杰夫?撒切爾
今天,2017年4月18日,是“杜立特突襲”75周年紀(jì)念。1942年4月18日清晨,在傳奇飛行員杜立特中校帶領(lǐng)下,80位志愿加入的美國飛行員駕駛16架B-25轟炸機(jī),從美軍航母“大黃蜂號”起飛,轟炸日本五座城市。這次勇敢進(jìn)攻,是針對日本海軍1941年12月7日偷襲珍珠港采取的報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)。
今天,僅有一位杜立特突襲者依然在世,他就是現(xiàn)年101歲的科爾中校,杜立特的副駕駛。4月18日上午,在俄亥俄州代頓市的美國國家空軍博物館,在一場已聞名于現(xiàn)代航空界的私人年度紀(jì)念儀式上,科爾倒扣了我亡父、高級軍士戴維·J·撒切爾的純銀高腳杯。我父親已于2016年6月22日去世,享年94歲。他是杜立特突襲者幸存者中倒數(shù)第二位去世的??茽枙?huì)為此前離世的突襲隊(duì)成員做最后一次祝酒。
時(shí)間流逝,杜利特突襲者紛紛辭別人世。像“最偉大一代”中的很多人一樣,在那場重大危機(jī)中,他們奮起保衛(wèi)美國和世界免受日本人的蹂躪。在那次空襲和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,有61位突襲者活了下來。隨后,事故、疾病、年齡和終老將他們帶入天堂,今天僅有一位還在世。但他們的英勇壯舉永垂不朽。
珍珠港事件后的四個(gè)月中,世界崩潰。戰(zhàn)爭在歐洲已持續(xù)兩年。美國太平洋艦隊(duì)大部葬身于珍珠港。日軍在遠(yuǎn)東連連獲勝,似乎勢不可擋。美國人努力尋找來自戰(zhàn)場上的任何好消息來激勵(lì)士氣。
日本突襲珍珠港后,羅斯福總統(tǒng)下令還擊,杜立特選擇了一隊(duì)堅(jiān)韌的志愿者來完成任務(wù)。美國急需一次勝利,杜立特和他的突襲者以驚人的方式痛擊日本,并打破他們根植于心的不可戰(zhàn)勝的信念——此前日本2600年歷史上,沒有外國軍隊(duì)能成功占領(lǐng)或者襲擊日本本土。
參加突襲的16架轟炸機(jī)中的15架沿南日本海岸向西南飛行,然后越過中國東海飛向華東地區(qū),那里有若干備降機(jī)場在等待。因燃油所剩無幾,余下一架B-25超低空飛往距離更近的俄羅斯。
飛往中國途中,突襲者遭遇未知挑戰(zhàn):暗夜正在逼近,飛機(jī)燃油即將消耗殆盡,氣象狀況進(jìn)一步惡化。意識到無法抵達(dá)預(yù)定目的地后,他們只好選擇跳傘或者迫降在被日軍占領(lǐng)的中國沿海地區(qū)。15架飛機(jī)迫降時(shí)均遭損毀。
中國的漁民和游擊隊(duì)遇見意外出現(xiàn)的突襲者時(shí),伸出無私援助之手并且成功地將大多數(shù)美國飛行員帶至安全地帶。中國人民為這次營救付出慘重代價(jià):據(jù)估計(jì)有25萬名中國人此后死于日軍的報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)。
與戰(zhàn)爭后期B-29轟炸機(jī)對日本造成的巨大破壞相比,杜立特突襲并未造成多大實(shí)質(zhì)性破壞。然而,此次突襲的消息一經(jīng)披露,美國舉國歡慶。這次突襲對戰(zhàn)爭進(jìn)程也有戰(zhàn)略意義。盡管此時(shí)環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)戰(zhàn)事激烈,日軍卻被迫召回若干戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)編隊(duì)駐留本土進(jìn)行防御。
被杜立特突襲所激怒,策劃過偷襲珍珠港的山本五十六將軍匆忙組織了中途島之戰(zhàn),對美國實(shí)施報(bào)復(fù),結(jié)果日軍損失4艘航母、1艘驅(qū)逐艦、292架飛機(jī)、2500名士兵。日本帝國海軍從此一蹶不振。
1946年12月,杜立特和他的突襲者聚會(huì)慶祝他的生日,此后每年4月18日前后他們都要聚會(huì),而聚會(huì)地點(diǎn)有所不同。1959年聚會(huì)期間,亞利桑那州的圖森市贈(zèng)送給杜立特和突襲者們一套銀杯,每只杯子上分別刻有參加突襲的80名隊(duì)員的姓名。這套銀杯放置在特制的密閉玻璃柜內(nèi)。1961年在科羅拉多州的科羅拉多斯普林斯市聚會(huì)之后,杜立特把這套杯子贈(zèng)送給位于該市的美國空軍學(xué)院,由學(xué)院保管及平時(shí)展出。
1973年,科爾定制了一個(gè)移動(dòng)式展柜,銀杯可以很方便地運(yùn)到不同聚會(huì)地。2005年,經(jīng)在世的突襲者投票決定,銀杯從美國國家空軍學(xué)院送至美國國家空軍博物館永久存放和展出。與這些銀杯一起展出的是一架修復(fù)完好的B-25轟炸機(jī),代表當(dāng)年杜立特乘坐的轟炸機(jī)。
處于運(yùn)輸狀態(tài)時(shí),80個(gè)閃閃發(fā)光的銀杯安放在科爾設(shè)計(jì)的襯有藍(lán)色天鵝絨的箱子里。該箱子有4個(gè)并排的隔柜,每個(gè)隔柜里安放20個(gè)銀杯,五個(gè)為一組從上到下放置。4個(gè)隔柜從左到右的1至16個(gè)數(shù)字,代表16個(gè)機(jī)組起飛順序。每組從上到下分別為:機(jī)長、副機(jī)長、領(lǐng)航員、投彈手和機(jī)槍手。每個(gè)杯子上一面正刻著突襲隊(duì)員名字,另一面倒刻著名字,那樣,無論銀杯是正立或倒立,參觀者都可讀出他們的名字。
每次聚會(huì),兩名穿著正裝的空軍學(xué)院學(xué)員護(hù)送銀杯至一個(gè)不向公眾開放的房間,將銀杯放在桌上,并在一旁守護(hù)。在4月18日上午,那些在世的突襲者會(huì)在銀杯前安靜集合并舉行莊嚴(yán)儀式。點(diǎn)名過后,由戴著白手套的學(xué)員倒上科尼亞克白蘭地酒,然后突襲者舉杯為那些上一次聚會(huì)后去世的戰(zhàn)友祈禱,喝完酒后再將去世者的銀杯倒扣。
與維京時(shí)代騎士、羅馬軍團(tuán)騎士和亞瑟王圓桌騎士使用的杯子相仿,這些銀杯象征80名參加突襲行動(dòng)的軍人的責(zé)任、榮耀和勇氣。鐫刻在杜立特突襲官方徽章上的“勇入危地”這幾個(gè)字,完美體現(xiàn)了這些特質(zhì)。
去年6月我父親去世后,科爾便成為80名突襲隊(duì)員中最后一個(gè)在世者。談到自己活到最后這個(gè)結(jié)果時(shí),科爾說:“按數(shù)數(shù)字的方式來說,本不該是現(xiàn)在這個(gè)結(jié)果。我年紀(jì)更大,比戴維年長6歲,按博弈幾率來說,戴維應(yīng)該是最后一個(gè)?!?/p>
然而,科爾確實(shí)是最后一個(gè)在世者。當(dāng)他在4月18日上午最后一次為先他而去的79位戰(zhàn)友舉起銀杯時(shí),突襲者們多年舉辦私人紀(jì)念聚會(huì)的這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)就此結(jié)束。想當(dāng)年,由普通士兵和軍官組成的志愿者突襲隊(duì),訓(xùn)練有素,奮勇當(dāng)先,將個(gè)人生死置之度外。他們之間的友誼,是在共赴國難中結(jié)成的,是在此后多年聚會(huì)中加深的。從此之后,再無聚會(huì)。
(本文圖片由鄭偉勇拍攝、提供)
The Last Silver Goblet
By Jeff Thatcher
Tuesday, April 18 will mark the 75th anniversary of the Doolittle Raid, a daring bombing attack upon five Japanese cities that occurred on April 18, 1942. Eighty volunteer American airmen flying 16 B-25 bombers, led by legendary aviator Lt. Col James H. “Jimmy” Doolittle, took off from the deck of the carrier USS Hornet early that morning and struck back at Japan in retaliation for the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japanese Navy on December 7, 1941.
Today only one member of the Doolittle Raid remains, 101-year-old Lt. Col. Richard E. Cole, Doolittles co-pilot. On the morning of April 18 at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force (NMUSAF) in Dayton, Ohio, in a private ceremony that has become famous in the annals of modern aviation, Cole will turn over the silver goblet of my late father, S. Sgt. David J. Thatcher, the second-to-last surviving member of the Doolittle Raid, who passed away on June 22, 2016 at the age of 94, and make one final toast to all the Raiders who have preceded him before drinking for the last time from his standing silver goblet.
The passage of time has taken its toll on the Raiders who, like so many other members of the Greatest Generation, stepped up during a period of major crisis to save the United States and the world from the brutal Japanese. Of the 61 Raiders who survived the Raid and World War II, accidents, disease, age and finally death have carried all but one into the afterlife. But the memory of their daring action lives on.
Of the 80 Raiders who bombed Japan, three were killed after exiting their aircraft on the night of the Raid; eight were captured by the Japanese – three of those were executed on October 15, 1942, one starved to death and four were held captive for 40 months; 10 were killed in action in Europe, North Africa and Indo-China; and two were killed in plane crashes in 1942 in the U.S.
In the four months after Pearl Harbor, the world was crumbling. The war in Europe had been raging for two years. A significant portion of the U.S. Pacific Fleet sat at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and the Japanese seemed unstoppable, seizing victory after victory in the Far East. In the U.S., morale was sinking and Americans were grasping for any good news.
Tasked with striking back at Japan for the attack on Pearl Harbor by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Doolittle selected a band of gritty volunteers to accomplish the mission. America desperately needed a victory and Doolittle and his Raiders would deliver in stunning fashion, inflicting a blow upon Japan and shattering their belief in invincibility – which had been nurtured by no other successful invasion or attack of their homeland in the preceding 2,600 years.
The Raiders, along with supporting military personnel aboard the carrier USS Hornet, were part of an eight-ship taskforce that departed San Francisco Bay April 2, 1942. On April 13, well out into the Pacific Ocean, the task force merged with the eight-ship USS Enterprise Task Force, which had departed from Hawaii, to become the first joint full-scale operation between the Army Air Force and the U.S. Navy. Streaming toward Japan on a northern route to avoid detection, the 16-ship combined taskforce, consisting of 10,000 personnel, was discovered early April 18 by a Japanese patrol boat – well ahead of the planned departure by the 80 Raiders in their 16 B-25, twin-engine bombers.