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        受孕激素調(diào)節(jié)的microRNAs與乳腺癌的關(guān)系

        2017-04-02 21:37:04王利娟谷牧青PierreHardy阮祥燕AlfredMueck
        關(guān)鍵詞:孕激素激素乳腺

        王利娟 楊 春 谷牧青 Pierre Hardy 阮祥燕,4* Alfred O. Mueck,4

        (1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院婦科內(nèi)分泌科,北京 100026;2.蒙特利爾大學(xué)藥理系圣賈斯汀醫(yī)院研究中心,蒙特利爾 H3T 1C5,加拿大;3. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100026;4.德國(guó)圖賓根大學(xué)婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院絕經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌中心,圖賓根D-72076,德國(guó))

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        受孕激素調(diào)節(jié)的microRNAs與乳腺癌的關(guān)系

        王利娟1楊 春2谷牧青3Pierre Hardy2阮祥燕1,4*Alfred O. Mueck1,4

        (1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院婦科內(nèi)分泌科,北京 100026;2.蒙特利爾大學(xué)藥理系圣賈斯汀醫(yī)院研究中心,蒙特利爾 H3T 1C5,加拿大;3. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100026;4.德國(guó)圖賓根大學(xué)婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院絕經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌中心,圖賓根D-72076,德國(guó))

        microRNAs(miRNAs)是一類小的非編碼RNAs,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)多細(xì)胞真核生物基因的表達(dá)。miRNA突變或異常表達(dá)與各種人類癌癥相關(guān),并且可作為腫瘤抑制因子和致癌基因發(fā)揮作用。孕激素受體(progesterone receptor, PR)介導(dǎo)正常乳腺和乳腺癌組織對(duì)孕激素的應(yīng)答。孕激素暴露是絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌的一個(gè)公認(rèn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,尤其是合成孕激素。研究結(jié)果表明激素調(diào)節(jié)的miRNAs在激素受體介導(dǎo)的基因調(diào)控中起重要作用,受孕激素調(diào)節(jié)的miRNAs可影響孕激素受體的表達(dá)及其活動(dòng)。因此,未來(lái)應(yīng)該深入研究孕激素、孕激素受體和miRNAs關(guān)系的基因調(diào)控和分子機(jī)制,就miRNA對(duì)乳腺癌診斷、治療和預(yù)后的潛力進(jìn)行深入評(píng)估。

        乳腺癌;孕激素;孕激素受體;microRNAs;基因調(diào)控;分子機(jī)制

        乳腺癌是全球死亡的主要原因之一,是婦女易患第二常見的癌癥。世界各地每年診斷出浸潤(rùn)性乳腺癌的病例超過130萬(wàn)例,每年有超過45萬(wàn)婦女死于乳腺癌[1]。雖然目前對(duì)乳腺癌的了解取得了重大進(jìn)展,但要想進(jìn)一步改善治療,確定新的治療靶點(diǎn)很重要。了解參與調(diào)控乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機(jī)制是制定或改進(jìn)乳腺癌治療策略的關(guān)鍵。

        microRNAs(miRNAs)是一類非蛋白編碼的長(zhǎng)約18~24個(gè)核苷酸的內(nèi)源性小RNAs分子,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)多細(xì)胞真核生物基因的表達(dá)。miRNA通過介導(dǎo)的快速脫腺苷化發(fā)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制、mRNA切割和mRNA衰變調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)。miRNAs與其靶mRNAs間的堿基配對(duì)作用,經(jīng)常發(fā)生在靶基因的非翻譯區(qū)(3′untranslated region,3′UTR),可導(dǎo)致靶mRNAs降解和/或翻譯抑制[2]。在哺乳動(dòng)物中,預(yù)測(cè)miRNA可以控制所有蛋白編碼基因約30%的活動(dòng)[3]。目前對(duì)miRNAs功能的研究[4]表明,它幾乎參與對(duì)每個(gè)細(xì)胞過程的調(diào)節(jié),并且miRNAs表達(dá)的改變與人類的許多病理有關(guān)。越來(lái)越多的研究[5-7]表明,miRNA突變或異常表達(dá)與各種人類癌癥相關(guān),一些參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增生和凋亡過程的miRNAs,對(duì)腫瘤形成的抑制或促進(jìn)至關(guān)重要。

        1 孕激素、孕激素受體和乳腺癌的關(guān)系

        孕激素(progesterone,P4)和孕激素受體(progesterone receptor, PR)對(duì)女性正常的生理和激素反應(yīng)性組織(如子宮和乳腺)的病理起到很重要的作用,P4和PR對(duì)乳腺的發(fā)育及乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展都很重要。PR狀態(tài)對(duì)乳腺癌病人治療決策有重要意義。孕激素暴露是絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌的一個(gè)公認(rèn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,尤其是合成孕激素。Neubauer 等[8]的研究表明黃體酮對(duì)孕激素受體膜組分1(progesterone receptor membrane component 1,PGRMC1)過表達(dá)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞(MCF-7/PGRMC1-3HA)沒有促增生作用,而合成孕激素屈螺酮、醋酸甲羥孕酮和炔諾酮可顯著促進(jìn)MCF-7/PGRMC1-3HA細(xì)胞的增生,其中炔諾酮對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的促增生作用最顯著,而這些孕激素對(duì)PGRMC1非過表達(dá)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞(MCF-7)的增生幾乎沒有影響。由此得出結(jié)論:孕激素對(duì)乳腺癌發(fā)生的影響可能取決于激素治療中使用的特定孕激素類型和乳腺組織中PGRMC1、PR-A和PR-B的表達(dá)。 Zhang 等[9]和Ruan等[10]的研究結(jié)果顯示乳腺癌組織中PGRMC1的表達(dá)高于正常組織且與雌激素受體α(estrogen receptor α,ERα)的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān) (OR=1.42, 95%CI1.06~1.91,P=0.02)。 PGRMC1可能有助于預(yù)測(cè)乳腺癌的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及乳腺癌病人的預(yù)后。PR狀態(tài)對(duì)區(qū)分不同乳腺癌亞組可能對(duì)輔助抗雌激素治療受益不同尤為重要:ER+/PR-亞組被認(rèn)為對(duì)內(nèi)分泌治療的反應(yīng)比ER+/PR+亞組差[11-13]。有研究[14-17]表明miRNAs在激素反應(yīng)性組織(子宮和乳腺)中的表達(dá)狀態(tài)隨類固醇激素濃度而變化。Williams等[18]的研究表明miRNA特異性地參與了PR在生理和病理狀態(tài)下的功能。最近的研究結(jié)果[19-26]表明激素調(diào)節(jié)的miRNAs在激素受體介導(dǎo)的基因調(diào)控中起重要作用,且初步揭示了miRNA如何影響激素受體的表達(dá)和活性。大部分的研究[19-22]證實(shí)了miRNAs可靶向調(diào)節(jié)ERα,并且與乳腺癌中ERα陽(yáng)性表達(dá)相關(guān)。一些研究[23-26]也證實(shí)了乳腺癌細(xì)胞中的miRNAs受ERα的調(diào)節(jié)。相比之下,關(guān)于孕激素調(diào)節(jié)miRNAs和miRNAs靶向調(diào)節(jié)PR,以及miRNAs如何潛在地影響PR功能的研究相對(duì)較少。目前,越來(lái)越多的研究[27-28]顯示乳腺癌中一些miRNA的表達(dá)變化與P4和/或PR有關(guān)。

        2 孕激素調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中miRNAs的表達(dá)

        目前關(guān)于孕激素調(diào)節(jié)miRNAs的研究較少,大多數(shù)研究[28-30]都集中在子宮組織。Cochrane等[31]的研究顯示miR-29家族的3位成員(miR-29a、 miR-29b和miR-29c)在經(jīng)過6 h的醋酸甲羥孕酮處理后,以劑量依賴的方式下降了,miR-141也被醋酸甲羥孕酮降調(diào)了。而Finlay-Schultz等[32]的研究表明P4可降調(diào)miR29a和miR141。經(jīng)實(shí)時(shí)PCR檢測(cè),來(lái)自同一miRNA前體的miR-513a-5p和miR-513a-3p經(jīng)過孕激素處理后上調(diào),miR-513a-5p的上調(diào)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。孕激素通過結(jié)合其受體介導(dǎo)miR-513a-5p上調(diào),而miR-513a-5p通過靶向調(diào)節(jié)PR的 3′UTR導(dǎo)致PR蛋白濃度下降。孕激素還可通過降調(diào)miR-29增加PR介導(dǎo)的Krüppel樣因子4(Krüppel-like factor 4,KLF4)上調(diào),進(jìn)而增加激素反應(yīng)性乳腺癌中的干樣細(xì)胞群(CK5+和CD44+)[33]。還有研究[34]表明孕激素可通過PR和Stat3與致癌轉(zhuǎn)錄因子c-myc之間經(jīng)典的層級(jí)相互作用誘導(dǎo)miR-16的降低,而體內(nèi)和體外miR-16過表達(dá)均可抑制孕激素誘導(dǎo)的乳腺腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。

        3 miRNAs調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中孕激素受體的表達(dá)

        雌二醇(estradiol,E2)抑制的miR-26a和miR-181a調(diào)節(jié)與細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和增生有關(guān)的許多基因,包括孕激素受體基因-雌激素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的關(guān)鍵參與者[35]。值得注意的是,接受抗雌激素新輔助治療的乳腺癌婦女miRNA的表達(dá)也受到了調(diào)節(jié)。同ERs一樣,PR的亞型(PR-A和PR-B)是類固醇激素受體家族的成員,也是轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和雌激素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的關(guān)鍵介質(zhì)[36]。Maillot等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)極長(zhǎng)的PR 3′UTR(>9 kpb)上保守預(yù)測(cè)的miRNA結(jié)合位點(diǎn)(miRNA響應(yīng)元件)很少。另外,預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)合PR 3′UTR的7種miRNAs中的6種miRNA(miR-26a、miR-26b、 miR-181a、 miR-181b、miR-23a、 miR-23b)在研究中已被發(fā)現(xiàn)能被E2抑制,其中miR-26a和miR-181a能顯著抑制雌激素依賴的MCF-7細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)以及PR在RNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平的表達(dá),抗miR-26a和miR-181a能夠解除對(duì)PR表達(dá)的抑制。通過熒光素酶檢測(cè)報(bào)告判斷,預(yù)測(cè)的miRNA響應(yīng)元件對(duì)于miR-26a和miR-181a與PR mRNA的直接和特異性結(jié)合至關(guān)重要。Gilam等[27]的研究首次證實(shí)MCF-7細(xì)胞中miR-181a、miR-23a 和miR-26b過表達(dá)可降低PR mRNA的表達(dá)水平,且這3個(gè)miRNAs在PR基因的3′UTR上有一個(gè)共同的保守結(jié)合位點(diǎn),直接靶向調(diào)節(jié)PR。研究[27]還顯示,乳腺癌標(biāo)本中miR-181a和miR-26b的相對(duì)表達(dá)明顯高于相鄰的正常組織標(biāo)本,此結(jié)果暗示miR-181a和miR-26b對(duì)乳腺癌的發(fā)生有潛在作用。此外,miR-98 和miR-181a可能通過它們對(duì)PGRMC1、 PR、細(xì)胞色素P450芳香化酶(Cytochrome P450 aromatase,CYP19A)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶3組織抑制劑(tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 3,TIMP3)和X染色體相關(guān)的DEAD盒多肽3[DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 3, X-linked,DDX3X]表達(dá)的調(diào)節(jié)功能影響正常月經(jīng)周期和疾病過渡狀態(tài)(子宮內(nèi)膜癌)的子宮內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞活性[37]。 Lu等[38]通過實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè)了67名乳腺浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌miRNA-155和miR-31的組織和血漿濃度以及這2個(gè)miRNA與乳腺癌臨床病理特點(diǎn)的關(guān)系,結(jié)果表明乳腺癌病人miRNA-155和miR-31的血漿濃度比健康人群分別高6倍和5倍。而且,在癌組織中miR-155的表達(dá)比非癌組織高5倍(P<0.05),沒有觀察到miR-31表達(dá)的變化(P>0.05)。miR-155的表達(dá)與ER(r=-0.353,P=0.003)和PR呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.357,P=0.003)。MiR-126-3p能夠抑制小鼠乳腺上皮細(xì)胞的增生(P<0.01)和β酪蛋白的表達(dá)(P<0.01),并降調(diào)PR蛋白(P<0.05)[39]。因此,MiR-126-3p可能在乳腺的發(fā)育過程中扮演了重要作用,這將有助于人們對(duì)乳腺上皮細(xì)胞腫瘤的研究。

        綜上所述,乳腺癌中孕激素調(diào)節(jié)的miRNAs在孕激素受體介導(dǎo)的基因調(diào)控中起重要作用。目前有關(guān)孕激素和孕激素受體影響乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制尚未完全了解,乳腺癌中孕激素受體的調(diào)控尚未得到充分的研究。已知miRNAs可作為腫瘤抑制因子或促癌基因影響乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移,但由于miRNAs種類繁多、功能各異,研究結(jié)果尚未達(dá)成一致。鑒于孕激素、孕激素受體和miRNAs在乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的重要作用,深入研究孕激素、孕激素受體和miRNAs關(guān)系的基因調(diào)控和分子機(jī)制,將有助于miRNAs對(duì)乳腺癌的診斷、治療和預(yù)后發(fā)揮重要作用。

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        編輯 孫超淵

        Relationship between progesterone-regulated microRNAs and breast cancer

        Wang Lijuan1, Yang Chun2, Gu Muqing3, Pierre Hardy2, Ruan Xiangyan1,4*, Alfred O. Mueck1,4

        (1.DepartmentofGynecologicalEndocrinology,BeijingObstetricsandGynecologyHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100026,China; 2.ResearchCenterofCHU-saint-JustineHospital,PharmacologyDepartment,UniversityofMontreal,MontrealH3T 1C5,Canada; 3.DepartmentofReproduction,BeijingObstetricsandGynecologyHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100026,China;4.SectionofEndocrinologyandMenopause,DepartmentofWomen’sHealth,UniversityofTubingen,TubingenD-72076,Germany)

        microRNAs(miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of multicellular eukaryotic genes at post-transcriptional levels. miRNA mutations or abnormal expressions are associated with various human cancers. miRNAs can function as tumour suppressors and oncogenes. Progesterone receptors (PR) mediate response to progestins in the normal breast and breast cancer. Progesterone exposure is a recognized risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer, especially synthetic progesterone. Several studies have shown that hormonal regulated miRNAs have an important role in hormone receptor mediated gene regulation. Progesterone regulated miRNAs can affect the expression of progesterone receptors and their activities. Therefore, further studies are needed to dissect the gene regulations and molecular mechanisms related to progestine, PR and miRNAs. The diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic potential of these miRNAs in breast cancer should be further evaluated.

        breast cancer; progesterone; progeterone receptor; microRNAs; gene regulation; molecular mechanisms

        國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81671411),國(guó)家外國(guó)專家局2017年度北京市引進(jìn)國(guó)外技術(shù)、管理人才項(xiàng)目(20171100004),北京市自然科學(xué)基金(7162062), 北京市科技新星計(jì)劃交叉學(xué)科合作項(xiàng)目(Z161100004916045),北京市衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)高層次衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人才(學(xué)科帶頭人)(2014-2-016)。This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81671411), Foreign Technical and Administrative Talent Introduction Project in 2017,State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs,China(20171100004); Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (7162062);Beijing Nova Program Interdisciplinary Studies Cooperative Projects (Z161100004916045); Beijing Municipal Health System High Level Health Technical Talents (Academic Leaders) (2014-2-016).

        時(shí)間:2017-07-16 17∶16 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.r.20170716.1716.006.html

        10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2017.04.007]

        R737.9

        2017-06-05)

        *Corresponding author, E-mail:ruanxiangyan@163.com

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