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CONTENTS

Climate Change and Arab Upheaval——On The Internal Logic of the Origins of the Syrian Crisis

Han Zhibin

It is neither caution nor objectivity if we think about the climate change to lead to the Arab Upheaval. However, there is a very tight causal connection between the Arab Spring and food crisis is caused by climate change. One of the major causes of the Arab Upheaval is the food shortage which is caused by global warming and climate drought. Drought is the significant feature of the Syria climatic environment which it lead by natural and human factors. The Syria Crisis is caused by a series of social, economic and political factors, but the arid climate is the key causes.

Iran’s Policy toward Islamic State

Jiang Zhen and Zhou Yuhuan

The rise of Islamic State brought about threats for Iran and its allies. Iran， as a regional power in this area， has been calling on the international cooperation to combat the Islamic State and providing the assistance to Iraq and Syria. Iran’s attitude reduced the threat by the Islamic State， established a good image in this region and got the praise from the international community which provided an important environment for Iran to go back to the world. As a whole， Iran’s policy toward the Islamic State was in accordance with the mainstream of anti-terrorism and protected its interests， but still faced some challenges.

The Evolution and Prospect of Shiite Question in Saudi Arabia in the New Millennium

Li Fuquan

Since the 1950s， Saudi Arabia’s Shiite political movement experienced toutunous development history， and Shiite question was the main factor which influenced the domestic stability and foreign relationship.After entering the new millennium， Saudi Arabia’s Shiite question is becoming more chmplex and severe， and the rise of Shiite youth should be paid most attention. There is a structural conflict between the allay of family rule and Wahhabi as well as the Shiite right quest. The protest movement of Saudi Arabia’s Shiites will last for a long time， but given its scale and intensity， it is not a fundamental threat to the rule of the Saudi royal family.

On the Structure of Zhu Shunshui Tomb on Mount Zuiryū

Liu Xiaodong

In his farewell note， Zhu Zhiyu wrote， “I cannot go back to my country， so I would be happy when one sees my tomb and says， ‘This is the tomb of Zhu Zhiyu of the Ming dynasty’.” From this comment， one would expect the tomb to identify Zhu’s nationality. However， no such direct inscription appears at the site， which features only an engraved passage that， written by Tokugawa Mitsukuni， has the following title: “The tomb belonging to Zhu， who lived as a Ming Confucian until his last breath.” Nevertheless， considering Zhu’s biography， the history of the Ming dynasty， and the visual documents held by Shōkōkan， one can say that there are several subtle signs indicating Zhu’s nationality. First， the structure of the retaining wall of Zhu’s tomb is almost identical to the corresponding structures of tombs observed in Zhejiang Province， Zhu’s hometown. Second， the structure of Zhu’s tomb suggests his position as a Ming-era scholar-bureaucrat who wore either a hexagonal hat (rokugōittōbō) or a tall rectangular hat (shihōh(huán)eiteikin). The seal (封) of Zhu’s tombstone has an unusual conic shape， and a stone having a trapezoidal shape caps the tombstone: the seal and the capping stone—in their respective symbolic semblance to the two types of hats—perhaps were an expression of Zhu’s status as a Ming vassal. Third， because the first Ming emperor had used the two types of hats to symbolize the country’s unification， the tomb’s references to the hats were likely a way for Zhu， posthumously， to express to the Mito Tokugawa family his hopes for peace.

The Long-Term Review On the Historical Causes of Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895 Launched by Japan

Dong Haozhi

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895 is a major event in the history of East Asia, it does not only break the traditional order of East Asia with taking China as the center, and deeply changes the process of modernization between the two countries, and has a significant influence for the historical fate of the two countries had. It is the inevitable result that Japan coveted the leading power of East Asia, which is the continuation of Japan reversed the “political fall” and “cultural fall” in the pre-modern period. So, the internal logic of the Sino-Japanese War can be accurately delineate in the long period of historical context， it’s helpful to analysis the complicated situation of East Asia.

The Chinese Observation of Yamamoto Ken：Focus on “The Travel Note of Yan Mountain & Chu River”

Hu Tianshu

“The travel note of Yan Mountain & Chu River” written by Yamamoto Ken was hailed as one of the three travel notes of China in Chinese style during Meiji Period. Yamamoto formed a “dirty, greed, obsession, ostentation” impression of China at first, and then he put forward a motion that China need a complete reform, which reflected the fragmentation and stagnation of Yamamoto’s cognition of Chinese culture. By means of organizing Yamamoto’s Chinese cognition besides the text, we can find that “excluding Song and esteeming for Han” was the theoretic expression for the deconstruction of the tradition system in East Asian from the aspect of culture， while “carrying with hatred” was the realistic concept of the reconstitution of a new system in East Asia in political. Yet “Japanocentrism” rooting in Yamamoto’s thought deeply was the principal element shaping his Chinese cognition.

Approach on Ancient Egyptian Church History

Tian Ming

For a long time， the problem of Egyptian Christianity， which has existed between the Pharaonic culture and the Islamic civilization， is often ignored by the academia. This paper intends to systematically sort out the historical context of the Egyptian church， revealing the cultural conflict， communication and fusion of Egypt to make important contributions to the development of Christianity， to properly evaluate the role and status of the Egyptian Church in the Christian history. Shortly after the founding of Christianity， it was introduced into Egypt and established the early church. With the legalization of Christianity， the Egyptian church， especially the Alexander Patriarchate gradually becomes Egypt’s spokesman of the split country， and holds post of the entire Eastern Orthodox Church leader. Unfortunately， the Egyptian church was soon involved in early Christian doctrine conflicts， and eventually from the rule of the Byzantine Empire embarked on an independent development path.

Function of Declensions of Nouns in Latin and the Relevant Pattern and Structure Shown in Ancient Chinese

Chen Kefeng

This paper has made an inquiry of the pattern and structure of the nouns shown in periods， both in Latin and in ancient Chinese， from perspective of the function of language. In contrast to the function of the declensions of nouns in Latin， corresponding expressions shown in ancient Chinese has been sorted out. It is discovered that， though as an Language without morphology， the nouns in ancient Chinese has also played the role shown by the declensions of those in Latin， by means of order and various patterns as verb-object， etc. and in circumstances of ambiguity， it can be made more clear with aid of the abundant prepositions.

The Formation of “Imperialism of Free Trade” in Modern Britain and its Effect

Lu Lingling

In the end of the 18thcentury， with the promotion of Industrial Revolution， the economy and society of Britain had changed greatly. British Empire needed to be expanded， in order to hold raw materials and markets to meet the needs of industrial development， to export capital， and to transfer social conflicts. The improving of its economic strength and the rise of its Bourgeoisie， made it possible for Britain to expand in the form of free trad, and “Imperialism of Free Trade” was formed. At that time， many economist and sociologist praised the new conception of Empire highly， they advocated the abandonment of mercantilism and the promotion of free trade， but argued that the colony was essential to ease social conflicts. In the end of the 18th century， those politicians who were foresighted accepted the concept of “Imperialism of Free Trade”， and put it into practice to reform the British Empire. In first half of the 19thCentury， with the victory of the free trade movement， the theory of “Imperialism of Free Trade” had been developed and applied widely. Free Trade and colonial occupation both had become the basic principle for the British Empire to be expanded and to be administrated.

Human Rights Diplomacy and Failure of The Carter Administration’s Policy on Nicaragua

Xue Dan

Since the outbreak of Cold War， the United States’ policy on Nicaragua was to support the pro-US anti-communist Somoza dictatorship， aiming at preventing the communist proliferation in western hemisphere. When the Somoza regime was in a ruling crisis， because of emphasizing ideological competition with the Soviet， rethinking political turmoil and outputting revolutionary causality， and having confidence in Somoza regime， the Carter administration tried to carry out “human rights diplomacy” in Nicaragua. However， it led to crisis escalation in Nicaragua. From behind to front， The Carter administration had “mediated” the Nicaragua crisis in the manner of introducing American democracy to this country. As the Carter administration overestimated the influence of the United States on Somoza， regind and underestimated the strength of the Sandinista， the United States eventually lost Nicaragua. The matter shows that “human rights diplomacy” is a weak tool for the United States to interfere internal affairs of other countries.

Faction Politics and the Debates of China Policy within the LDP(1972—1978)

Wang Pengfei

From 1972 to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in the Sino Japanese Treaty of peace and friendship in 1978， the mainstream faction of the Liberal Democratic Party and the opposition faction value dispute， balance and restructuring has gone through three stages. In the early 1970s， Tanaka faction realized the normalization of Sino-Japanese relations as a bargaining chip during factions fight. Then in the mid of 1970s， Fukuda took advantage of Qinglan Association to hinder Tanaka Cabinet in “Taiwan issue”， resulting in the Sino-Japanese substantive agreement negotiations stalled. Since then， the hesitant and attentive attitude in the “Anti-hegemony” of Miki Cabinet and Fukuda Cabinet caused the peace negotiation suspend and successively used “Equidistant diplomacy” and “All-round diplomacy” to confront “Anti-hegemony”. However， this strategy didn’t work as well and pushed them come back to the negotiation desk. As a result， Sino-Japanese diplomacy came back to its normal track. The political process of the normalization of diplomatic relations， from the beginning to the joint statement in the form of a “political solution” to achieve peace in the form of “l(fā)aw”， fully revealing faction politics structural impact on Japan’s internal affairs and diplomacy.

A Study of Humanism Teaching View—from Marx to Rodgers

Shi Ying and Yin Aiqing

The idea of “Humanism”， with a history of over 2,400 years, derives from the theory that “Man is the measure of all things” proposed by the Greek wise man Protagoras. It bears far-reaching significance and influence in the history of western philosophy. As the opposite of “Godism”, Humanism, taking “human” as its centre for the first time, reestablished and built the core of human philosophy, hence totally converted the perspective of human viewing the world from “God” to “human”. Karl Marx’s historical materialism contains the understanding of the significance of developing human value, thus is regarded as the theoretical basis of Humanism. Meanwhile, the clinical-psychology-based humanistic practice conducted by Rogers also promoted the application of Humanism in the field of pedagogy. Although they were not directly causally linked, but still provided a quite extended perspective for the study of Humanistic Education Conception.