孟曉燕 黃雯靜 陽(yáng)延松 舒婷婷 楊浩強(qiáng)
【摘要】 目的:研究順鉑(Cisplatin,CDDP)致大鼠急性腎損傷(AKI)模型中腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡及腎組織中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(NGAL)變化及相關(guān)性。方法:將36只健康雄性Wistar大鼠隨機(jī)分為鹽水對(duì)照組(CN組)與順鉑模型組(CP組),CP組為腹腔單次注射順鉑10 mg/kg,CN組腹腔注射同順鉑組等容量生理鹽水,觀察應(yīng)用順鉑后12、24、48、96、144 h各組大鼠血清肌酐(Scr),腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡及NGAL變化。結(jié)果:與CN組相比,CP組48 Scr開始升高,144 h達(dá)峰值;CP組12 h腎組織凋亡細(xì)胞開始增多,48 h增加最明顯;CP組12 h NGAL在腎小管上皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá)增強(qiáng)(P<0.05),48 h表達(dá)最明顯。腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡同NGAL表達(dá)顯著相關(guān)(r=0.925,P<0.01)。結(jié)論:細(xì)胞凋亡可能是CDDP致大鼠AKI早期致病機(jī)制之一,NGAL不僅是早期腎損傷的標(biāo)記物,還可能參與AKI發(fā)病機(jī)制。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 順鉑; 急性腎損傷; 中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白; 細(xì)胞凋亡
Relationship between Apoptosis of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells and NGAL in the Rodent Model of Cisplatin Induced Acute Kidney Injury/MENG Xiao-yan,HUANG Wen-jing,YANG Yan-song,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(05):049-052
【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the relationship between apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells and NGAL in the rodent model of Cisplatin induced acute kidney injury.Method:A total of 36 male wistar rats were randomly assigned to different groups.The rats of CP group were injected once intraperitoneal with Cisplatin at
10 mg/kg,the rats of CN group were injected intraperitoneal with same volume of normal saline vehicle.Rats were euthanized at 12,24,48,96 and 144 hours(n=6 in the CP group at each time point).The blood and renal tissue specimens were analyzed at each time point.Result:Significant elevations of creatnine in serum were noted by 48 hours in the CP group versus CN group,peak levels were seen on 144 hours(P<0.05).A significant increased expression of NGAL in renal tissue sections was noted by 12 hours in the CP group versus CN group,the most obvious expression of NGAL was seen on 48 hours(P<0.05).In addition,renal epithelial cells apoptosis was noted by 12 hours in the CP group versus CN group,peak level was seen on 48 hours(P<0.05).Apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells and NGAL expression was significantly correlated (r=0.925,P<0.01).Conclusion:Apoptosis may be involved in the early pathogenesis of AKI induced by CDDP in rodent modals,NGAL is not only a biomarker of early renal injury,but also may be involved in the pathogenesis of AKI.
【Key words】 Cisplatin; Acute kidney injury; Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Cell apoptosis
First-authors address:The Fourth Affiliated Hospital,Guangxi University,Liuzhou 545005,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.05.012
急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)是常見(jiàn)的內(nèi)科疾病,也是急危重癥常見(jiàn)的合并癥,與較高的死亡率和不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[1]。關(guān)于我國(guó)AKI的一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究指出,2013年我國(guó)有(140~290)萬(wàn)AKI患者住院,AKI住院死亡率達(dá)12.4%,而71.6%的患者在診斷AKI時(shí)或之前有腎毒性藥物應(yīng)用[2]。提示藥物相關(guān)性AKI可能已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)巨大的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)。
順鉑(Cisplatin,CDDP)是一種廣泛應(yīng)用的抗癌藥物,劑量相關(guān)的腎毒性大大限制了其臨床應(yīng)用,中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(NGAL)是有前景的AKI早期損傷標(biāo)記物,前期的工作也發(fā)現(xiàn),CDDP致大鼠AKI早期即存在血、尿NGAL升高[3],目前關(guān)于NGAL研究主要集中于作為早期診斷,預(yù)后評(píng)估的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物及參與疾病發(fā)病兩方面,在生理情況下或不同的疾病病程中,NGAL扮演著不同甚至截然相反的角色,國(guó)內(nèi)不少研究?jī)H關(guān)注于NGAL的早期診斷特性,忽略其生理特性及在疾病發(fā)病機(jī)制中的角色。本研究通過(guò)建立CDDP致大鼠AKI模型,觀察腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡及腎組織NGAL變化,探討其相關(guān)性,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 健康雄性Wistar大鼠36只,體重200~220 g,由廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供。
1.2 藥品與試劑 順鉑注射液(江蘇豪森藥業(yè),批號(hào)120318),TUNEL試劑盒(美國(guó)Roche),NGAL試劑盒(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司)。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 動(dòng)物模型建立 按隨機(jī)數(shù)字法將大鼠分為6組,鹽水對(duì)照組(CN組),順鉑模型組(CP組),CP組為腹腔單次注射順鉑10 mg/kg,據(jù)給藥后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)不同分為CP 12 h組、CP 24 h組、CP 48 h組、CP 96 h組、CP 144 h組;CN組為腹腔注射同CP組等容量生理鹽水。每組6只大鼠,共36只。
1.3.2 標(biāo)本處理 取各時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠乙醚吸入麻醉,打開腹腔,門靜脈穿刺取血,取血清-80 ℃保存?zhèn)錂z,迅速取出雙腎,去除被膜,生理鹽水沖洗,4%多聚甲醛固定過(guò)夜,行腎病理切片。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo) 采用全自動(dòng)生化儀測(cè)定Scr,光鏡下觀察腎組織切片HE染色形態(tài)學(xué)改變,應(yīng)用TUNEL檢測(cè)腎組織中細(xì)胞凋亡情況,免疫組化法檢測(cè)腎組織中NGAL表達(dá)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 13.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用 字2檢驗(yàn)。相關(guān)性分析采用Spearman分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 Scr變化 CP組Scr于48 h開始逐漸升高,144 h達(dá)峰值(95.8±9.25)μmol/L,見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 腎組織病理變化 與CN組相比,CP組用藥后12、24 h腎小管上皮細(xì)胞有輕度濁腫,部分刷狀緣脫落;用藥后48 h,腎小管上皮細(xì)胞輕中度濁腫,少量核固縮,見(jiàn)少量蛋白管型形成;至用藥后144 h,腎小管上皮細(xì)胞扁平,刷狀緣脫落,管腔擴(kuò)張,大片細(xì)胞核固縮,部分脫落于腎小管腔內(nèi)。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.3 腎組織NGAL表達(dá)情況 每例標(biāo)本隨機(jī)地挑選5個(gè)400×視野,應(yīng)用圖像分析測(cè)定NGAL表達(dá)的平均光密度。CN組無(wú)明顯表達(dá),CP組12 h在皮髓質(zhì)交界區(qū)處腎小管上皮細(xì)胞胞漿中表達(dá)增強(qiáng),24、48 h進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)(P<0.05),之后表達(dá)減弱。見(jiàn)表2和圖2。
2.4 腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡情況 應(yīng)用TUNEL法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡,凋亡細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核內(nèi)DNA特異的3末端被特殊標(biāo)記,呈棕褐色染色。每例標(biāo)本隨機(jī)挑選5個(gè)400×視野,計(jì)數(shù)深棕色細(xì)胞核,取平均數(shù)計(jì)為凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù),見(jiàn)表3。腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡同NGAL相關(guān)性分析提示高度相關(guān),見(jiàn)表4。
3 討論
順鉑是廣泛用于多種實(shí)體腫瘤的鉑類抗瘤藥物,腎毒性可出現(xiàn)在約1/3的用藥患者中,既往認(rèn)為順鉑致AKI的機(jī)制可能有炎癥介質(zhì)、氧化應(yīng)激、壞死、凋亡、自噬等,早期診治可改善患者預(yù)后,而傳統(tǒng)作為AKI的標(biāo)記血肌酐,受飲食、肌肉質(zhì)量影響,且屬于“回顧”性指標(biāo),敏感性欠佳。近年來(lái)關(guān)于新的血清及尿液AKI生物標(biāo)志物的研究逐漸增多,包括NGAL,腎損傷分子1(KIM-1),肝型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(L-FABP),白介素18(IL-18),組織型金屬蛋白酶抑制物2(TIMP-2),胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合蛋白7(IGFBP7),尿外泌體,鈣衛(wèi)蛋白[4](calprotectin),Vanin-1[5]以及最近提出的Wnt信號(hào)通路中的Wnt4蛋白[6]等,但目前仍沒(méi)有足夠的證據(jù)證實(shí)AKI生物標(biāo)志物在治療決策中的作用,探討各生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物在AKI中的生物學(xué)特性,有助于進(jìn)一步理解疾病發(fā)病機(jī)制及尋找治療靶標(biāo)。
NGAL作為診斷及預(yù)后評(píng)估的研究涉及炎癥、感染、代謝、心腦血管、呼吸、泌尿、血液等多系統(tǒng)疾病[7-11]。NGAL已知的主要生物學(xué)特性是抑菌和調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵貯存,細(xì)菌性尿路感染、社區(qū)獲得性肺炎、膿毒血癥患者血清以及細(xì)菌性腦膜炎腦脊液,細(xì)菌性腹膜炎腹水中均可出現(xiàn)NGAL的升高[12]。有研究提出NGAL參與了固有免疫中抗菌性質(zhì)的鐵耗竭過(guò)程[13]。然而,NGAL在一些無(wú)菌性疾病中也有表達(dá),提示可能通過(guò)結(jié)合其他的配體,行使不同功能。
現(xiàn)有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL生物學(xué)功能涉及參與炎癥反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡等[14-16],但有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)外源性NGAL有抗凋亡作用[17],也有關(guān)于NGAL抑制未分化甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡的報(bào)道[18],而關(guān)于NGAL在順鉑致AKI中同細(xì)胞凋亡的相關(guān)性如何,尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
本研究在CDDP致大鼠AKI動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中觀察到,注射CDDP后12 h腎組織NGAL表達(dá)增加,至48 h表達(dá)最明顯;而腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡在應(yīng)用CDDP后12 h開始增多,48 h腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡最顯著,相關(guān)性分析提示腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡同NGAL表達(dá)高度相關(guān),而Scr在細(xì)胞凋亡最顯著的48 h才明顯升高,在細(xì)胞凋亡逐漸減少的情況下仍呈上升趨勢(shì),至144 h達(dá)峰值,腎臟病理顯示有腎小管壞死,提示除損傷早期的細(xì)胞凋亡之外,在AKI不同階段,可能有其他的細(xì)胞損傷機(jī)制參與AKI的發(fā)病。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腎組織細(xì)胞凋亡同NGAL表達(dá)高度相關(guān),結(jié)合目前已有關(guān)于NGAL參與細(xì)胞凋亡的報(bào)道,在AKI中,NGAL為早期腎損傷標(biāo)記物之外,是否還參與氧化應(yīng)激或細(xì)胞凋亡,從而在AKI的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起到一定作用?本研究未對(duì)相應(yīng)的分子機(jī)制做深入探討,有待于后續(xù)研究。
綜上,目前國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于NGAL的研究主要集中于早期診斷的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物方面,需要有更進(jìn)一步的研究探討NGAL在受損組織器官中的生物學(xué)特性,可能為AKI的診治提供更廣闊的前景。
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(收稿日期:2016-12-22) (本文編輯:程旭然)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2017年5期