曹瑩，張亞輝*，閆振廣，王一喆，朱巖，劉征濤

1.環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,北京 100012 2.桂林理工大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,廣西 桂林 541004

?

曹瑩1，張亞輝1*，閆振廣1，王一喆1，朱巖2，劉征濤1

1.環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,北京 100012 2.桂林理工大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,廣西 桂林 541004

環(huán)境中最常見(jiàn)的2種全氟化合物(PFCs)污染物為全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)。綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外推薦的有關(guān)的PFOSPFOA環(huán)境安全閾值，結(jié)合我國(guó)部分流域及典型區(qū)域PFOSPFOA的污染現(xiàn)狀，分析了現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)PFCs生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理面臨的問(wèn)題，提出了制訂我國(guó)PFOSPFOA環(huán)境質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，加強(qiáng)典型區(qū)域2種PFCs的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估，增強(qiáng)其物質(zhì)替代品的監(jiān)控、生態(tài)毒性監(jiān)管，以及替代品的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防控等方面的建議。

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)；全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)；生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；對(duì)策

全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)廣泛應(yīng)用于諸多工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和生活用品中，具有持久性、生物蓄積性、遠(yuǎn)距離遷移等特性，是長(zhǎng)期存在并累積于環(huán)境中的一類(lèi)新型污染物[1]。多項(xiàng)環(huán)境調(diào)查研究顯示，PFCs中最主要的檢出物為全氟辛烷磺酸〔perfluorooctane sulfonate，PFOS，CF3(CF2)7SO3H〕和全氟辛烷羧酸〔perfluorooctanoic acid，PFOA，CF3(CF2)6COOH〕，其廣泛存在于我國(guó)環(huán)境介質(zhì)及生物體和人體中[2-6]，被認(rèn)為是引起全球環(huán)境污染的新型化學(xué)污染物。2009年5月，在日內(nèi)瓦召開(kāi)的第四屆公約締約方大會(huì)上，全氟辛烷磺酸及其鹽類(lèi)和全氟辛烷磺酰氟被正式列入持久性有機(jī)污染物名單附件B中加以限制[7]。歐盟指令也指出：PFOA被懷疑與PFOS有大致相似的危害性，現(xiàn)仍在對(duì)其危險(xiǎn)分析試驗(yàn)、替代品的實(shí)效性、限制措施進(jìn)行評(píng)估，極有可能在未來(lái)被限制[8]。多種高分子PFCs聚合物的一部分和在環(huán)境中的最終轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)物為PFOS及其鹽類(lèi)和PFOA。

1 PFOSPFOA推薦的環(huán)境安全閾值

1.1 PFOS

2004年英國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署采用巴西尼康蝦(Mysidopsisbahia) 35 d的無(wú)可見(jiàn)效應(yīng)濃度(NOEC)，獲得PFOS的PNEC水為25 μgL，用平衡分配法計(jì)算PNEC沉積物為67 mgkg；采用萵苣21 d的NOEC(<3.91 mgL)，獲得PNEC土壤為小于39 μgkg[9]。2010年3M公司采用黑頭呆魚(yú)(Pimephalespromelas)42 d的NOEC(0.3 mgL)獲得PNEC水為30 μgL[10]。日本環(huán)境部利用NOEC最低值(貝類(lèi))得到PNEC水為23 μgL[11]。但國(guó)外推薦的PFOS的PNEC值,對(duì)我國(guó)的本土生物可能產(chǎn)生“欠保護(hù)”或“過(guò)保護(hù)”影響，不利于我國(guó)PFOS的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估；且國(guó)外推導(dǎo)的PNEC水對(duì)我國(guó)的昆蟲(chóng)(如搖蚊幼蟲(chóng)36 d的NOEC<0.002 3 mgL[12]和心斑綠蟌120 d的NOEC=0.01 mgL[10])以及魚(yú)類(lèi)(如日本青鳉14 d的NOEC<0.01 mgL[13])無(wú)保護(hù)性(表1)。張亞輝等[14]采用PFOS對(duì)本土生物物種的生態(tài)毒性數(shù)據(jù)，選擇心斑綠蟌120 d的NOEC(0.01 mgL)，得到PNEC水為1 μgL，同時(shí)通過(guò)平衡分配法計(jì)算得到PNEC沉積物為2.7 mgkg(濕質(zhì)量)。土壤環(huán)境中采用廣泛存在的土壤跳蟲(chóng)(F.candida)28 d的NOEC(0.05 mgkg)推導(dǎo)得到PNEC土壤為1 μgkg。對(duì)比國(guó)內(nèi)外環(huán)境介質(zhì)中的PNEC，我國(guó)的PNEC水能夠保護(hù)本土淡水生物。PNEC沉積物通過(guò)平衡分配法來(lái)計(jì)算，由于國(guó)內(nèi)外推導(dǎo)的PNEC水的不同造成PNEC沉積物的不同。我國(guó)PNEC土壤在推導(dǎo)過(guò)程中未對(duì)毒性數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理，可能導(dǎo)致數(shù)值偏低。

表1 國(guó)內(nèi)外PFOSPFOA的PNEC比較Table 1 PFOSPFOA comparison of PNEC value in China and abroad

表1 國(guó)內(nèi)外PFOSPFOA的PNEC比較Table 1 PFOSPFOA comparison of PNEC value in China and abroad

化合物中國(guó)淡水∕(mg∕L)沉積物∕(mg∕kg)土壤∕(mg∕kg)外國(guó)淡水∕(mg∕L)沉積物∕(mg∕kg)土壤∕(mg∕kg)PFOS0001[14]27[14]0001[14]0025[9]，003[10]67[9]<0039[9]PFOA057[15]206[15]019[15]057[16]，125[17]—016[16]

1.2 PFOA

荷蘭某家咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)[16]發(fā)表的有關(guān)PFOA及其鹽類(lèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估報(bào)告中，考慮了微宇宙研究的穗狀狐尾藻(Myriophyllumspicatum)35 d的EC10為5.7 mgL，得到PNEC水為0.57 mgL；土壤環(huán)境中以蚯蚓幼體繁殖為毒性終點(diǎn)的NOEC為16 mgkg(濕質(zhì)量)，得到PNEC土壤為0.16 mgkg。挪威污染控制局[18]在2008年發(fā)表的有關(guān)全氟化合物對(duì)土壤和生活在土壤中生物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估報(bào)告中，同樣推導(dǎo)出PNEC土壤為0.16 mgkg。Colombo等[17]采用近頭狀偽蹄形藻(Pseudokirchneriellasubcapitata)72 h的NOEC(>12.5 mgL)得出PFOA的PNEC水為1.25 mgL。我國(guó)學(xué)者[15]同樣采用穗狀狐尾藻35 d的EC10(5.7 mgL)推導(dǎo)出PNEC水為0.57 mgL；采用平衡分配法計(jì)算PNEC沉積物為2.06 mgkg；以蚯蚓28 d幼體繁殖率為終點(diǎn)的NOEC為16 mgkg；將土壤數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)土壤數(shù)據(jù)，得到PNEC土壤為0.19 mgkg。

2 PFOSPFOA的環(huán)境生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

Jin等[19]調(diào)查了我國(guó)不同區(qū)域環(huán)境和自來(lái)水樣品中的PFOSPFOA，得出：偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)水中PFOSPFOA平均濃度(最大濃度)分別為0.4(2.4)和0.1(1.3) ngL；而在市區(qū)分別為4.0(14.1)和3.9(30.8) ngL。Yang等[20-21]系統(tǒng)調(diào)查了渾河和長(zhǎng)江的PFOSPFOA的污染狀況。渾河中，PFOS濃度的中位數(shù)為4.9 ngL，而PFOA低于定量限(0.1 ngL)；長(zhǎng)江呈中度污染，PFOSPFOA平均濃度分別為4.2和5.4 ngL，存在的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較??；太湖水體中PFOA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商小于1，因此太湖水體中的PFOA短期內(nèi)對(duì)水生生物幾乎沒(méi)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，概率法的評(píng)價(jià)也顯示太湖水體中的PFOA短期內(nèi)對(duì)水生生物幾乎沒(méi)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。氟化學(xué)工業(yè)園附近水和土壤中的PFOA在短期內(nèi)對(duì)水生生物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也很低[22-23]，但與太湖的結(jié)果相比，該氟工業(yè)園區(qū)的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)已在某種程度上對(duì)附近的水體產(chǎn)生了影響。

英國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署[8]預(yù)測(cè)了靠近PFOS污染源的背景地區(qū)(偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū))和下游河流水體中PFOS的濃度，污染源包括鍍鉻、攝影、航空、消防泡沫生產(chǎn)、光刻、織物、紙張?zhí)幚砗屯苛瞎I(yè)等(高度污染區(qū)域)，利用基于7個(gè)場(chǎng)景下代表PFOS有關(guān)化合物降解的歐盟物質(zhì)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)(EUSES)，計(jì)算出由消防泡沫生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致污染的河流中水生生物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商是4，所有背景地區(qū)的比值均低于0.004；同時(shí)該機(jī)構(gòu)也利用PNEC評(píng)估了高營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)中生物的二次毒性，結(jié)果表明，包括背景區(qū)域和高污染區(qū)域在內(nèi)的所有區(qū)域中淡水食物鏈的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商都超過(guò)10。英國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署得出的結(jié)論是需要對(duì)PFOS的二次毒性給予更大的關(guān)注。OSPAR委員會(huì)[24]推導(dǎo)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估，尤其是對(duì)海洋生物，以類(lèi)似的方式得出了類(lèi)似的結(jié)論。加拿大環(huán)境部門(mén)利用環(huán)境中暴露水平(EEV)和無(wú)效應(yīng)水平比例(ENEV)評(píng)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，通過(guò)北極地區(qū)頂級(jí)捕食者(南哈森北極熊)肝臟中的最大暴露濃度(3 770 μgkg)和ENEV(408 μgkg)得到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商為9.2，得出PFOS的最大潛在危險(xiǎn)存在于較高營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)的哺乳動(dòng)物中。

國(guó)外的研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明，PFOS在水環(huán)境背景區(qū)域的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小，但是需要考慮PFOS通過(guò)食物鏈生物富集對(duì)較高營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Rostkowski等[25]考慮到生物蓄積效應(yīng)，建議水中PFOS的PNEC為50 ngL。但水體中超過(guò)該值的并不少見(jiàn)，如有關(guān)歐盟河流大區(qū)調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示90%歐盟河流的PFOS濃度都在73 ngL以下，其平均濃度在39 ngL。盡管現(xiàn)有的信息有限，PFOA所帶來(lái)的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(高暴露在特殊情況除外)是最小的，因?yàn)镻FOA的PNEC要比PFOS的高出1個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)，并且PFOA在環(huán)境中的水平與PFOS相當(dāng)。在我國(guó)，PFOSPFOA在水環(huán)境中的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小，但需要關(guān)注典型區(qū)域(如氟工業(yè)園區(qū))的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。同時(shí)張亞輝等[26]對(duì)PFOS在太湖水生食物鏈中9種魚(yú)和白鷺產(chǎn)生的次生毒性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，9種魚(yú)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商均未超過(guò)0.5，捕食鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)白鷺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商(0.52)最高，說(shuō)明PFOS對(duì)太湖水生食物鏈的次生毒性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。

3 PFOSPFOA的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制對(duì)策

(3)缺乏對(duì)全氟化合物替代品的生態(tài)毒性研究。由于PFOSPFOA會(huì)給生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康帶來(lái)極大危害，許多國(guó)家和組織已相繼出臺(tái)了各項(xiàng)法規(guī)和禁令限制其生產(chǎn)和使用[42-44]，并在加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管的同時(shí)，大力推進(jìn)替代品的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)，而對(duì)新型PFOSPFOA替代品的環(huán)境安全評(píng)價(jià)也已刻不容緩。目前，PFOSPFOA的替代品成本較高，且產(chǎn)品性能尚不能滿足替代要求，替代品的環(huán)境安全尚待進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。國(guó)內(nèi)一些學(xué)者對(duì)4種PFOS替代品〔包括50%的全氟丁基有機(jī)銨鹽陽(yáng)離子表面活性劑、用調(diào)聚法合成的織物三防整理劑(含固率23.7%)、用電解氟化法合成的C4及C6織物三防整理劑〕對(duì)我國(guó)本土水生生物(黑斑蛙胚胎、蝌蚪)和土壤生物(蜜蜂、家蠶、中華白羽鵪鶉、土壤跳蟲(chóng))的生態(tài)毒性進(jìn)行了初步研究[34-36,45]，結(jié)果表明：4種PFOS替代品對(duì)生物種的急性毒性都表現(xiàn)為低毒或無(wú)明顯毒性；但是對(duì)于慢性毒性，織物三防整理劑對(duì)中華白羽鵪鶉的生殖毒性表現(xiàn)為胚胎死亡率及未受精率升高，對(duì)土壤跳蟲(chóng)的慢性毒性也大于PFOS。因此，針對(duì)PFOSPFOA替代品的環(huán)境安全評(píng)估，需要獲得替代品對(duì)環(huán)境生物的慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)。

3.2 全氟化合物的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制對(duì)策

全氟化合物的排放是生態(tài)環(huán)境污染的首要原因。由于一些國(guó)家將PFOSPFOA生產(chǎn)和產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)向我國(guó)，導(dǎo)致面臨污染轉(zhuǎn)移的壓力。針對(duì)目前我國(guó)典型全氟化合物的污染現(xiàn)狀，結(jié)合我國(guó)環(huán)境中PFOSPFOA的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估，提出了我國(guó)典型全氟化合物的管理控制對(duì)策。

4 結(jié)論

[1] 郭睿,蔡亞岐,江桂斌,等.全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)的污染現(xiàn)狀與研究趨勢(shì)[J].化學(xué)進(jìn)展,2006,18(6):808-813. GUO R,CAI Y Q,JIANG G B,et al.Current research of perfluorooctane sulfonate[J].Progress in Chemistry,2006,18(6):808-813.

[2] 潘媛媛,史亞利,王杰明,等.北京市污水處理廠中全氟化合物的污染水平[J].中國(guó)科學(xué):化學(xué),2011,41(6):1095.

[3] 金一和,劉曉,秦紅梅,等.我國(guó)部分地區(qū)自來(lái)水和不同水體中的PFOS污染[J].中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué),2004,24(2):166-169. JIN Y H,LIU X,QIN H M,et al.The status quo of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) pollution in tap water and different waters in partial areas of China[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(2):166-169.

[4] 吳澄,李子卉,程金平,等.水體及人體中全氟辛烷磺酸基化合物的污染及其影響因素[J].環(huán)境與健康雜志,2009,26(2):180-182. WU C,LI Z H,CHENG J P,et al.Research progress on water perfluorooctanesulfonate pollution,human body burden and influencing factors[J].Journal Environmental Health,2009,26(2):180-182.

[5] 楊永亮,路國(guó)慧,楊偉賢,等.沈陽(yáng)地區(qū)水環(huán)境和生物樣品中全氟化合物的污染分布特征[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2010,30(10):2097-2107. YANG Y L,LU G H,YANG W X,et al.Levels and distribution of perfluorinated compounds in water and biological samples from the Shenyang area,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(10):2097-2107.

[6] SO M K,YAMASHITA N,TANIYASU S,et al.Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan,China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(9):2924-2929.

[7] 王亞韡,江桂斌.斯德哥爾摩公約新增持久性有機(jī)污染物的一些研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)科學(xué):化學(xué),2010,40(2):99-123.

[8] 陳榮圻.PFOS和PFOA替代品取向新進(jìn)展[J].印染助劑,2012,29(12):1-10. CHEN R Q.Development and trend of substitutes to PFOS and PFOA[J].Textile Auxiliaries,2012,29(12):1-10.

[9] BROOKE D,FOOTITT A,NWAOGU T A,et al.Environmental risk evaluation report:perfluorooctane sulphonate(PFOS)[R].London:UK Environment Agency,2004.

[10] THOMAS G,MARIE B,NICHOLAS G,et al.Technical review and reassessment of the UK environmental risk evaluation report for perfluorooctanesulfonate(PFOS)[R].Minnesota:3M Company,2010.

[11] ZUSHI Y,HOGARH J N,MASUNAGA S. Progress and perspective of perfluorinated compound risk assessment and management in various countries and institutes[J].Clean Technologiesand Environmental Policy,2012,14(1):9-20.

[12] BOTS J, BRUYN L D,SNIJKERS T,et al.Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS) adversely affects the life-cycle of the damselfly enallagma cyathigerum[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(3):901-905.

[13] JI K,KIM Y,OH S,et al.Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid on freshwater macroinvertebrates(daphniamagnaandmoinamacrocopa)and fish(oryziaslatipes)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2008,27(10):2159-2168.

[14] 張亞輝,曹瑩,周騰耀,等.我國(guó)環(huán)境中PFOS的預(yù)測(cè)無(wú)效應(yīng)濃度[J].中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué),2013,33(9):1392-1398. ZHANG Y H,CAO Y,ZHOU T Y,et al.Predicted non-effect concentrations for PFOS of environment in China[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(9):1392-1398.

[15] 曹瑩,周騰耀,劉秀華,等.我國(guó)環(huán)境中PFOA的預(yù)測(cè)無(wú)效應(yīng)濃度推導(dǎo)[J].環(huán)境化學(xué),2013,32(7):1180-1187. CAO Y,ZHOU T Y,LIU X H,et al.Predicted non-effect concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) in the environment of China[J].Enivironmental Chemistry,2013,32(7):1180-1187.

[16] van der PUTTE I, MURIN M, van VELTHOVEN M,et al.Analysis of the risks arising from the industrial use of perfuorooctanoic acid(PFOA)and ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) and from their use in consumer articles[R].Delft:RPS Advies,2010.

[17] COLOMBO I,WOLF W D,THOMPSON R S,et al.Acute and chronic aquatic toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate(APFO) to freshwater organisms[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2008,71(3):749-756.

[18] Norwegian Pollution Control Authority.Screening of polyfluorinated organic compounds at four fire training facilities in norway[R].Oslo:Norwegian Pollution Control Authority,2008.

[19] JIN Y H,LIU W,SATO I,et al.PFOS and PFOA in environmental and tap water in China[J].Chemosphere,2009,77(5):605-611.

[20] YANG L P,ZHU L Y,LIU Z T,et al.Occurrence and partition of perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from Liao River and Taihu Lake,China[J].Chemosphere,2011,83(6):806-814.

[21] ZHAO L X,ZHU L Y,YANG L P,et al.Distribution and desorption of perfluorinated compounds in fractionated sediments[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(11):1390-1397.

[22] SHAN G Q,WEI M C,LIU Z T,et al.Concentration profiles and spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances in an industrial center with condensed fluorochemical facilities[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,490:351-359.

[23] 魏明翠,鐘文玨,趙麗霞.南方某氟化學(xué)工業(yè)園周?chē)h(huán)境中全氟化合物的分布研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,33(7):1989-1995. WEI M C,ZHONG W J,ZHAO L X.Distribution and profile of perfluorinated compounds in the environment around a fluorine chemistryindustrial park in South China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(7):1989-1995.

[24] OSPAR Commission.Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS):hazardous substances series[R].[2016-04-13].http:www.ospar.orgdocumentsdbasepublicationsP00269_BD%20on%20PFOS%20_2006%20version_.pdf.2006.

[25] ROSTKOWSKI P,YAMASHITA N,SO I M K,et al.Perfluorinated compounds in streams of the Shihwa industrial zone and Lake Shihwa,South Korea[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2006,25(9):2374-2380.

[26] 張亞輝,曹瑩,覃璐玫,等.PFOS對(duì)太湖水體中典型魚(yú)和食魚(yú)鳥(niǎo)的次生毒性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2014,34(10):2718-2723. ZHANG Y H,CAO Y,QIN L M,et al.Secondary poisoning risk of PFOS for typical fish and fish-eating bird in Taihu Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(10):2718-2723.

[27] US EPA.Revised draft hazard assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts[R].Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency.Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Risk Assessment Division,2002.

[28] US EPA.Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts[R].Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency.Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Risk Assessment Division,2005.

[29] GIESY J P,NAILE J E,KHIM J S,et al.Aquatic toxicology of perfluorinated chemicals[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,2010,202:1-52.

[30] HOKE R A,BOUCHELLE L D,FERRELL B D,et al.Comparative acute freshwater hazard assessment and preliminary PNEC development for eight fluorinated acids[J].Chemosphere,2012,87(7):725-733.

[31] JEFFREY B.Surface water quality criterion for perfluorooctanoic acid[R].Minnesota:Minnesota Pollution Control Agency,2007.

[32] Environment Canada,Health Canada.Screening assessment report:perfluorooctanoic acid,its salts,and its precursors[R].Ottawa:Environment Canada,Health Canada,2012.

[33] CCME.Canadian environmental quality guidelines[R].Winnipeg:Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,1999.

[34] 任東凱,蘇紅巧,劉芃巖,等.全氟烷基磺酸鹽(PFOS)及其替代品對(duì)兩棲類(lèi)胚胎的發(fā)育毒性[J].生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2012,7(5):561-564. REN D K,SU H Q,LIU P Y,et al.Developmental toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its substitutes to amphibian embryos[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2012,7(5):561-564.

[35] 王賀威,馬勝偉,張喆,等.全氟辛烷磺酸鹽(PFOS)脅迫對(duì)翡翠貽貝抗氧化酶的影響[J].生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2012,7(5):508-516. WANG H W,MA S W,ZHANG Z,et al.Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) exposure on antioxidant enzymes ofPernaviridis[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2012,7(5):508-516.

[36] 蘇紅巧,任東凱,曹閃,等.全氟辛烷磺酸鹽(PFOS)及替代品對(duì)兩棲類(lèi)蝌蚪的急性毒性[J].生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2012,7(5):521-524. SU H Q,REN D K,CAO S,et al.Acute toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) and its substitutes toAmphibiantadpoles[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2012,7(5):521-524.

[37] 徐冬梅,李嬋丹,王艷花.全氟辛酸(PFOA)對(duì)蚯蚓的毒性作用[J].生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2012,7(5):532-536. XU D M,LI C D,WANG Y H.Toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid to earthworms(Eiseniafoetida)[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2012,7(5):532-536.

[38] 徐冬梅,文岳中,李立,等.PFOS對(duì)蚯蚓急性毒性和回避行為的影響[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2011,22(1):215-220. XU D M,WEN Y Z,LI L,et al.Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on acute lethality and avoidance behavior of earthworm[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(1):215-220.

[39] 林加華,祝凌燕.全氟辛酸的污染狀況及環(huán)境行為研究進(jìn)展[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2008,19(5):1149-1157. LIN J H,ZHU L Y.Pollution trend and environmental behavior of perfluorooctanoic acid:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(5):1149-1157.

[40] 楊莉莉,金芬,李敏潔,等.食品和食品包裝材料中全氟化合物(PFCS)的研究進(jìn)展[J].食品工業(yè)科技,2014,35(8):367-372. YANG L L,JIN F,LI M J,et al.Research progress in advance of perfluorochemicals in food[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2014,35(8):367-372.

[41] 梅勝放.我國(guó)PFOSPFOA的生產(chǎn),應(yīng)用以及國(guó)內(nèi)外標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)狀[J].有機(jī)氟工業(yè),2008(1):21-25.

[42] UNECE.Overview of existing information on PFOS production, use, emissions and pathways to the environment and costbenefits with alternativessubstitutes[EBOL].(2006-01-25).http:www.unece.orgfileadminDAMenvlrtapTaskForcepopsxg2006Overview%20of%20existing%20information%20on%20PFOS%20emissions%20and%20pat.pdf.

[43] US EPA.Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates,significant new use rule,final and supplemental proposed rule:Federal register 67[EBOL].(2002-03-11).http:www.Epa.Govfedrgstrepa-tox2002marchday-11t5747.Pdf.

[45] 張軒,張偲,王光鵬,等.全氟辛烷磺酸鹽(PFOS)對(duì)土壤跳蟲(chóng)的生態(tài)毒性[J].生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2012,7(5):525-529. ZHANG X,ZHANG C,WANG G P,et al.Ecotoxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to springtails in soils[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2012,7(5):525-529. ○

Ecological risks and control measures of typical perfluorinated compounds PFOSPFOA

CAO Ying1, ZHANG Yahui1, YAN Zhenguang1, WANG Yizhe1, ZHU Yan2, LIU Zhengtao1

1.State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012, China 2.College of environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of TechnoLogy, Guilin 541004, China

The two most common PFCs pollutants found in nature were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane acid (PFOA). The recommendations of environmental safety thresholds of PFOS and PFOA were reviewed at home and abroad. Based on the pollution status of PFOS and PFOA in some basins and typical areas in China, the problems of the ecological risk management of PFCs in China were analyzed. Some suggestions were proposed, including formulating the PFOS and PFOA environmental quality criteriastandards, strengthening the ecological risk assessment of typical regional PFCs, and enhancing the material substitutes monitoring, ecological toxicity supervision and substitutes risk prevention and control, etc.

PFOS; PFOA; ecological risk; control measures

2016-05-17

國(guó)家水體污染控制與治理科技重大專項(xiàng)(2012ZX07501003)；國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(21407139)；科技基礎(chǔ)性工作專項(xiàng)(2014FY120600)

曹瑩(1983—)，女，工程師，碩士，主要從事環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估研究，caoyingyeah@sina.com

*責(zé)任作者:張亞輝(1979—)，女，副研究員，博士，主要從事污染物的生態(tài)毒理及毒性評(píng)估與預(yù)測(cè)研究，zhangyahui@craes.org.cn

X826

1674-991X(2017)01-0096-06

10.3969j.issn.1674-991X.2017.01.014

曹瑩，張亞輝，閆振廣,等.典型全氟化合物PFOSPFOA的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及控制對(duì)策[J].環(huán)境工程技術(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2017,7(1):96-101.

CAO Y, ZHANG Y H, YAN Z G, et al.Ecological risks and control measures of typical perfluorinated compounds PFOSPFOA[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2017,7(1):96-101.