者,原因?yàn)檫溥_(dá)唑侖無(wú)鎮(zhèn)痛作用,而右美托咪定選擇性激動(dòng)α2受體,鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,因而能更好地抑制患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[16]。由于右美托咪定鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,因而A組患者躁動(dòng)和咽喉疼痛的發(fā)生率比B組低且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
綜上,右美托咪定用于困難氣道患者清醒氣管插管不僅鎮(zhèn)靜效果優(yōu)于咪達(dá)唑侖,而且能夠有效抑制患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
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