楊紅

2016年湖南高考英語(yǔ)將使用全國(guó)卷，考生將遇到一道新題型就是閱讀七選五。此題將給出考生一篇三百個(gè)詞左右的短文，要求從所給的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出五個(gè)答案填入文章的空格處，使文章完整?？忌玫礁叻?，必須了解文章的主旨大意，掌握作者的寫(xiě)作目的，同時(shí)要從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，理解句與句之間、段與段之間的聯(lián)系。在此，作者將簡(jiǎn)要分析其解題策略。

一、高考大綱要求

閱讀七選五主要考查學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)邏輯思維能力，也就是對(duì)上下文之間、層次之間邏輯關(guān)系的判斷能力。

試題模式：給出一篇缺少五個(gè)句子的文章，對(duì)應(yīng)有七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處?？疾橹攸c(diǎn)：主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握（考試說(shuō)明）。下面以2016年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I中的七選五閱讀題為例，分析其命題特征、解題步驟以及解題技巧：

Secret code （密碼） keep messages private. Banks， companies， and government agencies use secret codes in doing business， especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36.

Code breaking never lags （落后） far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography. 37. For example， the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” Spell out the hidden message “Meet me”.

38. You might represent each letter with a number， for example. Lets number the letters of the alphabet， in order， from 1 to 26. If we subtitle a number for each letter， the message “Meet me” would read “1 3 5 5 20 1 3 5.”

A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. 39. For example， “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out ” might stand for “me”. The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40. However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changes frequently.

A.It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

答案：DEGFA。

二、命題特征

（1）選材特征：一般為三百個(gè)詞左右的短文，以記敘文和說(shuō)明文為主。

（2）語(yǔ)篇特征： 段落前后往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)甚至相同詞匯出現(xiàn)。上下文出現(xiàn)過(guò)的代詞和下文涉及的近義詞和同一范疇詞都是值得注意的銜接手段。

（3）設(shè)空特點(diǎn)：一般有五種，即標(biāo)題類、主題句類、承上啟下類、歸納總結(jié)類和語(yǔ)篇拓展類。

三、解題步驟

首先，通讀全文，理解文章大意；其次，瀏覽選項(xiàng)，結(jié)合語(yǔ)篇意義，初定選項(xiàng) ；再次，詳細(xì)閱讀，確定答案；然后，對(duì)比分析，排除干擾；最后，重讀全文，驗(yàn)證答案。

四、細(xì)節(jié)類題型解題技巧

1.關(guān)注詞匯重復(fù)出現(xiàn)

復(fù)現(xiàn)是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫(xiě)作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對(duì)同一個(gè)概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述。復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系，主要是指同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。

如：...Remember to reward yourself and to celebrate your successes. .In the same way，how can you motivate yourself if youre not going to reward yourself and celebrate your successes？

A. Imagine having already achieved it.

B. Get help and support when youre not feeling motivated.

C. Let them inspire you to access your own great desire within.

D. Would you be able to properly train a dog without rewarding him.

答案：D。

雙保險(xiǎn)法：上下文再核實(shí)一下。

2.關(guān)注邏輯關(guān)系詞

語(yǔ)篇邏輯表示語(yǔ)可以是表示時(shí)間順序的first， then， next等，也可以是表達(dá)作者組織語(yǔ)篇方式的for example， in other words， in short等。它們不僅能表達(dá)相鄰句子之間的關(guān)系，還能表明某一特定語(yǔ)境的總體走向。因此，關(guān)注邏輯標(biāo)示語(yǔ)就可以更好地理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和需要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。

... At first， I was paid in candy.

. I worked every day after school， and during the summer and on weekends and holidays from 8 am to 7 pm...

A. Later I received 50 cents an hour.

B. Before long， she let me sit there by myself.

C. I ended my selling a record amount of cosmetics.

D. Today I still carry that lesson with me how to handle responsibility.

答案：A。

3.關(guān)注代詞的指代

英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，代詞的作用無(wú)非是指代前面提及的名詞或形容詞概念，巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系和根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。

... It is a very happy day for many boys and girls. Before the terms ends in some schools， the children act a nativity（基督誕生）or “birth” play， showing how Jesus was born in a stable（馬廄）.

A. People are often busy going shopping.

B. Now the Chinese people also celebrate Christmas.

C. The turkey or chicken is quickly eaten.

D. Christmas Day falls on the twenty-fifty of December.

答案：D。

4.邏輯關(guān)系線索

（1）并列與遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。

...From my experience，there are three main reasons why people don't cook more often：ability，money，and time .

Money is a topic I'll save for another day...

A. Ability is easily improved.

B. Understand your food better.

C. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

D. A little time planning ahead can a lot of work later on.

E. Try new things.

F. Make three or four instead.

答案： A。

（2）因果關(guān)系。

... Some choose it because of their religious beliefs. Others say it provides more time for the family to be together. They say home offers a better place for learning. Some parents...

A. So a number of parents began home-schooling.

B. Home schooling is not accepted by all the people.

C. Parents choose home schooling for several reasons.

D. Most often， their parents are their teachers.

答案：C。

（3）轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系。

英語(yǔ)中表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞有but， however，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand，unfortunately，despite，in spite of等.

如：...This could be watching TV or listening to music. Doing some exercises earlier in the day should help you feel physically as well as mentally tired.

However，coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake...

A. So，whats a good sleep？

B. A bedtime drink can also help.

C. Having a good sleep will keep you lively the whole day.

D. Nothing is more important than health.

答案：B。

五、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)類題解題方法

學(xué)生可以根據(jù)試題所在位置確定不同的解題策略。

1.如果設(shè)空在段首

段首句通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句；關(guān)注每段首尾句，了解大意知主題。

Every day ，when she comes back home from work， she sets about doing housework， sweeping the living room and bedrooms or cleaning the furniture， and putting everything in order. She seems to be busy all the time... Mother never buys expensive dresses for herself， but she often buys some inexpensive but high quality clothes for us.

A. She enjoys listening to class music.

B. She never goes to expensive restaurants to enjoy meals.

C. My mother is hard-working and never wastes money.

D. As a mother， she takes good care of us and gives us every comfort.

答案：C。

2.如果設(shè)空在段尾

通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號(hào)詞，如therefore， as a result， thus， hence， in short， to sum up， to conclude， in a word等詞語(yǔ)，選項(xiàng)中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。

A clear minute past the average swimmer，this young man finally finished his race. The crowd went wild. Even though he recorded one of the slowest times in Olympic history，this man gave more efforts than any of the other competitors. .

A. The race had to restart.

B. But I do know a good dive from a poor one.

C. The crowd laughed more loudly and began to make catcalls （喝倒彩）.

D. He was not a winner of medals， but ought to be one of sportsmanship.

答案：D。

總之，筆者總結(jié)的知識(shí)具有很強(qiáng)的規(guī)律可循，但在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中可能沒(méi)有太多的解題線索。在做閱讀七選五時(shí)，考生一定要按步驟解題。我相信，只要考生在掌握了一定策略的情況下多做題，閱讀七選五一定不會(huì)成為考生的絆腳石。

（作者單位：湖南省古丈縣第一中學(xué)）