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[摘要] 潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)在青年女性中發(fā)病率越來越高,與生育年齡重疊。UC與妊娠相互影響,其疾病活動(dòng)會(huì)增加患者的不孕率,導(dǎo)致不良妊娠結(jié)果等,因此,建議在病情緩解期妊娠。此外,妊娠過程中及產(chǎn)后如何維持疾病緩解、復(fù)發(fā)后的治療、妊娠及產(chǎn)褥期UC患者的診斷與檢查等問題受到廣泛關(guān)注。本文就妊娠期患者疾病緩解期的維持、活動(dòng)期的治療及產(chǎn)褥期哺乳、用藥等問題作一綜述,為妊娠前、妊娠中及產(chǎn)褥期UC患者提供參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎;妊娠;產(chǎn)褥期;生育率;管理
[中圖分類號(hào)] R574.62 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)01(b)-0041-04
Management of ulcerative colitis in pregnancy and puerperium
LI Zhaofeng JIA Ai'qin SUN Lin GUAN Lifang LIU Tongting
Ji'nan Military General Hospital, Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250000, China
[Abstract] The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) in young women is higher and higher, overlapping with reproductive age. UC and pregnancy affect each other, active disease may increase the risk of infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, doctors suggest delaying conception until disease remission. In addition, It has attracted our attention on how to maintain disease remission, treatment after recurrence, diagnose and examination of UC patients in pregnancy and puerperium. This article discusses the maintenance of disease remission, treatment of active UC, and the breast-feed and drugs in puerperium, in order to provide reference for woman before or in pregnancy and puerperium.
[Key words] Ulcerative colitis; Pregnancy; Puerperium; Fertility rate; Management
目前,潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)發(fā)病率越來越高,且青壯年居多,與生育時(shí)期重疊[1]。UC與妊娠相互影響,尤其疾病活動(dòng)狀態(tài)對(duì)妊娠期患者及胎兒的不良影響更加顯著[2]。產(chǎn)褥期爆發(fā)重度UC的病例較少見,發(fā)病往往病情較重,預(yù)后差,死亡率高(約13%)。規(guī)范妊娠期UC的治療對(duì)于降低UC患者妊娠風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要意義。
1 潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎對(duì)妊娠的影響
1.1 對(duì)生育率影響
就整個(gè)育齡期UC女性而言,85%~90%可正常妊娠,緩解期患者生育能力與正常人無明顯差異,疾病活動(dòng)期患者生育能力顯著下降[3]。Miller[4]在1986年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析顯示,UC患者的正常妊娠率為83%,與健康患者無明顯差別。Schulze等[5]在2014年研究顯示UC患者緩解期正常妊娠率為84%,活動(dòng)期患者正常妊娠率為65%。有研究表明,UC患者子女較正常人減少,可能與擔(dān)心疾病加重病情、遺傳后代、心理壓力過大等問題恐于妊娠有關(guān)[6]。同時(shí),外科手術(shù)也會(huì)對(duì)生育率產(chǎn)生影響,如接受回腸肛門吻合術(shù)(ileal pouch anal anastomosis,IPAA)治療后,生育率顯著下降[7],這可能與回腸病變和腸切除術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的營養(yǎng)吸收障礙有關(guān)。
1.2 潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的影響
UC可導(dǎo)致不良分娩結(jié)局,其原因與疾病狀態(tài)有關(guān)。緩解期妊娠患者與普通人群面臨相同的妊娠風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8],但疾病活動(dòng)期患者胎兒畸胎發(fā)生率、流產(chǎn)率、死產(chǎn)率均較正常人升高。近些年一項(xiàng)薈萃分析顯示,UC患者可出現(xiàn)早產(chǎn)(OR=1.85,95%CI:1.67~2.05)、生長發(fā)育遲緩(OR=1.36,95%CI:1.16~1.60)、先天畸形(OR=1.29, 95%CI:1.05~1.58)、死胎(OR=1.57,95%CI:1.03~2.38)等不良妊娠結(jié)局[9]。Broms等[10]對(duì)瑞典2006~2010年間1833例UC患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),UC患者病情復(fù)發(fā)是導(dǎo)致早產(chǎn)、死胎、生長發(fā)育遲緩等不良妊娠的危險(xiǎn)因素。因此,建議在UC緩解期妊娠,若妊娠前已存在貧血和營養(yǎng)不良等情況,應(yīng)先補(bǔ)充鐵劑和維生素等改善癥狀后再考慮妊娠[11]。
2 妊娠對(duì)潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的影響
妊娠過程中疾病的進(jìn)程主要取決于妊娠時(shí)疾病的活動(dòng)狀態(tài),緩解期妊娠患者與正常女性所面臨的妊娠風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無明顯差異,而活動(dòng)期妊娠患者,其胎兒早產(chǎn)、低出生體重、剖腹分娩的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加重[12]。研究表明,疾病緩解期受孕的患者,約2/3患者整個(gè)妊娠過程仍處于緩解期[13];而疾病活動(dòng)期受孕的患者,即使予以積極的治療,多數(shù)患者妊娠期間疾病仍將處于活動(dòng)期,甚至少數(shù)患者病情會(huì)加重甚至暴發(fā)[14]。對(duì)于妊娠期或產(chǎn)褥期初次發(fā)病的UC女性而言,一旦發(fā)病,UC病情主要為重型或暴發(fā)型,病情極為兇險(xiǎn),需引起高度重視,及時(shí)診治。
3 妊娠期合并潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的診斷與檢查
結(jié)腸鏡檢查是確定妊娠期UC是否處于活動(dòng)期的重要檢查手段。Cappell等[15]回顧性分析1986~2007年20例妊娠期行腸鏡檢查患者,結(jié)果顯示妊娠期結(jié)腸鏡檢查與不良妊娠結(jié)果沒有確切關(guān)系,同時(shí)妊娠3~6個(gè)月行結(jié)腸鏡檢查對(duì)分娩結(jié)果有重要意義,結(jié)腸鏡檢查并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致早產(chǎn)或胎兒先天性畸形。近期,Ludvigsson等[16]對(duì)3000例行內(nèi)鏡檢查的妊娠婦女進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)妊娠期間內(nèi)鏡檢查與早產(chǎn)(ARR,1.16)相關(guān),但不包含SGA(ARR,1.19)、死胎(ARR,1.11)或先天性畸形(ARR,0.90),但其不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生概率低,應(yīng)權(quán)衡利弊。具體檢查方法及安全性見表1。
表1 妊娠期合并潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的檢查方法及安全性
4 妊娠及產(chǎn)后潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的管理
4.1 緩解期潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的維持治療
對(duì)于妊娠期UC患者而言,維持緩解及活動(dòng)期誘導(dǎo)緩解至關(guān)重要。根據(jù)2015多倫多妊娠期炎癥性腸病管理共識(shí)意見[17],臨床常見維持緩解藥物及藥物安全等級(jí)劃分如表2。
5-氨基水楊酸(5-ASA)類藥物在妊娠安全用藥中屬于B級(jí),應(yīng)用劑量不超過3 g/d時(shí),相對(duì)安全[18],臨床常應(yīng)用于妊娠期UC的維持緩解治療。激素在妊娠期安全用藥中屬于C級(jí),糖皮質(zhì)激素常用于中重度UC患者急性期誘導(dǎo)緩解,不作為維持治療[19]。硫唑嘌呤和6-巰基嘌呤都屬于嘌呤類似物,在妊娠安全用藥中屬于D級(jí),是臨床應(yīng)用于誘導(dǎo)緩解的另一類常見藥物[20]。甲氨蝶呤在妊娠安全用藥中屬于X級(jí),禁止用于妊娠期UC的治療,因?yàn)樵撍幙稍隗w內(nèi)長期停留,建議停藥3~6個(gè)月以上考慮妊娠[21]。生物制劑在妊娠用藥中屬于B級(jí),可以用于孕前及妊娠過程。正在使用生物制劑的患者,建議妊娠期間及產(chǎn)后繼續(xù)使用[22]。
4.2 妊娠期活動(dòng)期潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎治療
使用5-ASA維持治療期間出現(xiàn)輕中度疾病復(fù)發(fā),建議采用5-ASA口服聯(lián)合直腸給藥盡快誘導(dǎo)緩解[23]。使用5-ASA或巰基嘌呤維持治療過程中出現(xiàn)疾病復(fù)發(fā),建議使用糖皮質(zhì)激素誘導(dǎo)緩解或直接使用生物制劑。若出現(xiàn)糖皮質(zhì)激素抵抗性復(fù)發(fā)時(shí),建議盡快使用生物制劑誘導(dǎo)緩解[24]。妊娠期首選藥物治療,但在緊急并發(fā)癥發(fā)生時(shí)要盡早進(jìn)行外科干預(yù)[25-26]。
4.3 分娩方式
妊娠期間疾病緩解后,由于分娩這一應(yīng)激因素,病情可能復(fù)發(fā),甚至暴發(fā)。但多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,在決定分娩方式時(shí),應(yīng)將UC孕婦視為普通人,但應(yīng)盡量避免會(huì)陰切開術(shù)[27]。IPAA術(shù)后及活動(dòng)期肛周及直腸疾病患者應(yīng)首選剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù),以降低腸梗阻發(fā)生率[28]。
4.4 產(chǎn)褥期管理
產(chǎn)褥期暴發(fā)重度UC的病例較少見,發(fā)病往往病情重,預(yù)后差,死亡率高。其原因可能與患者妊娠期間及產(chǎn)后情緒焦慮、體內(nèi)激素水平變化、分娩這一應(yīng)激因素等有關(guān)[29]。另外,2013年韓國一項(xiàng)薈萃分析顯示,妊娠及分娩時(shí)間與疾病初發(fā)及暴發(fā)有相關(guān)性,尤其1~2個(gè)月分娩的患者其發(fā)病率最高[30-32]。2005年Kitayama等[31]一項(xiàng)研究顯示,除了環(huán)孢素類藥物,產(chǎn)后大多數(shù)藥物對(duì)患者及嬰兒都是安全的。2004年Klement等[33]報(bào)道稱,母乳喂養(yǎng)可以降低嬰兒UC的發(fā)生率,這可能與乳汁中泌乳素水平有關(guān)[34]。但2005年Kane等[35]的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,母乳喂養(yǎng)可以導(dǎo)致疾病復(fù)發(fā),甚至暴發(fā)(OR=2.2,95%CI:1.2~3.9),這可能與妊娠期間及產(chǎn)后患者未規(guī)律服藥、恢復(fù)吸煙、妊娠及分娩導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)激素水平變化有關(guān)。因此,鼓勵(lì)妊娠及哺乳期藥物維持治療。同時(shí),妊娠期間對(duì)患者要加強(qiáng)心理疏導(dǎo),加強(qiáng)營養(yǎng),戒煙戒酒,繼續(xù)藥物治療。妊娠及產(chǎn)褥期患者用藥及管理具體流程見圖1。
5 結(jié)論
UC病情反復(fù),遷延難愈,多發(fā)于生育期,因而需要廣泛關(guān)注。疾病活動(dòng)期妊娠會(huì)增加患者不孕率,加大不良妊娠風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,孕前、妊娠過程中及產(chǎn)褥期維持病情緩解十分重要。盡管如此,但只要孕前將疾病有效地控制在緩解期,妊娠過程中積極與醫(yī)師溝通,疾病復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)及時(shí)給予適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煷胧琔C女性仍能像健康人一樣妊娠和生產(chǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2016-10-10 本文編輯:程 銘)