王 凱,馮永杰,付曉瑩,陸瑤瑤,梁宏德,楊玉榮
ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊對(duì)昆明小鼠致病性的研究
王 凱,馮永杰,付曉瑩,陸瑤瑤,梁宏德,楊玉榮1
目的 為探究ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)對(duì)昆明小鼠的致病特點(diǎn)。方法 分別選擇<1個(gè),1個(gè),101個(gè),102個(gè),103個(gè),104個(gè),105個(gè),106個(gè)ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊灌胃小鼠,觀察小鼠的臨床癥狀,采用改良凝集試驗(yàn)、HE和IHC方法研究弓形蟲(chóng)的感染率,小鼠生存率及其大腦內(nèi)的包囊數(shù)量。結(jié)果 ≥104個(gè)卵囊組小鼠在攻蟲(chóng)后出現(xiàn)一過(guò)性的精神沉郁,弓背,被毛逆立現(xiàn)象,其余組精神狀態(tài)正常;≥102個(gè)卵囊可引起小鼠100%感染,感染小鼠的成囊率為2.38%(1/42),感染小鼠生存率為85.71%(36/42),存活時(shí)間≥360 DPI。結(jié)論 ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)對(duì)昆明小鼠的致病力弱,包囊形成率低。
ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng);昆明小鼠;包囊;致病性
剛地弓形蟲(chóng)(Toxoplasmagondii)是一種呈世界性分布的細(xì)胞內(nèi)寄生原蟲(chóng),可感染幾乎所有恒溫動(dòng)物,引起弓形蟲(chóng)病。不同基因型弓形蟲(chóng)對(duì)昆明小鼠的致病性不同[1]。我國(guó)目前為止共分離到154株弓形蟲(chóng),11個(gè)基因型,其對(duì)昆明小鼠的致病性研究?jī)H有少量報(bào)道。本試驗(yàn)首次將分離于河南貓?bào)w內(nèi)ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株,采用改良凝集試驗(yàn)(modified agglutination test,MAT),常規(guī)病理學(xué)方法,HE和IHC染色技術(shù),研究這一蟲(chóng)株對(duì)昆明小鼠的致病性特點(diǎn),豐富中國(guó)蟲(chóng)株對(duì)小鼠致病特性的認(rèn)識(shí),為弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊入侵機(jī)制及防治提供參考。
1.1 弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊及主要試劑 ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株分離于河南省鄭州市寵物市場(chǎng)貓的組織,貓糞便中卵囊的分離及純化具體操作方法參照Dubey JP (1987)[2],ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊見(jiàn)圖1A。兔抗弓形蟲(chóng)多克隆抗體、弓形蟲(chóng)抗原受贈(zèng)于美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部Dubey實(shí)驗(yàn)室,小鼠Specific HRP/DAB(ABC)Detection IHC kit 購(gòu)自abcam公司(貨號(hào):ab64264)。
1.2 試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及處理 6~8周齡健康清潔級(jí)昆明小鼠,購(gòu)于鄭州大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心。小鼠隨機(jī)分為9組(8個(gè)感染組,1個(gè)對(duì)照組),每組5~8只,分籠飼養(yǎng),正常采食飲水。對(duì)照組小鼠灌胃無(wú)菌生理鹽水1ml/只,感染組小鼠每只分別灌胃<1個(gè)、1個(gè)、101個(gè)、102個(gè)、103個(gè)、104個(gè)、105個(gè)、106個(gè)的ToxoDB#17型卵囊溶液。104個(gè)、105個(gè)、106個(gè)每組8只小鼠,其他每組5只小鼠(表1)。感染后60 d(60 DPI),采集小鼠血清,試驗(yàn)組小鼠乙醚麻醉每組處死5只。其他小鼠每日觀察臨床表現(xiàn),分別在120 DPI,180 DPI,240 DPI,300 DPI,360 DPI采集小鼠血清。每日觀察記錄發(fā)病和死亡情況。對(duì)自然死亡和處死的小鼠檢查并記錄肺臟、淋巴結(jié)中是否感染有弓形蟲(chóng);取大腦,計(jì)數(shù)大腦包囊數(shù)量,自然死亡小鼠的全部組織固定于10%中性福爾馬林溶液中,常規(guī)方法制做石蠟切片,進(jìn)行HE及弓形蟲(chóng)抗原IHC染色,檢查其死亡原因。
1.3 試驗(yàn)方法 血清弓形蟲(chóng)IgG抗體檢測(cè)采用MAT方法[2]。小鼠大腦包囊計(jì)數(shù),采用壓片顯微鏡檢查方法[3]。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理 采用Excel 2007收集整理數(shù)據(jù),GraphPad Prism 5.0制圖。
2.1 小鼠的臨床表現(xiàn) 將8個(gè)不同數(shù)量級(jí)濃度的ToxoDB#17弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊溶液灌胃給各組小鼠后,高濃度組(104個(gè)、105個(gè)、106個(gè))小鼠一周內(nèi)表現(xiàn)為活動(dòng)減少、精神沉郁、弓背,被毛逆立的現(xiàn)象,其他各組小鼠未見(jiàn)明顯異常。一周過(guò)后,各濃度組小鼠逐漸恢復(fù)正常飲食和活動(dòng),除自然死亡的小鼠外,其它小鼠被毛光滑,食欲旺盛,體重和活動(dòng)量增加。
2.2 ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)的感染與致病情況 60 DPI小鼠血清弓形蟲(chóng)IgG抗體結(jié)果顯示,1個(gè)和101個(gè)卵囊組小鼠的弓形蟲(chóng)感染率為80%,≥102個(gè)卵囊組小鼠的感染率均為100%(表1)。104個(gè),105個(gè),106個(gè)卵囊組的小鼠血清在120 DPI,180 DPI,240 DPI,300 DPI,360 DPI,弓形蟲(chóng)抗體均為陽(yáng)性(血清陽(yáng)性率100%)。102個(gè),104個(gè),105個(gè),106個(gè)卵囊組分別有小鼠在44 DPI,37 DPI、60 DPI、300 DPI,180 DPI,44 DPI自然死亡,共6只。44 DPI,37 DPI自然死亡的小鼠,肺臟、腸系膜淋巴結(jié)切片IHC未見(jiàn)弓形蟲(chóng),肺臟可見(jiàn)血管內(nèi)有栓塞(1B)。60 DPI~300 DPI,自然死亡小鼠體內(nèi)長(zhǎng)有惡性腫瘤(1C)。其余小鼠存活超過(guò)360 DPI,試驗(yàn)小鼠生存曲線見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3 ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)感染小鼠后大腦包囊負(fù)載量 弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊共接種44只小鼠, 42只小鼠感染弓形蟲(chóng),人為處死31只小鼠(60 DPI),自然死亡6只小鼠(44 DPI, 180 DPI,37 DPI,60 DPI,330 DPI,44 DPI),在這37只死亡小鼠中僅1只小鼠大腦有包囊(330 DPI,39個(gè)包囊)(圖1D),目前還有5只小鼠存活,存活時(shí)間超過(guò)360DPI,感染小鼠的成囊率為2.38%(1/42),感染小鼠生存率為85.71%(36/42)。
表1 ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊灌胃對(duì)昆明小鼠的致病特點(diǎn)
Tab.1 Patogenicity of the ToxoDB#17 strain ofT.gondiioocyst onKunmingmice by injection gavage
No.ofoocystsfedNo.ofinfection/No.ofinoculation(%)DaysofsurvivalBraincysts(No.)1065/5(100%)≥60/5no3/3(100%)44/1,≥360/2no1055/5(100%)≥60/5no3/3(100%)180/1,≥360/2no1045/5(100%)37/1,≥60/4no3/3(100%)60/1,330/1,≥360/1no,Yes(39),no1035/5(100%)≥60/5no1025/5(100%)44/1,≥60/4no1014/5(80%)≥60/5no14/5(80%)≥60/5no<10(0%)≥60/5no陰性對(duì)照組0(0%)≥60/5no
Note:amouse survival days / number of surviving mice
A: T. gondii oocysts, the hemocytometer grid smallest unit, smear, unstained, Bar=50 μm; B: Lung blood vessels containing thrombi, Paraffin sections, HE staining, Bar=100 μm; C: Tumor cells in the lung, Paraffin sections, HE staining, Bar=30 μm; D: T. gondii cysts in mouse brain, squash of the brain, unstained, 330 DPI. Bar=50 μm.圖1 ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊及小鼠病理變化Fig.1 ToxoDB#17 strain T. gondii oocysts and pathological change of mice
A: Survival curve of mice after fed of different dose of ToxoDB#17 strain T. gondii oocysts (0 DPI-60 DPI); B: Survival curve of chronically infected mice after fed ToxoDB#17 strain of T. gondii oocysts (0 DPI-360 DPI)圖2 昆明小鼠感染ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊的生存曲線Fig.2 The survival curve of mice after fed of ToxoDB#17 strain T. gondii oocysts
近年來(lái),對(duì)世界各地人和動(dòng)物體內(nèi)分離的弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株多采用多位點(diǎn)PCR-RFLP基因分型,分型結(jié)果顯示,各地剛地弓形蟲(chóng)具有豐富的遺傳多態(tài)性[4-5]。弓形蟲(chóng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中已記錄的基因型有232個(gè)(http://toxodb.org/toxo)。但關(guān)于我國(guó)流行的弓形蟲(chóng)基因型蟲(chóng)株致病性的研究尚不充分。
研究顯示,I型弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株致病力強(qiáng),低劑量可引起小鼠急性感染而死亡;II型、III型弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株致病力弱,較高劑量才可引起小鼠死亡,腦組織包囊數(shù)量高。CT1與GT1弓形蟲(chóng)都是I型強(qiáng)毒株,它們對(duì)Swiss小鼠和Balb/c小鼠灌胃卵囊的最低致死量均為1個(gè)卵囊/只小鼠,RH株(ToxoDB#10)感染后的死亡率為25%,TgCtxz1(ToxoDB#10)感染后的死亡率為83.3%[6]。ME49為II型弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株,它對(duì)Swiss小鼠和Balb/c小鼠灌胃卵囊的最低致死量為100-1 000個(gè)卵囊/只小鼠,Balb/c小鼠口服100個(gè)速殖子才可感染,感染后54 d可在大腦形成約566個(gè)組織包囊,Balb/c小鼠皮下注射一個(gè)速殖子可感染,54 d后在大腦形成約660個(gè)組織包囊。VEG為III型弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株,它對(duì)Swiss小鼠和Balb/c小鼠灌胃卵囊的最低致死量為100-1000個(gè)卵囊/只小鼠,Swiss小鼠口服10個(gè)速殖子即可感染,103個(gè)可導(dǎo)致小鼠死亡,而皮下注射1個(gè)即可感染,104個(gè)可導(dǎo)致小鼠死亡[3,7]。VEG對(duì)Swiss小鼠的最低致死量為102個(gè)卵囊/只,平均死亡時(shí)間為11.6d,最早8d在小鼠大腦中可見(jiàn)小的組織包囊[8]。
與Chinese 1(ToxoDB#9)型比較,ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)對(duì)小鼠的致病力弱,腦包囊形成率低。Chinese 1弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株分離數(shù)量占中國(guó)分離到的活蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株的66.67%,為優(yōu)勢(shì)基因型[9-10],但Chinese 1型不同蟲(chóng)株存在著明顯的毒力差異。在對(duì)昆明小鼠的試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)[6]:TgCtgy1蟲(chóng)株1個(gè)速殖子即可導(dǎo)致小鼠感染,感染后的死亡率為50%;TgCtwh3蟲(chóng)株1個(gè)速殖子也可感染小鼠,感染后的死亡率為10%;TgCtwh6蟲(chóng)株1個(gè)速殖子即可感染小鼠,但不能導(dǎo)致小鼠死亡,10個(gè)速殖子可導(dǎo)致感染后小鼠6.2%的死亡率。對(duì)Balb/c小鼠皮下注射速殖子的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[11]:TgCtwh3蟲(chóng)株50個(gè)速殖子可導(dǎo)致小鼠在感染后9 d死亡率達(dá)100%;TgCtwh6蟲(chóng)株500個(gè)速殖子在感染后30d內(nèi),未發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠死亡;TgCtwh6蟲(chóng)株5×105個(gè)速殖子可導(dǎo)致小鼠在感染后第7 d開(kāi)始死亡,到第30 d死亡率為80%。Swiss小鼠注射TgCtsd2、 TgCtsd3、TgCtwh6蟲(chóng)株的速殖子后到感染第45 d,可在小鼠大腦內(nèi)觀察到組織包囊[12]。ToxoDB#17已從法國(guó)、巴西、阿根廷、秘魯(http://toxodb.org/toxo)、中國(guó)[13]分離出來(lái),關(guān)于它的致病性尚未有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,因此本試驗(yàn)研究它對(duì)昆明小鼠的致病性。結(jié)果顯示,灌胃ToxoDB#17弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊后1周內(nèi)小鼠表現(xiàn)為活動(dòng)減少、精神狀態(tài)不佳,1周過(guò)后各濃度組小鼠逐漸恢復(fù)正常飲食和活動(dòng),說(shuō)明ToxoDB#17弓形蟲(chóng)的致病性很弱。在感染ToxoDB#17弓形蟲(chóng)的42只小鼠,人為處死31只小鼠(60 DPI),自然死亡6只小鼠,尚有5只小鼠存活,自然死亡小鼠病理組織學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其組織未見(jiàn)弓形蟲(chóng),死亡直接原因是肺栓塞或腫瘤(圖1 B,C),這個(gè)結(jié)果排除了弓形蟲(chóng)引起小鼠自然死亡的可能。王林[14]采用TgCtwh6(Chinese 1型)50個(gè)弓形蟲(chóng)包囊灌胃感染昆明小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠同樣出現(xiàn)一過(guò)性的炎癥反應(yīng),感染第35 d至試驗(yàn)結(jié)束,小鼠精神狀態(tài)恢復(fù)正常,且在感染后第21 d首次在存活小鼠腦內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)大量包囊,成囊率為80%,隨著感染時(shí)間的推移,包囊逐漸增多,至第35 d,小鼠的成囊率為100%。本試驗(yàn)中各濃度梯度的ToxoDB#17型卵囊灌胃小鼠60 d后,在感染的35只小鼠大腦研磨液中均未發(fā)現(xiàn)包囊。在小鼠進(jìn)入慢性感染期后到360 DPI,只在104個(gè)濃度組一只小鼠大腦檢出包囊。本研究所用昆明小鼠為清潔級(jí),排除了小鼠在接種前存在潛伏感染的可能性。同時(shí)根據(jù)MAT試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,證明1個(gè)ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)卵囊即可導(dǎo)致昆明小鼠感染,但高濃度的卵囊并沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致小鼠死亡,說(shuō)明昆明小鼠對(duì)ToxoDB#17 型卵囊易感,但大腦包囊成囊率低。
綜上,與我國(guó)弓形蟲(chóng)優(yōu)勢(shì)基因型Chinese 1比較,ToxoDB#17型弓形蟲(chóng)分離株對(duì)小鼠的毒力較低,其致病性和包囊形成明顯弱于Chinese 1型弓形蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)株。關(guān)于其毒力差異的原因還需進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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Virulence and pathogenicity ofToxoplasmagondiiToxoDB#17 strain oocysts inKunmingmice
WANG Kai, FENG Yong-jie, FU Xiao-ying, LU Yao-yao, LIANG Hong-de, YANG Yu-rong
(CollegeofAnimalScienceandVeterinaryMedicine,HenanAgriculturalUniversity,Zhengzhou450002,China)
To investigate the pathogenic characteristic of ToxoDB#17ToxoplasmagondiiinKunmingmice, the mice were fed with <1, 1, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106oocysts, and the clinical symptoms of mice were observed. MAT, HE and IHC were used to research the infection rate ofT.gondii, survival rate of mice and the number of cysts in brain. The results showed that the mice fed with ≥104oocysts appeared transient depression, mice were arched, messy hair after infection. The mice fed with ≥102oocysts were all infected,T.gondiicysts formation rate was 2.38% (1/42), the survival rate of infected mice was 85.71% (36/42), the survival time was greater than 360 days. In conclusion, the pathogenicity of ToxoDB#17T.gondiiis weak, and cysts formation rate is also low.
ToxoDB#17;Toxoplasmagondii;Kunmingmice; tissue cysts; pathogenicity
Yang Yu-rong, Email: yangyu7712@sina.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.01.009
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(No. 30800812),河南省自然科學(xué)基金資助(No.162300410138)
楊玉榮, yangyu7712@sina.com
河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)牧醫(yī)工程學(xué)院, 鄭州 450002
R382.5
A
1002-2694(2017)01-0049-04
2016-07-04 編輯:劉岱偉
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30800812) and the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (No.162300410138)