廖 冰,譚志海,孫 斌,龍艷俠,范匯晨,劉 釗
西安工程大學(xué) 環(huán)境與化學(xué)工程學(xué)院,西安 710048
甘肅合水地區(qū)全新世以來土壤剖面黑碳記錄及其氣候變化
廖 冰,譚志海,孫 斌,龍艷俠,范匯晨,劉 釗
西安工程大學(xué) 環(huán)境與化學(xué)工程學(xué)院,西安 710048
針對甘肅合水馬家村(MJC)全新世黃土剖面進(jìn)行野外采樣,分析磁化率和黑碳(焦炭和煙炱)等古氣候指標(biāo),試圖探討黃土高原北部全新世以來生物質(zhì)燃燒特征以及自然生態(tài)環(huán)境演變過程,結(jié)果表明:末次冰期和全新世早期(11500 — 8500 a BP)氣候寒冷而干旱,區(qū)域野火事件時而發(fā)生,植被生物量是此階段野火發(fā)生與蔓延的限制因素;距今8000年以來,黑碳和炭屑濃度整體呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢。由于季節(jié)性降水增多從而抑制大范圍火災(zāi)發(fā)生幾率。然而,8000 — 7000 a BP和3500 — 2500 a BP野火頻率明顯上升,這可能與仰韶時期老官臺文化和寺洼文化時期的古人類放火燒荒和開墾農(nóng)田等活動有關(guān);全新世晚期(3100 a BP至今)氣候進(jìn)一步干旱,生物質(zhì)燃燒增強(qiáng)與人口增加和人類土地利用水平密切相關(guān),其中1500 — 1000 a BP出現(xiàn)一次較為明顯的峰值,這可能與隋唐以來該區(qū)農(nóng)耕活動加強(qiáng)有關(guān)??梢?,近2000年以來黃土高原北部地區(qū)生物質(zhì)燃燒特征受到氣候和人類活動復(fù)合驅(qū)動所控制。
野火;氣候變化;全新世;黑碳;炭屑
野火是干旱-半干旱生態(tài)系統(tǒng)演替過程中重要干擾因素(Johnson,1992)。野火發(fā)生不僅受到東亞季風(fēng)所控制的季節(jié)性降雨變化的影響,而且受到生物質(zhì)積累量和燃料特征的控制(Haberle et al,2001)。同時,全新世時期人類活動成為誘發(fā)野火活動的一個重要因素。因此研究全新世時期野火歷史對人們理解人類活動、氣候變化以及環(huán)境演變之間的關(guān)系具有十分重要的意義。在過去的幾十年里,越來越多的研究者利用古環(huán)境替代指標(biāo)來重建過去的野火事件,其中炭屑利于原地保存,能真實、客觀地反映當(dāng)時的氣候和植被狀況,在時間上可以提供幾千年甚至幾萬年間野火活動的連續(xù)資料,在空間上可以指示本地或較小區(qū)域野火事件的發(fā)生(Patterson et al,1987)。與炭屑相比,環(huán)境中的黑碳(black carbon,BC)是生物質(zhì)和化石燃料不完全燃燒形成的含碳物質(zhì)連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體,包括焦炭(char)和煙炱(soot)(Goldberg,1985;Masiello,2004)。黑碳可以在沉積物中存在幾百萬年,且在空間上可以傳播數(shù)百千米,因此保存在黃土-古土壤剖面中,記錄區(qū)域野火歷史及其氣候變化和人類活動(Wang et al,2005)。目前,許多學(xué)者利用多種手段對黃土高原地區(qū)的黑碳進(jìn)行深入研究并取得了一定成果(楊英等,2001;Wang et al,2005;Zhou et al,2007;Han et al,2012)。由于樣品分析方法和選取區(qū)域尺度空間差異,不同地區(qū)反演區(qū)域野火歷史存在較大的差異(Tan et al,2015)。故對黑碳和炭屑進(jìn)行高分辨率分析,并結(jié)合多項氣候指標(biāo)及歷史文獻(xiàn)記錄,可以有效恢復(fù)區(qū)域生物質(zhì)燃燒特征以及生態(tài)環(huán)境演變過程。試圖系統(tǒng)深入地理解黃土高原全新世以來野火活動、氣候演變以及人類活動之間的相互作用關(guān)系。
本研究點(圖1)位于甘肅省合水縣馬家村,地處黃土高原區(qū)的北部,涇河上游的馬蓮河流域的黃土丘陵殘塬,當(dāng)?shù)睾0胃叨?400 m,年平均氣溫7—10℃,年降水量約為450—550 mm,目前為農(nóng)田生態(tài)景觀。采樣點選在馬家塬塬邊陡坎,采樣時將陡坎面外表厚約10 cm的表層除去,并按從上至下5 cm間距連續(xù)采樣,共采集樣品50個。
圖1 甘肅省合水縣馬家村MJC剖面采樣點位置圖Fig.1 Map showing the study region in the northern part of the Loess Plateau in Heshui County,Gansu Province (The study sites are marked as MJC:Majiacun site.)
該剖面(MJC)通過野外觀察記錄并進(jìn)行室內(nèi)觀察描述和分析,其剖面自上而下劃分為:0 — 40 cm為現(xiàn)代表土層(TS);40 — 75 cm為現(xiàn)代黃土層(L0);75—175 cm為黑壚土古土壤層(S0);175 — 210 cm為黃土過渡層(Lt);210 cm以下為典型馬蘭黃土(L1)。其剖面特征見表1。為避免該剖面受當(dāng)時人類活動的過多影響,本剖面采樣位置選取九站遺址區(qū)外圍地區(qū)。
表1 甘肅合水MJY-A和MJC全新世黃土-土壤剖面地層學(xué)和土壤學(xué)特征描述(譚志海等,2008)Tab.1 Description of the paleoesoil pro fi les at Majiayuan site (MJY-A) and Majiacun site (MJC) on the Longdong Basin loess tableland in the northern part of the Loess Plateau (Tan et al,2008)
將自然風(fēng)干的樣品分別進(jìn)行磁化率和黑碳等項目的測定。磁化率測定實驗步驟為:稱取風(fēng)干樣品10 g,用研缽研至粒徑小于2 mm后用Bartington-MS-B2型磁化率儀測量其磁化率;黑碳測定實驗步驟為:稱取風(fēng)干土樣5 g,研磨至200目以下,取其0.5 — 0.6 g加入20 mL 2 M鹽酸充分反應(yīng),靜置24 h后離心取沉積物,再加入20 mL(6 M HCL/48% HF)溶液,靜置24 h后離心取沉積物,之后再加入20 mL 2 M鹽酸,靜置24 h離心取其沉積物過濾制片,采用熱光反射法,利用DRI Model 2001 Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer碳分析儀進(jìn)行碳組分的分析,采用IMPROVE協(xié)議。由于黑碳不具有揮發(fā)性,在通入純He時的不同溫度下,生成4個有機(jī)碳組分(OC1,OC2,OC3,OC4),在通入2% O2/98% He時不同溫度下生成三個元素碳組分(EC1,EC2,EC3),其中定義EC1的前面一部分熱解碳為POC,焦炭為EC-char=EC1? POC,煙炱EC-soot=EC2+EC3(Han et al,2007)。
根據(jù)黃土地層學(xué)原理以及剖面文化遺物與地層之間的層位關(guān)系,以甘肅合水馬家塬(MJY-A)剖面的OSL年代控制點為參照(Huang et al,2004),建立MJC深度與年代關(guān)系圖(見圖2)。MJY-A和MJC剖面同屬馬家塬邊緣陡坎的同個地層,二者相距不到500 m,其剖面特征、質(zhì)地和成壤環(huán)境相同,而且其地層之間對應(yīng)關(guān)系清晰,均在全新世暖期階段發(fā)育典型黑壚土層(表1)。根據(jù)格陵蘭冰芯氧同位素記錄,目前全新世起點(即Younger-Dryas終點),日歷年代為11500 a BP(Mayewski et al,2004)。由圖2可知:210 cm為MJY-A和MJC剖面的晚更新世馬蘭黃土(L1)與全新世早期黃土過渡層(Lt)的分界(Roberts,1992);MJY-A和MJC剖面分別在180 —88 cm和175 —75 cm發(fā)育了典型的黑壚土全新世中期古土壤(S0),其中MJY-A剖面層位170 — 165 cm發(fā)現(xiàn)新石器早期的前仰韶老官臺文化遺物,為桔紅色、褐色的陶片(8000 —7000 a BP)(Hung et al,2004),在MJY-A剖面中深度168—170 cm的OSL的年代為7470 ± 260 a BP,故確定170 cm為MJC剖面全新世大暖期的起點,年代為8500 a BP;而MJY-A剖面深度88 —86 cm處發(fā)現(xiàn)了寺洼文化遺物(校正的14C年代為3350 — 2650 a BP(甘肅省博物館,1960;謝瑞琚,2002),此時古土壤S0成壤終止,在MJY-A剖面98 — 100 cm的OSL的年代為3250 ± 220 a BP,故確定MJC剖面75 cm為3100 a BP;在MJY-A剖面中深度50 — 52 cm的OSL的年代為2000 ± 100 a BP,故確定MJC剖面40 cm深度為過去1500年來形成的表土層(圖2、圖3)。
圖2 甘肅省合水縣馬家塬MJY-A(譚志海等,2008)和MJC剖面的地層劃分對比Fig.2 Stratigraphic subdivision and chronology in the MJY-A (Tan et al,2008) and MJC pro fi les in the Longdong Basin in the northern part of the Loess Plateau
圖3 甘肅省合水縣馬家塬MJC剖面地層深度/年代關(guān)系Fig.3 Pedo-stratigraphic subdivision and the age/depth curve of the MJC pro fi le
黑碳對于區(qū)域火事件具有指示作用(Wang et al,2005)。由圖4可知,MJC剖面的黑碳中焦炭與煙炱濃度變化范圍分別為0.031 — 0.179 mg · g?1和0.072 — 0.149 mg · g?1。其中,焦炭濃度從末次冰期到全新世早期期間低值(0.052 — 0.11 mg · g?1)逐漸增加,分別在8000 —7000 a BP和1500 —1000 a BP階段焦炭濃度達(dá)到峰值(0.179 mg · g?1)后逐漸減少;而煙炱濃度在末次冰期和全新世早期時低值(0.073 — 0.11 mg · g?1)逐漸增加,在4200 — 4000 a BP階段達(dá)到峰值(0.149 mg · g?1)而后減少。這些表明該區(qū)全新世以來氣候呈現(xiàn)干旱化趨勢(安芷生等,2015)。
圖4 MJC剖面距今12 ka BP以來黑碳和炭屑濃度與其他氣候指標(biāo)對比Fig.4 Comparison of various proxies in the northern part of the Loess Plateau with other records during the last 12 ka
炭屑被稱為野火活動直接記錄,其濃度大小表示地質(zhì)時期野火活動頻率、強(qiáng)度變化(張建平和呂厚遠(yuǎn),2006),從MJY-A剖面炭屑濃度分析結(jié)果來看(譚志海等,2008)(圖4):細(xì)粒炭屑(<50 μm)濃度在200 —800粒/克變化,這指示區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)野火發(fā)生特征;而粗粒炭屑(>50 μm)濃度在4 —80粒/克變化,表示本地野火發(fā)生特征。從炭屑濃度變化趨勢上看,最高值出現(xiàn)全新世早期和晚期,而低值出現(xiàn)在全新世中期??傆袡C(jī)碳(TOC)含量變化可以指示黃土堆積時期生物成壤的強(qiáng)度變化。
5.1 黑碳和炭屑反映區(qū)域生物質(zhì)燃燒的特征
末次冰期和全新世早期期間,孢粉記錄表明此階段花粉濃度很低,以蒿屬(Artemisia)、禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)等草本植物為主(Jiang and Ding,2005)。所研究剖面中磁化率低值、總有機(jī)碳低值和石筍氧同位素偏負(fù)值,這些記錄表明該區(qū)域氣候寒冷而干燥,呈現(xiàn)荒漠草原景觀(Jiang and Ding,2005)。MJC剖面中焦炭和炭屑濃度明顯峰值表明此階段區(qū)域野火發(fā)生十分有限,而其中在12000 — 11000 a BP明顯的高峰值表明此階段野火事件發(fā)生。此時正好遇到格陵蘭GISP 2冰芯深海氧同位素所記錄的Younger-Dryas事件(YD,11700 a BP)(王有清和姚檀棟,2002),導(dǎo)致其燃料干燥易燃,促使火災(zāi)事件發(fā)生。盡管此階段該區(qū)干旱氣候條件為區(qū)域野火發(fā)生提供動力,而該區(qū)荒漠草原有限的生物量卻限制區(qū)域野火發(fā)生和蔓延。由于此階段植被主要是草本植物,草本植物燃料具有易燃而燃點溫度較低的特性,因此該階段易產(chǎn)生較高濃度的炭屑,而焦炭、煙炱濃度相對較低,這可能是物質(zhì)傳輸過程和燃燒排放方式差異的緣故(Tan et al,2015)。
全新世中期,較高的磁化率和總有機(jī)碳值、石筍氧同位素(偏負(fù))等一系列指標(biāo)記錄表明,該區(qū)此階段由于正處于全新世適宜期,生物風(fēng)化成壤作用強(qiáng)烈,氣候特征為溫濕(圖4)。孢粉記錄表明此階段隨著氣溫逐漸升高,榛屬(Corylus)、櫟屬(Querus)等木本花粉明顯增多,此階段整個區(qū)域是體現(xiàn)氣候溫暖濕潤特征的森林-草原景觀(Jiang and Ding,2005)。隨著本區(qū)域溫度和季節(jié)性降雨增強(qiáng),木本植被組成逐漸上升,大大抑制野火頻率發(fā)生和蔓延,從而黑碳與炭屑濃度均呈明顯下降趨勢。然而6000—5000 a BP,較高濃度的細(xì)顆粒炭屑和焦炭峰值表明,此階段區(qū)域野火事件發(fā)生與區(qū)域快速氣候變化所導(dǎo)致的季節(jié)性降水減少有關(guān)。由于此階段木本植物燃點較高,其燃燒后排放大量焦炭和煙炱顆粒物(Tan et al,2015)。而8000 — 7000 a BP和3500 — 2500 a BP階段,較高濃度的粗顆粒炭屑峰值變化可能與古人類局地放火燒荒等農(nóng)耕活動加強(qiáng)有關(guān)(譚志海等,2008)。全新世晚期,所研究剖面的磁化率和石筍氧同位素等氣候指標(biāo)表明,此階段進(jìn)入全新世以來相對干旱階段,生物成壤作用迅速減弱(圖4)。焦炭和粗顆粒炭屑濃度峰值變化表明,1500 — 1000 a BP區(qū)域生物質(zhì)燃燒呈增加趨勢,此時正與格陵蘭深海氧同位素(偏負(fù))和董哥洞石筍氧同位素(偏正)所記錄的“中世紀(jì)暖期”具有良好一致性(Zhou et al,2011)。湖泊沉積、石筍以及歷史文獻(xiàn)記錄此階段我國北方處于氣候較為溫暖的隋唐時期(589 — 907 AD)(慶陽縣志編纂委員會,1993),而此時,文獻(xiàn)記錄表明,唐朝初年曾大量移民至慶陽地區(qū)墾荒戍邊(王守春,1992),因此炭屑和黑碳出現(xiàn)高值可能與當(dāng)時大量移民利用火進(jìn)行圍墾造田有關(guān)。與此相反,黑碳和炭屑濃度變化表明,距今600年以來(明清階段)該區(qū)整體上生物質(zhì)燃燒呈明顯下降趨勢。深海氧同位素低值和石筍氧同位素低值表明此階段正處于氣候較為冷干的小冰期階段(1300 —1900 AD)(Chen et al,2015),歷史文獻(xiàn)和人類土地利用數(shù)據(jù)表明此階段該區(qū)灌溉干旱作業(yè)已建立(譚志海等,2010),因而不會大規(guī)模放火燒荒,從而使得黑碳和炭屑的濃度降低。可見,近2000年黃土高原北部生物質(zhì)燃燒特征受到氣候和人類活動復(fù)合驅(qū)動力所控制。
5.2 火災(zāi)事件與人類土地利用關(guān)聯(lián)
本研究區(qū)域地處受東亞季風(fēng)影響的干旱-半干旱的敏感地帶,是全球氣候變化最敏感地區(qū)之一,它也是中國傳統(tǒng)旱作農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)域與游牧畜牧業(yè)區(qū)域交錯帶的西南段,其野火景觀變化極易受到全球氣候變化和歷史上人類土地利用活動的干擾。該區(qū)域經(jīng)歷一個漫長而復(fù)雜的區(qū)域土地利用史,其中野火作為新石器人類刀耕火種、圍墾造田發(fā)展旱作農(nóng)業(yè)的重要工具至少可以追溯到距今8000年。全新世氣候適宜期。此階段氣候溫暖而濕潤,生物成壤作用強(qiáng)烈,在森林-草原環(huán)境下發(fā)育典型黑壚土(Jiang and Ding,2005)。高濃度粗顆粒炭屑和焦炭峰值表明本地野火事件頻繁發(fā)生。在MJY-A剖面層位170 —165 cm發(fā)現(xiàn)大小為1—2 cm桔紅色、褐色的老官臺文化時期陶片若干(8000 —7000 a BP)(譚志海等,2008)??脊庞涗洷砻鞔藭r期以老官臺文化為代表的早期仰韶文化在渭河流域發(fā)展迅速。該區(qū)肥沃黑壚土和東南海洋性季風(fēng)帶來大量降水是新石器旱作農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的必要條件(Huang et al,2009),從而該區(qū)以種植粟類作物為主,旱作農(nóng)業(yè)初具規(guī)模。因此該階段高濃度的粗顆粒炭屑和焦炭峰值很可能是人類大范圍刀耕火種和開墾土地等農(nóng)耕活動的結(jié)果(甘肅省博物館,1960;慶陽縣志編纂委員會,1993)??梢?,該區(qū)域野火景觀變化長期受到季節(jié)性氣候變化與人類活動時空分布變化共同作用。
在3500—2500 a BP階段,MJC剖面炭屑出現(xiàn)較高濃度,表明此時地方火事件明顯增加。此時在MJY-A剖面,現(xiàn)代黃土層L0的底部86 — 88 cm處發(fā)現(xiàn)了寺洼文化陶片若干(校正的14C年代為3350 — 2650 a BP)。自青銅器時代(距今3100年)以來,由于東亞季風(fēng)減弱造成氣候向干旱化轉(zhuǎn)變,黃土高原臺塬地區(qū)嚴(yán)重干旱,加之人類焚林開荒等活動加劇,使得土地資源嚴(yán)重退化,致使該區(qū)以種植粟類的原始農(nóng)業(yè)解體,被游牧類型的寺洼文化所取代(譚志海等,2008)。
在1500—1000 a BP階段,焦炭和炭屑值均出現(xiàn)較高濃度峰值,此時正處于氣候特征較為溫暖的“中世紀(jì)暖期”(Zhou et al,2011),歷史文獻(xiàn)表明,由于氣候溫暖適宜,隨著隋唐時期數(shù)次移民遷入此地,農(nóng)耕區(qū)再次得到大規(guī)模開發(fā)和擴(kuò)大,使得耕作北界進(jìn)一步向北推移到寧縣、慶陽一帶以北地區(qū)(何凡能等,2010)。由于此階段人類放火毀林和開墾土地、發(fā)展谷物種植業(yè)等活動的加強(qiáng),加之全新世晚期氣候進(jìn)一步干旱,使得本地土地侵蝕-堆積過程中區(qū)域所帶來的外來物質(zhì)增加,從而造成磁化率出現(xiàn)較低值;而此階段TOC值明顯增加,則是耕作過程中燃燒殘留的植物根系及枯枝落葉被分解的結(jié)果。相比之下,黃土高原南部地區(qū)剖面炭屑的濃度大幅度減少(譚志海等,2010)。黃土高原北部與南部地區(qū)黑碳與炭屑濃度變化的時空差異,說明了野火發(fā)生頻率以及生態(tài)環(huán)境變化與人類土地利用時空分布密切相關(guān)(許清海等,2002)。而距今600年以來(明清階段),炭屑和黑碳有所減少,野火發(fā)生頻率大大降低。這可能由于黃土高原北部臺塬地區(qū)耕地面積已經(jīng)開墾殆盡,其梯田耕作方式為特征的旱作農(nóng)業(yè)景觀已建立,因而不會大規(guī)模放火燒荒。但近百年來黑碳含量的增長可能和人類大規(guī)模生物質(zhì)燃燒有關(guān)。黑碳和炭屑濃度的變化不僅記錄研究所在區(qū)域的全新世以來野火歷史演變過程,同時也反映了人類土地利用和社會文化及其對季風(fēng)氣候變化的響應(yīng)(Tan et al,2015)。
本研究選取黃土高原隴東地區(qū)北部典型的全新世黃土-土壤剖面,對黃土-古土壤高分辨率炭屑及黑碳進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明:(1)末次冰期和全新世早期(11500 — 8500 a BP)氣候寒冷而干旱,局地野火事件偶爾發(fā)生,植被生物量是此階段野火發(fā)生與蔓延的限制因素;(2)8000 —7000 a BP和3500 — 2500 a BP階段,野火頻率明顯上升,這可能與仰韶時期老官臺文化和寺洼文化時期的古人類放火燒荒和開墾農(nóng)田等活動有關(guān),因此在全新世中期,人類活動開始成為影響火災(zāi)發(fā)生的重要因子;(3)全新世晚期(3100 a BP至今)氣候進(jìn)一步干旱,黑碳和炭屑濃度呈現(xiàn)波動增加趨勢,其中距今1500 — 1000年出現(xiàn)一次較為明顯的峰值,這是隋唐以來黃土高原北部地區(qū)農(nóng)耕大發(fā)展所致。近2000年來的該區(qū)生物質(zhì)燃燒特征受到氣候和人類活動復(fù)合驅(qū)動所控制。
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Black carbon record of Loess-paleosol pro fi le and climate change at Heshui site during Holocene
LIAO Bing,TAN Zhihai,SNU Bin,LONG Yanxia,FAN Huichen,LIU Zhao
College of Environmental Sciences and Chemistry Engineering,Xi’an Polytechnic University,Xi’an 710048,China
Background,aim,and scopeThe study site is located in the climate-sensitive regions of the semi-arid and subhumid Asian monsoon belt,which is in the southwestern part of the ecotone between Chinese traditional dry farming and nomadic pastoral practice.The region has also experienced a long and complex regional landuse history,in which slash-and-burn cultivation by means of ignited fi re and deforestation for dry farming has been traced back to at least 8000 year.Meanwhile,many of the Neolithic cultures that practiced dry farming by means of ignited fi re arose on the loess plateau since the Holocene,such as the Laoguantai Culture (8000 —7000 a BP) and the Siwa Culture (14C cal 3350 —2650 a BP).In this research,the Holocene loess-paleosolprofiles were selected for its proximity to archaeological sites in the region.An interdisciplinary approach has been adopted to study wild fi re history and its interactions with changes in monsoonal climate and human activities on the loess tableland during the Holocene.Materials and methodsA high-resolution sedimentary charcoal and black carbon (char and soot) records from the loesssoil profile in the middle of loess plateau,combined with Magnetic susceptibility,Total organic carbon (TOC) analyses,pollen counts and other paleoclimaticproxies reveal past wild fi re history and the evolution of natural ecological landscape.ResultsBlack carbon (BC) preserved in accretionary loessesoil profiles recorded changes in fire,which may be due to climatic variations,changes in vegetation,and human activities.EC-soot contents showed a stable rising trend since 12000 years,although a marked decline occurred in the past 100 years.EC-char contents ranges from 0.031 mg · g?1to 0.179 mg · g?1; EC-soot contents ranges from 0.072 mg · g?1to 0.149 mg · g?1since 12000 years BP.More speci fi cally,EC-char values increased gradually from the early Holocene to relatively high during 8000 —7000 a BP and 3500 —2500 a BP and then gradually decrease.In the MJC profile,higher values of the micro-charcoal content occur at 8000 —7000 a BP and 3500 — 2500 a BP,and lower values occur during at 7000 — 4000 a BP,indicating that regional fi re activity was high in the early and late Holocene,whereas fi re was less frequent and pervasive in the middle Holocene.Peaks in the macro-charcoal content occur during 8000 — 7000 a BP and 3500 —2500 a BP,suggesting that local fi res were frequent during those periods.DiscussionThe results suggest that charcoal and BC in fl uxes with peak fl uctuations consistently attest to important changes in seasonal precipitation variability and mirror with the gradual climate aridity trend of the entire region during the Holocene which are be strongly controlled by global and regional climate dynamics.Meanwhile,the detail analysis of the BC and charcoal signals inconsistently were attributed to the differences in transportation mechanisms and biomass burning process at regional and local scale.Drier and colder than present the late glacial and the early Holocene climates,local and regional wildfire infrequently occurred withArtemisiaand Gramineae-dominated desert steppe landscape at the north of loess plateau registered by lower value of EC and micro-charcoal content.Wetter and warmer than present during the mid-Holocene (8500 —3100 a BP),Fire episodes largely reduced with the mixed forest and foreststeppe growth and woodland cover,However,localized wild fi res in connection with human activities frequently occurred during 8000 —7000 a BP.Fire seemed to be applied to vegetation clearance for land reclamation for millet cultivation in the early Neolithic Age.and the subsequent increase in fi re-episode frequency during 3500 —2500 a BP is consistent with cooler and drier conditions in the late Holocene and the Neolithic anthropogenic burning practices such as deforestation,land reclamation,and crop cultivation during Siwa Cuture (cal 3350 —2650 a BP).Therefore,land-use was shifted from arable farming to nomadic in the upper and middle reaches of the Jinghe River drainage.After 1500 a BP the amount of charcoal and black carbon sharply decreased and fi re occurrence disappeared gradually because of the development to mixed agriculture of cultivation and semi animal husbandry.ConclusionsCombining results from macro-charcoal,micro-charcoal and BC records can provide information about fi re history at local,regional and broader scales.In eastern Asia,where there is a long history of relatively intensive human land-use,all types of paleo fi re data may be expected to re fl ect the importance not only of fi re,but of changes in the seasonal monsoon and associated aridi fi cation during the Holocene,as well as shifts in cultivation and other human activities.Recommendations and perspectivesWe also must further explore paleo fi re records to disentangle the respective roles of climate,vegetation and humans in shaping fi re activity the north of loess plateau,especially,the role of anthropogenic activities in present and past fi re histories by charcoal and black carbon records.A broad and rigorous use of palaeoenvironmental mult-proxies will allow a better understanding of the mechanic link between fires activity,vegetation dynamics and monsoon climatic variability at hundred -millennial scales.
Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (SKLLQG1202); Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences
TAN Zhihai,E-mail: tonishtan@163.com
wild fi re; climate change; Holocene; black carbon; charcoal
2016-08-05;錄用日期2016-10-24
Received Date:2016-08-05;Accepted Date2016-10-24
中科院地球環(huán)境研究所黃土與第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)國家重點實驗室開放基金(SKLLQG1202);中國科學(xué)院氣溶膠化學(xué)與物理重點實驗室開放基金
譚志海,E-mail: tonishtan@163.com
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10.7515/JEE201701003