賈政強(qiáng)，趙鵬敏，王劍峰（水利部松遼水利委員會(huì)，吉林長(zhǎng)春130021）

松遼流域農(nóng)民用水合作組織發(fā)展思路探析

賈政強(qiáng)，趙鵬敏，王劍峰
（水利部松遼水利委員會(huì)，吉林長(zhǎng)春130021）

文中通過總結(jié)松遼流域農(nóng)民用水合作組織發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，分析影響其發(fā)展的制約因素，提出適合松遼流域特點(diǎn)的農(nóng)民用水合作組織發(fā)展思路：①落實(shí)綜合改革措施，增強(qiáng)發(fā)展內(nèi)在動(dòng)力；②依托專業(yè)合作社，發(fā)展社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織；③拓展財(cái)政支持渠道，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)用水監(jiān)管。

松遼流域；農(nóng)民用水合作組織；思路探析

1 用水合作組織發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

截至2015年底，松遼流域共成立各類農(nóng)民用水合作組織1 923個(gè)，其中在民政部門注冊(cè)729個(gè)，在工商部門注冊(cè)199個(gè)，注冊(cè)率達(dá)48%。農(nóng)民用水合作組織按所在灌區(qū)類型劃分，大型灌區(qū)有389個(gè)，中型灌區(qū)有498個(gè)；按組建形式劃分，以渠系工程邊界組建的有532個(gè)，以行政邊界組建的有1 391個(gè)。流域參與農(nóng)民用水合作組織的農(nóng)戶達(dá)108萬(wàn)戶，管理灌溉面積94.8萬(wàn)hm2，約占松遼流域農(nóng)田灌溉面積的11%。據(jù)調(diào)查，2015年全流域運(yùn)行良好的農(nóng)民用水合作組織有709個(gè)，運(yùn)行良好占比僅為37%。

2 發(fā)展面臨的問題

1）運(yùn)行管護(hù)經(jīng)費(fèi)保障不足。松遼流域農(nóng)民用水合作組織運(yùn)行管護(hù)經(jīng)費(fèi)主要來(lái)源為自籌，運(yùn)行管理資金不足是制約其發(fā)展的主要問題。農(nóng)民用水合作組織剛成立時(shí)，多數(shù)未得到政府補(bǔ)助，辦公經(jīng)費(fèi)主要來(lái)自會(huì)員繳納的水費(fèi)，由于每年灌溉次數(shù)不同,加之水費(fèi)收繳不理想，造成經(jīng)費(fèi)來(lái)源不穩(wěn)定，難以保障農(nóng)民用水合作組織正常運(yùn)行。

2）自身“造血”功能較弱。松遼流域傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)民用水合作組織由于功能單一，基本框架和制度雖已建立,但利益鏈條尚未形成,缺乏盈利機(jī)制就像缺少“心臟”，農(nóng)民用水合作組織“造血”功能不足，對(duì)未來(lái)的發(fā)展形成制約。部分農(nóng)民用水合作組織也僅能做到對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施簡(jiǎn)單修補(bǔ)，沒有充分發(fā)揮其功能作用，發(fā)展缺乏后勁。

3）穩(wěn)定的發(fā)展機(jī)制尚未形成。流域運(yùn)行較好的農(nóng)民用水合作組織大多依托農(nóng)田水利項(xiàng)目或改革試點(diǎn)組建，政府引導(dǎo)作用明顯，尚未形成農(nóng)民自主自發(fā)成立組織的政策環(huán)境，農(nóng)民用水合作組織組建和廢棄隨意性較大；另外，許多農(nóng)民用水合作組織由村集體有威望的村干部牽頭組建，個(gè)人對(duì)組織的影響較大，缺失穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的機(jī)制護(hù)航。

4）農(nóng)業(yè)用水監(jiān)管能力薄弱。隨著松遼流域大規(guī)模農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)的推進(jìn)，農(nóng)田水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不斷完善，農(nóng)田灌溉對(duì)水資源的需求能力不斷增大，其對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厮Y源負(fù)面影響也逐步凸顯，特別是在流域西部干旱缺水地區(qū)，由于農(nóng)民用水合作組織在水資源節(jié)約及可持續(xù)利用方面缺乏有力的措施，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)用水監(jiān)管依然薄弱。

3 發(fā)展思路探析

松遼流域農(nóng)田灌溉是保障糧食產(chǎn)量的重要支撐手段，積極發(fā)展農(nóng)民用水合作組織是實(shí)施農(nóng)田灌溉、破解農(nóng)田水利“最后一公里”問題的重要抓手。松遼流域作為我國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展試點(diǎn)示范地區(qū)，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)?；⑸鐣?huì)化、專業(yè)化發(fā)展程度較高，應(yīng)在現(xiàn)有農(nóng)民用水合作組織發(fā)展模式的基礎(chǔ)上，順應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)社會(huì)化分工細(xì)化的趨勢(shì)，分不同區(qū)域工程特點(diǎn)支持農(nóng)民用水合作組織創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。

在流域東中部水田灌溉區(qū)，依托灌區(qū)管理單位對(duì)農(nóng)民用水合作組織進(jìn)行技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。目前農(nóng)民用水合作組織功能大多限于收繳水費(fèi)等輔助作用，今后應(yīng)重點(diǎn)扶持拓展其功能，使其成為灌區(qū)運(yùn)行管護(hù)的獨(dú)立責(zé)任方，明確其社會(huì)法人地位。農(nóng)民用水合作組織統(tǒng)籌解決干渠以下工程的建設(shè)管理，在合作組織之下可成立各類專業(yè)的維修養(yǎng)護(hù)、水費(fèi)收繳、灌溉管理等社會(huì)化組織。鼓勵(lì)合作組織作為獨(dú)立主體參與農(nóng)業(yè)水權(quán)、水價(jià)及工程產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革。

在流域西部旱田灌溉區(qū)，特別是東北四省區(qū)節(jié)水增糧行動(dòng)項(xiàng)目區(qū)，農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施作為一種農(nóng)業(yè)保障能力建設(shè)，發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用，但越是風(fēng)調(diào)雨順的年景，單純的農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施作用越不明顯。因此，在農(nóng)民用水合作組織建設(shè)中應(yīng)積極嫁接種植、農(nóng)機(jī)等專業(yè)合作社，一方面補(bǔ)足種植、農(nóng)機(jī)合作社灌溉供水保障方面的不足，另一方面增強(qiáng)農(nóng)民用水合作組織自身發(fā)展的后勁，實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)社互補(bǔ)，互惠共贏，便于逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)耕地托管模式及農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)模化經(jīng)營(yíng)。

流域中部廣大地區(qū)雨熱同期，正常年景降水基本能滿足玉米等旱田作物生長(zhǎng)期需求。該區(qū)域應(yīng)在正常發(fā)揮農(nóng)民用水合作組織作用外，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注極端氣候條件下保障糧食安全，加強(qiáng)區(qū)域抗旱排澇能力建設(shè)，依托專業(yè)化社會(huì)化抗旱排澇應(yīng)急服務(wù)隊(duì)，創(chuàng)新發(fā)展農(nóng)民用水合作組織，正常年景下負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)施日常維護(hù)和運(yùn)行演練，極端氣候條件下承擔(dān)應(yīng)急抗旱排澇等工作。

4 發(fā)展的對(duì)策與建議

1）落實(shí)綜合改革措施，增強(qiáng)發(fā)展內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。按照農(nóng)田水利工程產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、農(nóng)業(yè)水權(quán)制度、農(nóng)業(yè)水價(jià)等改革要求，將小型農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施產(chǎn)權(quán)落實(shí)到村組集體，使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給具備條件的農(nóng)民用水合作組織，進(jìn)一步明確責(zé)任主體；將農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉水權(quán)落實(shí)到發(fā)展成熟的農(nóng)民用水合作組織，對(duì)采取節(jié)水措施的合作組織給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)水權(quán)在合作組織內(nèi)外有償流轉(zhuǎn)；充分發(fā)揮農(nóng)民用水合作組織在供水工程運(yùn)行維護(hù)、用水管理、水費(fèi)計(jì)收等方面的作用，逐步構(gòu)建農(nóng)民用水合作組織完整的利益鏈條，增強(qiáng)組織自身發(fā)展內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。

2）依托專業(yè)合作社，發(fā)展社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織。積極探索發(fā)展專業(yè)化程度更高、利益關(guān)系更緊密的各類農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社，將灌溉服務(wù)納入合作社職能，將服務(wù)拓展到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)全過程。隨著松遼流域農(nóng)村土地承包權(quán)確權(quán)登記的完成和農(nóng)村人口的轉(zhuǎn)移，土地流轉(zhuǎn)將進(jìn)一步加快，農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)走向規(guī)?；耐瑫r(shí)，生產(chǎn)分工將逐步細(xì)化，適時(shí)扶持帶有企業(yè)性質(zhì)的水利社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織發(fā)展，為實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施的專業(yè)化維修養(yǎng)護(hù)提供實(shí)施載體和市場(chǎng)主體。

3）拓展財(cái)政支持渠道，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)用水監(jiān)管。應(yīng)繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)財(cái)政支持力度，通過農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施設(shè)備購(gòu)置補(bǔ)貼、農(nóng)業(yè)水費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼、購(gòu)買服務(wù)等方式，對(duì)農(nóng)民用水合作組織參與農(nóng)田水利工程運(yùn)行維護(hù)工作給予補(bǔ)助；探索農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)“以獎(jiǎng)代補(bǔ)、先建后補(bǔ)”具體實(shí)施辦法，規(guī)范合作組織作為農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)申報(bào)主體和實(shí)施主體的各項(xiàng)要求。松遼流域西部干旱缺水地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境較脆弱，當(dāng)?shù)馗刹咳罕姲l(fā)展高效節(jié)水灌溉的意愿強(qiáng)烈，但也應(yīng)避免地下水資源不合理開采，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)民用水合作組織在農(nóng)業(yè)用水監(jiān)測(cè)管理方面的作用。

5 結(jié)語(yǔ)

隨著松遼流域農(nóng)村改革的不斷深化，土地流轉(zhuǎn)和現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展不斷加快，新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體對(duì)農(nóng)村水利建設(shè)與管理的組織化和專業(yè)化要求越來(lái)越迫切，必須大力鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民用水合作組織創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，破解農(nóng)田水利“最后一公里”難題。通過營(yíng)造良好的政策環(huán)境，積極發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)作用，加強(qiáng)政府扶持引導(dǎo)，努力使農(nóng)民用水合作組織成為流域農(nóng)田水利改革發(fā)展的有力抓手，為東北地區(qū)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和國(guó)家糧食安全做出貢獻(xiàn)。

[Abstract]The existing cost allocation method of the inter-basin water diversion has still exist some problems, because some factors are not considered for each water receiving area,including the shortage degree of water resources,the benefit differences of water resources,the development level of economic society.Based on the water resources amount per capita,water consumption per ten thousand Yuan and GDP per capita,the cost allocation adjusting coefficient of the inter-basin water diversion operation is established,which has used in water supply cost accounting of the entrance for the first phase of the main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project.The result shows that the two part water price calculated by the adjusted allocation coefficients is more accord with the natural situation of water resources and society and economic situation for the each water receiving area along the project and is beneficial to the cost allocation of water diversion project with the fair and the rea sonably.

[Key words]inter-basin water diversion;cost allocation;water price

Analysis and comparison of horizontal displacement monitoring methods for South-to-North water diversion project

ZHAO Yi-chun,WANG Shu-bao,AI Ming-ming

The paper analyzes and compares systematically common monitoring methods of horizontal displacement for the main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project,introduces the principle,accuracy analysis, advantages and disadvantages of the methods,which has the certain guiding value for the selection of the horizontal displacement monitoring method in the main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project.

lSouth-to-North water diversion project;horizontal displacement monitoring;monitoring method; analysis

Seepage analysis of concrete rockfill dam based on solute tracer method

LI Zhi

[Abstract]According to the seepage problem of the dam for some a hydro-junction project,the solute tracer method is used to test seepage position and to analyze the results.Based on the analysis results,the corresponding treatment measures of reservoir seepage control are put forward.The results show that there is strong seepage near 10m elevation in the upstream and downstream of the left abutment wall,there is a leakage path formed in the sand layer under the right abutment,there is a strong seepage around dam in the part of the dam abutment,the global flow direction of shallow groundwater is from east to west and the speed of flow is larger at the toe of dam.

[Key words]lsolute tracer method;reservoir seepage;analysis

Review of construction organization design for Lianghekou hydropower station

ZHANG Wei-feng,YANG Chen-guang,CAO Jia-yun,WANG Hui-jie

[Abstract]Lianghekou hydropower station is located in Tibetan inhabited place and is a super large project. Therefore,the work quantity is large,dam filling material source is multiple and dispersed,working intensity is high,onsite access is complex and transportation amount is large and the construction condition is bad.In the feasibility study period,lots of deep researches are made for the construction organization design,includes the impervious soil material of dam core wall,concrete aggregate,construction diversion,simulation analysis of onsite access,construction planning of the dam,overall layout planning of construction and so on.The study results could better solve the difficult problems of construction organization design.

[Key words]lLianghekou hydropower station;feasibility study;construction organization design

Application of analytic hierarchy process in evaluation of reservoir water environment quality

SUN Da-ming

[Abstract]The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)is adopted to evaluate comprehensively the water environment quality of Liuda reservoir in Dalian City,and the satisfactory results are obtained.The analytic hierarchy process has the characteristics of the strong logicality,practicality and systematic,which could reflect the real water quality situation of the evaluation water.

[Key words]lanalytic hierarchy process;water environment;quality evaluation

Study on health evaluation of medium and small rivers in North China

ZHOU Qiang,LIU Jian-wei,LI Ming,ZHANG Can

[Abstract]Based on the own characteristics,human activity and the easy availability of data of the medium and small rivers in North China,following the framework of the river health evaluation indicators,standards and methods,the indicators of the satisfaction degree of ecological flow and the retention ratio of natural wetland are adjusted optimally.Taking the Baicheng City section of Taoerhe river in northeast China as an example and taking 2014 as the evaluation year,the paper analyzes and compares the evaluation results before and after indicators adjustment.The results show the adjusted indicators system is more accord with the reality situation.Taking three different typical years as evaluation year,the river health is evaluated by using adjusted indicators system.The results show the differences between evaluation results in different evaluation years are small and the result evaluated by using adjusted indicators is more rational.

[Key words]North China;medium and small river;river health;Taoerhe river;Baicheng

Study on slope stability of water inlet for diversion tunnel of Zhuwei reservoir

HOU Shou-jie

[Abstract]Because the diversion tunnel has direct influence on the subsequent construction and the slope stability is one of the important conditions to ensure the stability operation of diversion tunnel.Taking the water inlet of left diversion tunnel of the Zhuwei reservoir as an example,the numerical simulation is built to analyze and judge the stability of the side slope,which could guide the construction of the excavation and reinforcement.

[Key words]Zhuwei reservoir;diversion tunnel;slope;stability;study

Study on operation control mode of long distance open channel water conveyance system

WANG Zheng

[Abstract]The paper introduces 4 kinds of the common operation modes of long distance open channel water conveyance,including the operation modes of upstream constant water level,midpoint constant water level, downstream constant water level and the control capacity.Combining with the practical example,the paper calculates the operation modes of downstream constant water level and midpoint constant water level,establishes the typical mathematical model to simulate unsteady flow and calculates the unsteady flow process under the different operation condition referencing the characteristic line method.

[Key words]open channel;water conveyance system;operation;control mode

Study on cost allocation method in operation of main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project

QI Xue-yan,ZHANG Xue,LU Ya-ping

F4

B

1002－0624（2017）02－0069－02

2016-11-06