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        英語中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

        2017-04-13 16:49:01荊曉霞
        校園英語·上旬 2017年3期
        關(guān)鍵詞:類型用法

        荊曉霞

        【摘要】英語中除了句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的主謂關(guān)系外,還有其它形式的主謂關(guān)系,這就是存在于不同結(jié)構(gòu)中通過各種形式體現(xiàn)出來的內(nèi)在意義上的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。正確認(rèn)識這種主謂關(guān)系,對于理解原文,判斷意義的正誤乃至正確運(yùn)用句子都是非常重要的。下面談?wù)勥壿嬛髦^關(guān)系的存在形式及用法。

        【關(guān)鍵詞】英語知識 邏輯主謂關(guān)系 類型 用法

        一、復(fù)合賓語中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

        復(fù)合賓語由賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成,它們在邏輯上是主語和謂語的關(guān)系,賓語是邏輯主語,賓補(bǔ)是邏輯謂語。

        1.邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系的復(fù)合賓語主要是不定式和分詞。

        (1)名詞或代詞+不定式:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞為不定式的邏輯主語,它支配不定式所表示的動(dòng)作,賓語+賓補(bǔ)就構(gòu)成了主語和謂語動(dòng)詞關(guān)系。如:

        ①The doctor advised me to give up smoking.( I gave up smoking)

        ②Weve sent for a doctor to examine the patient.( The doctor will examine the patient.)

        (2)名詞或代詞+分詞:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的現(xiàn)在分詞表示其邏輯主語正在進(jìn)行的某一動(dòng)作或所處狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語正在承受他人所授予的動(dòng)作,過去分詞表示其邏輯主語的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或完成狀態(tài)。如:

        ①I found him working at the table when I came in.( He was working—)

        ②We watched the thief being taken into the police station.

        (The thief was being taken into the police station.)

        ③Ive never heard Latin spoken.( People spoke Latin.)

        2.邏輯上具有主表關(guān)系的復(fù)合賓語。這類復(fù)合賓語主要有名詞或代詞+名詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語構(gòu)成。后者表示前者的身份、特征、狀態(tài)等。因此賓補(bǔ)之間在邏輯上就形成了主語和表語關(guān)系。

        (1)名詞或代詞+形容詞:后者表示前者的狀態(tài)。如:

        ①The news made everyone happy.(Everyone was happy with the news.)

        ②She dyed the cloth red. (The cloth turned red.)

        (2)名詞或代詞+名詞:

        ①The class made him the monitor.(He is a monitor of the class.)

        ②We found Qingdao a very good summer resort.) (Qingdao is a very good summer resort.)

        (3)名詞或代詞+介詞短語:這種結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞短語一般都是固定的,介詞不能隨便選用。如:

        ① The police put the robber in prison.

        ② The good news set all of us at ease.

        (4)名詞或代詞+副詞。如:

        We found him upstairs.

        We found him out when we called on him.

        二、動(dòng)詞的非限定形式中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

        1.動(dòng)名詞。

        (1)物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在邏輯上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

        ①Do you mind my closing the window? (If I close the window)

        ②Her boys falling ill (That the boy fell ill) worried her greatly.

        (2)動(dòng)名詞作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞賓語時(shí),其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語,該動(dòng)名詞便是邏輯謂語。如:

        ①We enjoyed seeing the film. (We saw the film.)

        ②They were praised for having finished their work ahead of time. (They had finished their work ahead of time.)

        2.不定式。

        (1)for+名詞或代詞的賓格+不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)本身具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系,for后的名詞或代詞賓格是不定式的邏輯主語,不定式為邏輯謂語。如:

        ①It is important for us to learn English well. (That we learn English well is important.)

        ②The text is too long for us to memorize. (We memorize the text.)

        (2)不定式作動(dòng)詞或介詞賓語時(shí),與句子的主語往往有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

        ①He likes to read newspapers after lunch.

        (He reads newspapers.)

        ②They had no choice but to obey.

        ③The machine needs to be repaired.

        (3)不定式作狀語與句子的主語也有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

        ①We are working hard to improve the quality of products.

        ②We jumped with joy to hear of your success.

        ③I was so fortunate as to find my lost bag.

        (4)不定式作定語與被修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

        ①He is always the first to come and the last to leave. ( He is always the one who comes first and leaves last.)

        ②I have a meeting to attend this evening. (Ill attend a meeting this evening.)

        3.分詞短語的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。

        (1)分詞短語作狀語。分詞短語作狀語其邏輯主語一定是句子的主語,分詞所表示的動(dòng)作受句子的主語支配,因此句子的主語和分詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

        ①Hearing the good news (When he heard the good news) he shed tears of joy.

        ②Heated to 100°C(When water is heated to 100°C) water begins to boil.

        ③Having been discussed (After it was discussed) the problem seemed solved.

        (2)分詞作定語。

        A.分詞作前置定語:單個(gè)分詞作定語通常放在被修飾的名詞前,表示中心詞的的動(dòng)作或所處的進(jìn)行狀態(tài),二者之間也有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

        a sleeping child (a child who is sleeping)

        a running horse (a horse is running)

        the boiling water (the water is boiling)

        a broken cup ( a cup which is broken)

        a lost child (a child that lost his way)

        a frightened child (a child who was frightened)

        B.分詞短語作后置定語。分詞短語作定語只能放在被修飾詞的后面,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句,它和被修飾之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

        ①The student sitting (Who is sitting) at the desk is good at math.

        ②Rays coming(that come)straight down from over head strike the earth strongly.

        ③ It is a factory built (which was built) last year.

        4.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。名詞或代詞+一個(gè)分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式或介詞短語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞就是后面分詞、形容詞等的邏輯主語、分詞、形容詞等是它的邏輯謂語。如:

        ①Their work having been down,they took a rest.

        ②The children are a snowman,hands red with cold.

        ③I have bought a new coat,the old one being worn out.

        獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。

        ①He stood there with his hands in his pockets.

        ②With his head held high,he walked past the pole.

        三、It作形式賓語時(shí)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系

        引導(dǎo)詞it作形式賓語代替由不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正賓語,結(jié)構(gòu)上實(shí)際是一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語。因此代替的不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語及從句與句子的賓語、補(bǔ)語二者之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

        ①We found it important to learn English well.(To learn English well is important.)

        ②We think it no good learning theory without practice.(Learning theory without practice is no good.)

        ③Ill make it clear to you that failure is the mother of success.(That failure is the mother of success will be made clear to you.

        參考文獻(xiàn):

        [1]荊茂彬.淺談復(fù)合賓語的類型[J].英語知識,1989(06).

        [2]水青,秀蘭.使役動(dòng)詞have的復(fù)合賓語用法歸納[J].英語知識,2004(12).

        [3]張偉宗,李宣榮.要求復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞句型[J].英語知識,1990 (03).

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