建筑設(shè)計(jì)：彼得·斯蒂納

巴塞爾動物園埃托沙館，巴塞爾，瑞士

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：彼得·斯蒂納

1 埃托沙館的室外園區(qū)/Outdoor compound of House Etosha

2 平面/Floor plan

巴塞爾擁有瑞士最古老、物種最豐富的動物園。由于處在中心位置，它或許是這座城市中最重要的內(nèi)城公園設(shè)施之一。為了盡可能保留這種印象，這座動物園一直為各種動物館及其周邊的圍欄選址犯愁。這座建筑背后還有一個(gè)開創(chuàng)性的概念——它不僅展示了單個(gè)動物種類，還有植物群和動物群在非洲埃托沙熱帶草原上捕食關(guān)系的完整循環(huán)。周邊圍墻其內(nèi)外均為夯土，形成了完整的有機(jī)自然場景，而無需昂貴且人工痕跡明顯的墻壁。

在現(xiàn)場夯筑成的埃托沙館是馬丁·勞奇早期承接的重大項(xiàng)目之一，并優(yōu)美地體現(xiàn)出無加固的夯土建筑的耐久性。70cm厚的墻體具有承重性能，輔以鋼筋混凝土和玻璃構(gòu)造。墻板交錯(cuò)排列形成的開口與夯土技術(shù)完美融合，鋼筋混凝土屋頂則省去了額外的窗楣?！酰ㄉ袝x 譯）

3 外立面/Facade

Basel is home to the oldest and most speciesrich zoo in Switzerland. With its central location, it is probably one of the citys most important inner-city park facilities. In order to sustain this impression as far as possible, the zoo has been at pains for quite some time to locate the animal houses and enclosures on its perimeter. The building also had a groundbreaking concept behind it - it shows not only individual animal species but also the entire cycle of flora and fauna, of eating and being eaten in Africa's Etosha savanna. The settings are framed by rammed earth both within and without, creating a completely organic nature tableau, doing away with the need for expensive and often artificiallooking murals.

Rammed in situ, the House Etosha was one of the first major projects undertaken by Martin Rauch and beautifully demonstrates the longevity of an unstabilized rammed-earth construction. The 70cmthick walls have load-bearing capacities and are complemented by a reinforced-concrete and glass construction. The apertures created by the staggered arrangement of the wall panels are fully compliant with the rammed earth technique, while the reinforced concrete roof makes additional window lintels unnecessary.□

評論

劉珩：巴塞爾動物園埃托沙館中明顯的存在著兩種體系：夯土體系和鋼架玻璃體系。夯土墻與鋼架玻璃的拼接是這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的閃光點(diǎn)。

兩種體系的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)干脆地分離，毫不曖昧，富有清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯，而在空間界定上，以玻璃和金屬構(gòu)件界定的空間邊界有著明顯的模糊性：在這里，建筑內(nèi)與外的界限并不是很清晰，從而讓空間得以延伸。夯土以實(shí)體的形態(tài)體現(xiàn)了內(nèi)向而封閉的性格，玻璃廊道以通透的形體體現(xiàn)出外向而開放的氣質(zhì)。細(xì)細(xì)的金屬邊框與夯土墻干脆地銜接在一起。兩種材質(zhì)統(tǒng)一被薄薄的深色檐口覆蓋?？臻g的虛與實(shí)，傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代在玻璃與夯土墻的轉(zhuǎn)換中呈現(xiàn)，也與動物園的自然“土氣”相得益彰。

李燁：這個(gè)項(xiàng)目從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，仍然是剪力墻和混凝土柱作為豎向構(gòu)件。所謂夯土墻體的承重，是指承受墻體自身的重量。也許，為了避免夯土墻體和混凝土墻體之間的沉降不均，平面布局上削弱了土墻的連續(xù)性，剖面和窗洞細(xì)部連接處也做了脫開處理。從構(gòu)造細(xì)部上看，在夯土墻體底部和現(xiàn)澆混凝土之間有一層夯實(shí)混凝土“Stampfbeton”，很明顯這一層構(gòu)造是防潮防水的設(shè)計(jì)，這個(gè)小心謹(jǐn)慎的細(xì)部貫穿在馬丁的各個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中。有一點(diǎn)和馬丁后期的構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)不同的細(xì)節(jié)：墻體表面不規(guī)則的防腐蝕線，形成水平向錯(cuò)落有藝術(shù)感覺的紋理，這個(gè)在馬丁后期的作品中基本被規(guī)則平整的做法取代。

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architect: 彼得·斯蒂納/Peter Stiner (Basel, Switzerland)

客戶/Client: 巴塞爾動物園/Zoo Basel (Basel, Switzerland)場地管理/Site Manager: August Künzel (Basel, Switzerland)結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Engineer: Ullmann und Partner (Basel, Switzerland)

建筑面積/Floor Area: 420m2

夯土/Rammed Earth: 420m2, 400t

建造周期/Construction Phase: 1998-1999

攝影/Photos: Benedikt Redmann (fig.1,4,6), Bruno Klomfar (fig.3)0cm

4 入口/Entrance

5 平面大樣（窗口連接）及剖面（墻體和屋面的連接）的構(gòu)造細(xì)部/Structural features of floor plan detail (window connection) and facade section (foundation and wall-roof-connection)

Comments

LIU Heng:Rammed-earth walls and steel framed glass joined with each other - this is the highlight of the Etosha House at Zoo Basel. Apparently, there are two systems in the Etosha House at Zoo Basel, i.e. rammed earth system and steel frame glass system. These two systems are clearly detached from each other and the structural logic is crystal. However, the boundary between glass and metal is blurred in defining the edges of spaces: the indefinite boundary of interior and exterior enabled the space to extend. Rammed earth reflects introvert and enclosed characters with its tangible form. Glass gallery reflects extrovert and open character of the building. Slender metal frames and the rammed earth wall formed crispy joins. The two materials are uniformly covered with dark colored cornice. The void and solid spaces, tradition and modernity are expressed in the conversion between glass and rammed earth walls, corresponding to the natural "rustic" temperament of the zoo. (Translated by WANG Xinxin)

LI Ye:In structural terms, the shear walls and concrete columns still function as vertical structural components, and the load of rammed-earth wall refers to the self-load of the walls. Perhaps, aimed to avoid uneven settlement between the rammed earth walls and the concrete walls, the continuity of the rammed earth walls was reduced in the plan layout, and components were disjoined in section and window details. As protection against rising damp and splashing water, there is always a water-proofed layer of concrete in between the rammed earth wall bottom and the foundation; due to design reasons this layer is often made out of rammed concrete "Stampfbeton". In addition, there is a difference from Martin's later design: Irregular erosion lines on the wall surface formulated horizontally staggered artistic pattern, which was replaced by regular and smooth treatment in most of his later designs. (Translated by WANG Xinxin)

House Etosha at Zoo Basel, Basel, Switzerland, 1999

Architect: Peter Stiner

6 園區(qū)內(nèi)的夯土效果/Indoor compound of rammed earth tableau