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        2016年心血管病學(xué)重要臨床進(jìn)展

        2017-02-16 09:35:04崔煒劉德敏耿雪
        臨床薈萃 2017年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:分析表明阻斷劑房顫

        崔煒,劉德敏,耿雪

        (河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院河北省心腦血管病研究所心內(nèi)一科,河北石家莊050000)

        2016年心血管病學(xué)重要臨床進(jìn)展

        崔煒,劉德敏,耿雪

        (河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院河北省心腦血管病研究所心內(nèi)一科,河北石家莊050000)

        臨床心臟病學(xué)在2016年有了重大改變,尤其是在高血壓、心力衰竭、冠心病、降脂治療及心律失常等方面發(fā)表了一系列指南。本文就高血壓的控制目標(biāo)、心力衰竭的藥物治療、冠心病的藥物治療、他汀類藥物的多效性及心律失常的器械治療進(jìn)行概述。

        高血壓;心力衰竭;冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病;血脂;心律失常;診斷;治療;指南

        崔煒,男,醫(yī)學(xué)博士。河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院副院長,博士研究生導(dǎo)師、教授、主任醫(yī)師?,F(xiàn)為中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)心力衰竭專業(yè)委員會(huì)常委,河北省醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)內(nèi)科學(xué)分會(huì)主任委員,河北省醫(yī)院協(xié)會(huì)醫(yī)療質(zhì)量管理專業(yè)委員會(huì)主任委員,臨床薈萃雜志總編輯。自1988年以來,以第一作者或通訊作者在國內(nèi)外刊物上發(fā)表論文500余篇,主編、參編專著15部,獲河北省科技進(jìn)步二等獎(jiǎng)2項(xiàng)、三等獎(jiǎng)2項(xiàng),獲得實(shí)用新型專利3項(xiàng)。

        2016年心血管領(lǐng)域進(jìn)展頗多,多家學(xué)術(shù)組織更新了臨床指南,重要的臨床試驗(yàn)也層出不窮。本文重點(diǎn)對(duì)臨床日常工作有影響的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概述。

        1 高血壓

        更加嚴(yán)格的血壓控制能否更多獲益尚存爭議,血壓控制目標(biāo)再起波瀾[1-3]。HOPE-3試驗(yàn)表明,對(duì)于不合并心血管疾病的中危高血壓人群,強(qiáng)化降壓并不能獲得明顯益處[4]。對(duì)VALUE試驗(yàn)的后續(xù)分析表明,將收縮壓降低到130 mmHg以下并不能獲得進(jìn)一步明顯益處[5]。Xie等[6]對(duì)19502015年間的19項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)計(jì)44 989例患者所進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,在平均3.8年的隨訪期內(nèi),強(qiáng)化降壓組的平均血壓水平為133/76 mmHg,非強(qiáng)化降壓組的平均血壓水平為140/81 mmHg。與非強(qiáng)化降壓組相比,強(qiáng)化降壓使主要心血管不良事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低14%,心肌梗死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低13%,腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低22%,白蛋白尿發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低10%;但是,強(qiáng)化降壓對(duì)全因死亡、心血管死亡、終末期腎病及心力衰竭的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著影響。嚴(yán)重不良事件在強(qiáng)化降壓治療組的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高35%,嚴(yán)重低血壓的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在強(qiáng)化降壓組增加168%。Brunstr?m等[7]對(duì)45項(xiàng)計(jì)73 738例糖尿病合并高血壓患者進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,對(duì)于基線收縮壓高于140 mmHg的糖尿病患者,降壓治療可顯著降低全因及心血管死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、心肌梗死、腦卒中及終末期腎病風(fēng)險(xiǎn);但基線收縮壓<140 mmHg的患者,降壓治療則會(huì)增加心血管死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。CLARIFY研究對(duì)22 672例合并高血壓的穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者平均5年的隨訪研究表明,合并高血壓的冠心病患者最適血壓大約在130/78 mmHg左右。收縮壓低于120 mmHg或舒張壓低于60 mmHg會(huì)明顯增加不良事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn),呈現(xiàn)出典型的J型曲線現(xiàn)象[8]。2016年發(fā)布的歐洲心血管病預(yù)防指南也沒有推薦嚴(yán)格的血壓控制目標(biāo)[9]。然而,積極的血壓控制的聲音似乎在重新抬頭[10]。對(duì)SPRINT試驗(yàn)的后續(xù)分析表明,即使對(duì)于75歲以上可自由活動(dòng)的老年人,將血壓控制在120 mmHg以下也可以進(jìn)一步獲益[11]。Eryd等[12]對(duì)瑞典全國187 106例2型糖尿病患者的注冊(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析表明,與收縮壓130~139 mmHg組人群相比,較低血壓組(收縮壓110~119 mmHg)的2型糖尿病患者具有較低的心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn);但較低血壓組的全因死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及心力衰竭風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。Ettehad等[13]對(duì)發(fā)表在19662015年間的123項(xiàng)研究計(jì)613 815例受試者所進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,收縮壓每降低10 mmHg會(huì)帶來主要心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低20%、冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低17%、腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低27%,并使全因死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低13%。Thomopoulos等[14]及Verdecchia等[15]的meta分析也支持將收縮壓控制在130 mmHg以下。2016年加拿大高血壓指南建議對(duì)于某些具有高危心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高血壓患者,可以將收縮壓控制在120 mmHg以下[16]。國際高血壓協(xié)會(huì)(ISH)在2016年發(fā)表的科學(xué)文告中認(rèn)為多數(shù)高血壓患者的收縮壓應(yīng)該控制在130 mmHg以下,但不建議控制在120 mmHg以下[17]。

        腎交感神經(jīng)去除術(shù)(RDN)治療高血壓的效果仍然存在爭議。Sharp等[18]對(duì)英國18個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的253例接受RDN患者的觀察性研究表明,RDN可有效地降低患者的血壓;有趣的是,與藥物治療相似,RDN降低血壓的幅度與基線血壓呈正相關(guān)。DENERHTN試驗(yàn)表明,RDN能有效地降低患者6個(gè)月時(shí)的血壓[19]。Rohla等[20]的單中心研究(采用Simplicity RDN導(dǎo)管消融系統(tǒng))表明,RDN的治療有效(6個(gè)月時(shí)ABPM平均收縮壓至少降低5 mmHg以上)率為45.6%。新的meta分析也提示RDN可以有效地降低頑固性高血壓患者的血壓水平[21-22]。除降低血壓之外,多項(xiàng)研究提示RDN還有其他額外效應(yīng)。如Kiuchi等[23]證明RDN可以改善腎臟功能、減少蛋白尿;Donazzan等[24]研究表明RDN可以降低心臟交感神經(jīng)活性;D?rr等[25]的研究表明RDN可使患者的血壓明顯下降,并伴有血漿miRNA表達(dá)增加。但是,Krakoff等[26]的meta分析則表明,RDN雖可降低血壓,但其效果卻不優(yōu)于藥物治療;Oliveras等[27]對(duì)24例頑固性高血壓患者的研究表明,加用螺內(nèi)酯(50 mg/d)較RDN能更加有效地控制血壓。

        2 心力衰竭

        心力衰竭的主要治療目標(biāo)之一是降低再住院率。Donzé等[28]研究表明,HOSPITAL計(jì)分系統(tǒng)可以有效地預(yù)測心力衰竭患者的30天再住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn);積分越高,30天內(nèi)再住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高。Yazdan-Ashoori等[29]證明基于床邊的臨床指標(biāo)計(jì)算的LACE計(jì)分系統(tǒng)可以較好地預(yù)測心力衰竭患者出院30天死亡或再住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn),LACE積分≥13分患者出院30天內(nèi)死亡或再住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加91%。心力衰竭患者非心力衰竭或非心臟原因再住院日益引起重視。Vader等[30]對(duì)744例心力衰竭患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),出院后早期再住院的原因更多是非心力衰竭原因。首次歐洲心力衰竭調(diào)查(EHFS-1)數(shù)據(jù)表明,非心力衰竭住院的比率高達(dá)43%,而心力衰竭作為第一診斷入院者僅40%。出院3個(gè)月內(nèi),以心力衰竭入院患者的病死率為7%,而非心力衰竭原因住院者也高達(dá)5%[31]。Adamson等[32]采用CardioMEMS監(jiān)測心力衰竭患者的肺動(dòng)脈壓力,并以此指導(dǎo)治療。結(jié)果表明,以肺動(dòng)脈壓為指導(dǎo)的治療策略可以使出院30天心力衰竭再住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低49%,使全因再住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低58%。

        心力衰竭合并心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)構(gòu)成了心力衰竭患者中的一個(gè)特殊人群,對(duì)這樣的一個(gè)特殊心力衰竭人群的治療一直缺乏堅(jiān)實(shí)的循證醫(yī)學(xué)治療證據(jù)。Nielsen等[33]進(jìn)行的大規(guī)模前瞻性觀察性研究表明,合并房顫的心力衰竭患者仍然可以從β-受體阻斷劑治療中獲益。在205 174例房顫患者中,39 741例合并心力衰竭。應(yīng)用β-受體阻斷劑可使1年的全因死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低25%。Kotecha等[34]對(duì)11項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)計(jì)13 833例左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)減低心力衰竭(HFrEF)患者所進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,對(duì)于竇性心律的HFrEF患者,β-受體阻斷劑的治療獲益不依賴于年齡及性別。

        左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)保存心力衰竭(HFpEF)仍然是研究熱點(diǎn)。2016年歐洲心力衰竭指南對(duì)HFpEF的診斷進(jìn)行了限定。在新指南中,HFpEF的心力衰竭診斷必須有血漿BNP或NT-proBNP水平的升高;而HFrEF診斷則不必滿足這一條件[35]。腦鈉肽(BNP)預(yù)測急性失代償心力衰竭的價(jià)值發(fā)生的價(jià)值在HFpEF和HFrEF患者也不相同。BNP在3天內(nèi)升高超過200 ng/L發(fā)生急性失代償性心力衰竭在HFpEF患者中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯升高(HR=4.0),但對(duì)預(yù)測HFrEF患者發(fā)生急性失代償則沒有價(jià)值。此外,短期(3天內(nèi))明顯的體重增加(5磅,≈2.27 kg)無論對(duì)HFpEF和HFrEF患者均預(yù)示急性失代償心力衰竭的發(fā)生增加,但輕度體重增加(2磅,≈0.91 kg)在HFpEF患者預(yù)示急性失代償心力衰竭發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[36]。Wan等[37]對(duì)ROSE AHF試驗(yàn)的后續(xù)分析表明,低劑量多巴胺(2 μg/kg/min)可以增加HFrEF患者尿量、降低血漿胱抑素-C水平,但對(duì)HFpEF患者則可能有不利影響。由于HFpEF患者缺乏有效改善預(yù)后的治療方法,因此2016年發(fā)表了一些有趣的令人耳目一新的治療方法,包括通過在房間隔放置造口器完成的房間隔造口術(shù)可以改善HFpEF患者運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)下的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)等[38]。

        心力衰竭的藥物治療有了新的進(jìn)展。2016年無論歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(ESC)、美國心臟病學(xué)會(huì)/美國心臟學(xué)會(huì)(ACC/AHA)還是加拿大心臟病學(xué)會(huì)均在心力衰竭的藥物治療中增加了LCZ696和伊伐布雷定作為HFrEF的治療用藥[35,39-40]。Meta分析也顯示,對(duì)于HFrEF患者,應(yīng)用LCZ696可以進(jìn)一步改善患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后[41]。

        心臟再同步化治療(CRT)的適應(yīng)證在2016年有收緊的趨勢。2016年ESC心力衰竭指南認(rèn)為對(duì)于QRS間期<130 ms的心力衰竭,不建議進(jìn)行CRT治療,而此前的建議為QRS間期<120 ms不推薦CRT治療[35]。Sharma等[42]對(duì)6項(xiàng)研究計(jì)1 764例患者所進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,基線下右心室功能不能預(yù)測CRT植入后的反應(yīng)。Asbach等[43]的研究表明,植入CRT時(shí)將右心室電極置于中部室間隔對(duì)心功能改善及心電圖QRS波群寬度并無顯著影響,也不增加室性心律失常及埋藏式心律轉(zhuǎn)變除顫器(ICD)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但似乎可延緩心力衰竭的住院。

        Huang等[44]在218例擴(kuò)張型心肌病終末期心力衰竭患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿BNP水平與預(yù)后呈現(xiàn)U型曲線關(guān)系。在終末期心力衰竭患者,低水平或正常水平的BNP預(yù)示著更加不良的預(yù)后。此外,肺臟超聲在肺淤血的評(píng)價(jià)方面的價(jià)值得到了初步確認(rèn)[35,45]。

        3 冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病

        比伐盧定在冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)術(shù)中抗凝的價(jià)值得到進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)。Shah等[46]對(duì)6項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)計(jì)14 095例患者進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,PCI術(shù)中應(yīng)用比伐盧定抗凝可以使30天全因死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低19%,使心血管死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低34%,但對(duì)心血管不良事件、心肌梗死、靶血管重建等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無顯著影響。比伐盧定使急性支架內(nèi)血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加231%(RR=3.31,95%CI=1.79~6.10),但使主要出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低37% (出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低主要見于經(jīng)非橈動(dòng)脈途徑、使用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑者及使用氯吡格雷者)。Ng等[47]對(duì)REPLACE-2,ACUITY及HORIZONS-AMI等3項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)的匯總分析表明,比伐盧定在女性患者出血降低的獲益較男性更明顯。Fahrni等[48]進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,PCI術(shù)后持續(xù)靜脈輸注比伐盧定(1.75 mg/kg/h)3小時(shí)可以消除比伐盧定相關(guān)的急性支架內(nèi)血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)不增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2016年中國PCI術(shù)指南也推薦比伐盧定的這種用藥方案[49]。

        支架植入術(shù)后雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療(DAPT)的時(shí)程仍然是臨床關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn),多數(shù)學(xué)者主張應(yīng)個(gè)體化[50]。2016年版的中國PCI指南有限度地支持較短時(shí)程的DAPT方案,建議穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者藥物支架(DES)術(shù)后DAPT的時(shí)程為6個(gè)月,高危出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)者甚至可短至1~3個(gè)月;但對(duì)急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(ACS)患者仍堅(jiān)持1年以上的DAPT[49]。2016年ACC/AHA相關(guān)指南對(duì)此也有相似的推薦[51]。中國的I-LOVE-IT 2試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于覆膜可降解的雷帕霉素藥物支架,6個(gè)月的DAPT治療效果不遜于12個(gè)月的DAPT[52]。OPTIDUAL試驗(yàn)表明,對(duì)于植入DES的患者(60%為第2代DES),超過1年的DAPT并不會(huì)有更多的獲益[53]。IVUS-XPL試驗(yàn)也支持6個(gè)月的DAPT[54]。但是,Bittl等[55]對(duì)10項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)共計(jì)31 666例植入第二代DES患者所進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,較短時(shí)間的DAPT(3~12個(gè)月)較較長時(shí)間的DAPT(12~36個(gè)月)使全因死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低17%、主要出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低40%,但使心肌梗死及支架內(nèi)血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加34%及75%。進(jìn)一步風(fēng)險(xiǎn)/效益分析表明,較短的DAPT可減少3個(gè)死亡及5個(gè)出血/1 000人/年,但增加4個(gè)心肌梗死及3個(gè)支架內(nèi)血栓/(1 000人·年)。多項(xiàng)meta分析雖支持6個(gè)月的DAPT作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)療程[56-61],但心肌梗死患者及ACS患者可在延長的DAPT中獲益,接受復(fù)雜PCI手術(shù)、合并糖尿病及外周血管病患者似乎也可從延長的DAPT中獲益[59,62-68]。但如何在臨床選擇延長時(shí)間的抗血小板治療策略呢?Yeh等[69]的研究為臨床提供了一種解決思路,并驗(yàn)證了一套計(jì)分系統(tǒng),如果患者的積分<2分,則不推薦雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物超過1年;如果積分≥2分,則推薦DAPT時(shí)間超過1年。這套計(jì)分系統(tǒng)值得進(jìn)一步研究和驗(yàn)證。

        2016年新版中國PCI指南發(fā)布,其中幾點(diǎn)需要注意:①ACS患者抗血小板治療時(shí),P2Y12受體拮抗劑優(yōu)選替格瑞洛;②對(duì)PCI術(shù)中采用比伐盧定進(jìn)行抗凝的推薦力度加大,并建議以維持量持續(xù)至術(shù)后4小時(shí);③不建議PCI術(shù)前給予負(fù)荷劑量的他汀類藥物;④對(duì)于管徑狹窄<90%的穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者,需要獲得明確的缺血證據(jù)方可進(jìn)行PCI治療;⑤對(duì)無復(fù)流的患者,除冠脈內(nèi)給予鈣通道阻斷劑、硝普鈉、腺苷、硝酸酯類藥物外,還可以冠脈內(nèi)給予替羅非班;⑥對(duì)急性支架內(nèi)血栓的患者,除常規(guī)方法外可進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)溶栓[49]。

        β-受體阻斷劑在冠心病治療中的地位趨于降低。Motivala等[70]對(duì)NCDR注冊(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的研究表明,在接受PCI的老年(≥65歲)穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者,如果沒有心肌梗死病史、沒有心力衰竭或左心室收縮功能減退,長期應(yīng)用β-受體阻斷劑沒有任何心血管獲益。Puymirat等[71]的多中心前瞻性人群研究表明,對(duì)于沒有心力衰竭的心肌梗死患者,雖然早期應(yīng)用β-受體阻斷劑可以減低30天死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn);但1年后停用β-受體阻斷劑并不會(huì)增加遠(yuǎn)期死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2015年版歐洲NSTE-ACS診治指南也認(rèn)為,在現(xiàn)代治療的背景下,長期應(yīng)用β-受體阻斷劑在沒有左心功能減退或心力衰竭的NSTE-ACS患者的獲益缺乏證據(jù);在NSTE-ACS早期,當(dāng)左心功能狀態(tài)不明時(shí)應(yīng)避免使用β-受體阻斷劑[72]。但對(duì)于有心肌梗死病史或心力衰竭者,應(yīng)用β-受體阻斷劑仍可獲益。Hioki等[73]的研究表明,在接受PCI的心肌梗死患者,即使是KillipⅠ級(jí),長期應(yīng)用β-受體阻斷劑可以改善患者的預(yù)后。BETA-AMI試驗(yàn)表明,在接受成功急診PCI的KillipⅠ、Ⅱ級(jí)的STEMI,早期靜脈給予艾司洛爾有助于減輕心肌損傷[74]。

        4 血脂代謝紊亂及治療

        2016年中國發(fā)布了新的血脂治療指南,其中以下幾點(diǎn)需要臨床關(guān)注:①堅(jiān)持血脂目標(biāo)治療導(dǎo)向。對(duì)于高危人群,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)的靶目標(biāo)調(diào)至<1.8 mmol/L(70 mg/dL);對(duì)于不能達(dá)到此目標(biāo)者,LDL-C應(yīng)較基線降低50%以上;LDL-C數(shù)值在目標(biāo)值以內(nèi)者,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步下降30%。②傾向于降低LDL-C采用聯(lián)合治療策略。首先推薦對(duì)國人采用中等強(qiáng)度的他汀類藥物治療,如果不能達(dá)標(biāo)則推薦中等強(qiáng)度的他汀與依折麥布聯(lián)合應(yīng)用[75]。2016年ESC也推出了新的血脂治療指南和心血管病預(yù)防指南。與中國血脂治療指南相比,歐洲血脂治療指南及心血管病預(yù)防指南中針對(duì)血脂治療的指導(dǎo)思想很相似,仍然堅(jiān)持靶目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的治療策略[9,76]。但歐洲血脂治療指南也有些變化:①血脂檢查不再強(qiáng)調(diào)空腹血檢測血脂。②推薦了PCSK9抑制劑作為頑固性高脂血癥的治療藥物。③與中國指南不同的是,歐洲指南認(rèn)為當(dāng)LDL-C介于達(dá)標(biāo)值之上、正常高限之下時(shí),LDL-C降幅至少應(yīng)達(dá)到50%以上。④為了達(dá)標(biāo),歐洲指南建議他汀類藥物應(yīng)使用到最大劑量。⑤對(duì)于2型糖尿病患者,將ApoB納入了治療指標(biāo)[76]。2016年,加拿大也推出了新的血脂治療指南,其特點(diǎn)是全面推薦ApoB作為血脂治療的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),并將達(dá)標(biāo)值確定為<0.8 g/L[77]。

        他汀類藥物非降脂效應(yīng)的臨床意義繼續(xù)受到否定。Billings等[78]的研究表明,在心臟外科手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用高強(qiáng)度阿托伐他汀并不能降低圍手術(shù)期急性腎損傷發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。STICS研究表明,對(duì)于接受冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋手術(shù)(CABG)和(或)主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù)的竇性心律患者,圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用20mg/d的瑞舒伐他汀并不能降低術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及圍手術(shù)期心肌損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),反而使圍手術(shù)期急性腎損傷發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[79]。

        5 心律失常

        新型口服抗凝劑(NOAS)在房顫患者的臨床上應(yīng)用日趨廣泛。2016年歐洲房顫治療指南優(yōu)先推薦NOAC做為房顫抗凝的首選藥物,華法令僅用于不能使用NOAC的情況。此外,新指南不推薦采用抗血小板治療用于體循環(huán)栓塞的預(yù)防。值得提出的是,新指南認(rèn)為,對(duì)于高危卒中患者,即使消融后維持了竇性心律也應(yīng)接受長期的口服抗凝藥物治療[80]。2016年的加拿大房顫治療指南也在非瓣膜病房顫患者優(yōu)先推薦使用NOAC進(jìn)行抗凝治療。加拿大指南的房顫抗凝策略選擇主要基于年齡是否超過65歲及CHADS2計(jì)分值,此點(diǎn)和歐美相關(guān)指南不同[81]。Munoz等[82]對(duì)4項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)計(jì)58 338例房顫患者的meta分析表明,即使在輕-中度腎功能減退的患者,與華法令相比,NOAC仍可進(jìn)一步降低房顫患者體循環(huán)栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并降低主要出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Dahal等[83]對(duì)11項(xiàng)研究的meta分析表明,在非終末期腎臟病的房顫患者,接受華法令抗凝治療可使體循環(huán)栓塞及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降,出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不增加;但對(duì)于終末期腎臟病患者,華法令抗凝治療并不降低體循環(huán)栓塞及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),反而明顯增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)接受抗凝治療的房顫患者的主要擔(dān)憂是出血,目前預(yù)測出血的計(jì)分系統(tǒng)不少,但哪種計(jì)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測出血的價(jià)值更好卻少有研究。Senoo等[84]對(duì)AMADEUS試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行的后續(xù)分析表明,對(duì)于接受華法令抗凝的房顫患者,HASBLED計(jì)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測出血的價(jià)值優(yōu)于ATRIA及ORBIT系統(tǒng)。但即使HAS-BLED計(jì)分系統(tǒng),其總體預(yù)測價(jià)值也并不優(yōu)秀。至于預(yù)測房顫患者卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的效能,Aspberg等[85]對(duì)瑞典房顫患者的人群研究表明ATRIA計(jì)分系統(tǒng)優(yōu)于CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc計(jì)分系統(tǒng)。Ruff等[86]對(duì)ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48試驗(yàn)的后續(xù)分析表明,引入諸如肌鈣蛋白、NT-proBNP、D-二聚體等生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物可顯著增加CHA2DS2-VASc計(jì)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)非瓣膜病房顫患者腦卒中的預(yù)測價(jià)值。

        眾所周知,房顫會(huì)明顯增加腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且一直是房顫治療的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)之一。然而,Odutayo等[87]對(duì)104項(xiàng)人群研究計(jì)9 686 513例房顫患者的meta分析表明,房顫不但使全因死亡及腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,還使心血管死亡、主要心血管不良事件、缺血性心臟病、猝死、心力衰竭、慢性腎臟病及外周血管病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加。值得注意的是,在上述所有終點(diǎn)中,絕對(duì)和相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加最多的是心力衰竭,而腦卒中是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加最低的。包括47個(gè)國家在內(nèi)的大規(guī)模房顫人群(n=15 400)的1年隨訪研究表明,病死率高達(dá)11%(單純房顫者病死率為6%,合并其它疾病者則高達(dá)16%)。在1年隨訪期內(nèi),卒中發(fā)生率僅為4%。與Odutayo等[88]的研究結(jié)果相似,心力衰竭所致死亡高達(dá)30%,而腦卒中所致死亡僅占8%。Violi等[89]所完成的meta分析表明,即使進(jìn)行抗凝治療,房顫患者發(fā)生心肌梗死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍明顯增高,特別是那些合并動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病的患者尤其明顯。以上研究可能影響房顫治療的重點(diǎn)和關(guān)注點(diǎn),提示對(duì)房顫患者不應(yīng)僅重視腦卒中的預(yù)防,更應(yīng)關(guān)注其他心血管終點(diǎn)事件的防控。

        Sapp等[90]對(duì)259例植入ICD后仍有頑固性室性心動(dòng)過速(室速)的缺血性心肌病患者進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)與進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化抗心律失常藥物治療相比,對(duì)室速進(jìn)行射頻消融治療可獲得更好的臨床預(yù)后,但并未降低死亡和ICD正確放電風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Santangeli等[91]對(duì)14項(xiàng)研究所做的meta分析表明,胺碘酮及射頻消融術(shù)均可有效地治療植入ICD患者的復(fù)發(fā)性室速,胺碘酮還可以降低不正確放電的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而,無論胺碘酮還是射頻消融手術(shù)均不能進(jìn)一步降低此類患者的病死率,胺碘酮反而有增加病死率的趨勢。

        北京阜外醫(yī)院團(tuán)隊(duì)采用射頻消融技術(shù)消融左心房迷走神經(jīng)節(jié)叢治療頑固性血管迷走性暈厥取得了較好的效果,值得進(jìn)一步研究[92]。Rivarola等[93]對(duì)1例迷走神經(jīng)介導(dǎo)的嚴(yán)重房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯患者進(jìn)行了心房心內(nèi)膜下迷走神經(jīng)消融并獲得成功。

        Kwok等[94]對(duì)14項(xiàng)觀察性研究計(jì)400 750例受試者所做的meta分析表明,房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯會(huì)使死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加24%,使心力衰竭或心功能不全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加39%,使房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加45%;但一度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯不增加心血管死亡,冠心病或心肌梗死,卒中或TIA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Tanboa等[95]對(duì)合計(jì)40 437例患者所進(jìn)行的meta分析表明,伊伐布雷定可使房顫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加15%以上。

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        The year in cardiology 2016

        Cui Wei,Liu Demin,Geng Xue

        First Department of Cardiology,the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and the Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province,Shijiazhuang 050000,China Corresponding author:Cui Wei,Email:cuiwei21c@163.com

        Many guidelines and a lot of progresses in cardiology have been changed in 2016,especially in hypertension,heart failure,coronary artery disease,lipid lowering,and cardiac arrhythmias.This review focuses on the target of hypertension control,drug treatment of chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease,pleiotropic effects of statins in cardiovascular disease,and device treatment for cardiac arrhythmias.

        hypertension;heart failure;coronary artery disease;lipid;cardiac arrhythmia;diagnosis;treatment; guideline

        R541

        A

        1004-583X(2017)02-0093-09

        10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2017.02.001

        2017-01-13編輯:武峪峰

        崔煒,Email:cuiwei21c@163.com

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