建筑設(shè)計(jì)：赫爾佐格與德梅隆事務(wù)所

利口樂(lè)草藥中心，勞芬，瑞士

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：赫爾佐格與德梅隆事務(wù)所

1 草藥中心坐落在農(nóng)業(yè)園中/The Kr?uterzentrum is situated in a agricultural area

2 總平面/Site plan

建筑和景觀

新的草藥中心，像是一塊奇特的砂礫，處在裝點(diǎn)著傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)建筑的田野中。它狹長(zhǎng)的形式呼應(yīng)著田間小徑和籬笆，這樣的景觀是該區(qū)域長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)最顯著的特征。建筑的長(zhǎng)度也反映了草藥加工過(guò)程的多個(gè)步驟：從烘干、切割、攪拌到儲(chǔ)藏。這座新的加工廠讓利口樂(lè)公司得以將這些重要步驟納入公司內(nèi)部的生產(chǎn)線。

作為景觀的建筑

草藥中心基本都是用當(dāng)?shù)赝寥澜ㄔ斓?；它就像是景觀的幾何化片段，而激進(jìn)的材料選擇又強(qiáng)化了它的尺度和古樸效果。草藥和土壤定義了這座功能明確、特征鮮明的廠房，追隨著利口樂(lè)公司其他建筑的腳步：1987年的全自動(dòng)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)建筑；1993年位于米盧斯-布倫斯塔特的生產(chǎn)及裝配建筑，采用絲網(wǎng)印刷立面；1999年位于勞芬的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷總部，采用了玻璃幕墻。這些建筑不僅凝聚著利口樂(lè)公司獨(dú)特的企業(yè)哲學(xué)和對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的投入，而且都對(duì)所在場(chǎng)所做出了杰出的貢獻(xiàn)。

建筑立面上的貨物入口和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)部分都是整體性的，夯土墻在室內(nèi)也可以看到。預(yù)制夯土構(gòu)件是在附近的工廠用當(dāng)?shù)夭墒瘓?chǎng)及礦山中開(kāi)采的原料制作的。當(dāng)?shù)亻_(kāi)采的粘土、泥灰和其他材料混合在一起，夯實(shí)成砌塊，然后再堆疊形成墻壁。由于土壤的可塑性，我們可以將縫隙重新潤(rùn)飾，使建筑獲得統(tǒng)一而整體的形象。為了防止風(fēng)雨的腐蝕，我們將一種由火山灰和石灰混合而成的火山土以1:8的比例調(diào)配入預(yù)制夯土構(gòu)件。大幅圓形窗戶為室內(nèi)帶來(lái)充足采光。立面是自承重的，與室內(nèi)的承重混凝土框架相連。

能源和可持續(xù)性

能源和可持續(xù)性并不是簡(jiǎn)單的技術(shù)輔助而已，它們是建筑形式和項(xiàng)目核心特征的一部分。土壤作為一種可調(diào)節(jié)濕度的材料，對(duì)于能源使用和整體氣候控制有著積極、可持續(xù)性的影響。屋頂上的光電板以及對(duì)附近生產(chǎn)車間冗余熱量的使用，也能夠改進(jìn)草藥中心的生態(tài)平衡?！酰S華青 譯）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 赫爾佐格與德梅隆事務(wù)所/Herzog & de Meuron (Basel, Switzerland)

合伙人/Partners: Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Stefan Marbach (責(zé)任合伙人/Partner in Charge)

客戶/Client: 利口樂(lè)股份有限公司/Ricola AG (Laufen, Switzerland)

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: Michael Fischer (項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人/Project Director), Nina Renner (項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理/Project Manager), Zdeněk Chmel, Wolfgang Hardt, Harald Schmidt, Hendrik Steinigeweg, Luca Ugolini, Freya Winkelmann

夯土團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project team rammed earth: Martin Rauch (項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人/Project Director), Thomas Honermann (項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理/Project Manager), Hanno Burtscher (場(chǎng)地管理/Site Manager)

結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Engineer: Schnetzer Puskas (Basel, Switzerland)

建筑面積/Floor Area: 4800m2

夯土/Rammed Earth: 3060m2, 2935t

建造周期/Construction Phase: 2012-2014

攝影/Photos: Benedikt Redmann (fig.1,3,6), Markus Bühler-Rasom (fig.8-11,14)線圖/Plans: Herzog & de Meuron(Basel,Switzerland)

3 外景/Exterior view

4 平面/Floor plan

5 剖面/Section

6 每個(gè)立面均設(shè)有一個(gè)直徑5.5m的圓形窗/Each facade has only one rounded window with a diameter of 5.5m

Architecture and Landscape

The new Kr?uterzentrum (Herb Center) is situated like an erratic block in the midst of a landscape dotted with conventional industrial buildings. Its elongated shape echoes the pathways and the hedges that have long been a distinctive feature of this area. The length of the building also reflects the steps involved in the industrial processing of herbs, from drying and cutting to blending and storing. The new processing plant enables Ricola to integrate these important steps into the company's own in-house production.

Architecture as Landscape

The Kr?uterzentrum is built largely out of locally sourced earth; it is like a geometrical segment of landscape with its dimensions and archaic effect heightened by the radical choice of material. Herbs and earth define the purpose-built, distinctive character of the center, following in the footsteps of Ricola's other buildings: the fully automated storage building of 1987, the packaging and distribution building of 1993 in Mulhouse-Brunstatt with its screen-print fa?ade, and the glazed marketing headquarters of 1999 in Laufen. These buildings not only embody Ricola's exceptional philosophy and commitment to the environment, they each make a striking contribution to their locations.

The delivery entrance and warehouse sections of the herb center's fa?ade are monolithic, with the loam walls visible in the interior as well. The prefabricated earth elements are manufactured in a nearby factory out of ingredients extracted from local quarries and mines. Clay, marl and material excavated on site are mixed and compacted in a formwork and then layered in blocks to build the walls. Thanks to the plasticity of the loam, the seams can be retouched, giving the overall structure a homogeneous appearance. To arrest erosion caused by wind and rain, a trass mortar achieved by mixing volcanic tuff (trass) with lime is compacted every 8 layers of earth directly in the formwork. Large round windows illuminate the rooms. The fa?ade is self-supporting and simply linked to the concrete loadbearing structure of the interior.

Energy and Sustainability

Energy and sustainability are not simply treated as technical auxiliaries; they are built into the architecture and essential features of the project as a whole. Earth as a material that regulates humidity has a positive, sustainable effect on the use of energy and overall climate control. Photovoltaic modules on the roof and the use of waste heat from the production center nearby also contribute to improving the ecological balance of the Kr?uterzentrum.□

8 預(yù)制構(gòu)件的生產(chǎn)線示意/Production line of the prefabricated rammed earth elements

9 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝/Installation on site

10.11 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝/Installation on site

12 窗口剖面/Section of window

13 構(gòu)造細(xì)部/Structural features

評(píng)論

穆鈞：手工化作業(yè)具有的高人力投入和精確性局限，是常規(guī)夯土技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化應(yīng)用所面臨的核心挑戰(zhàn)。在此背景下，馬丁·勞奇開(kāi)創(chuàng)性地將傳統(tǒng)夯土工藝引入現(xiàn)代預(yù)制墻體施工體系。在基地附近的臨時(shí)工廠內(nèi)，利用自行研發(fā)的自動(dòng)化機(jī)具系統(tǒng)，可一次性高速且高質(zhì)地夯筑近80m的夯土墻體，并根據(jù)在建筑中不同的位置需要，預(yù)埋構(gòu)造并切割成相應(yīng)長(zhǎng)度和連接倒角的夯土單元。經(jīng)過(guò)至少4 - 6周的陰干后，夯土單元即可運(yùn)至施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，如其他類型的預(yù)制墻體一樣，可自如地進(jìn)行吊裝砌筑，并與主體框架結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行連接。利口樂(lè)草藥中心所采用的預(yù)制化夯土技術(shù)，有效地規(guī)避了傳統(tǒng)夯土在干燥收縮、施工效率、工藝精度等方面的相對(duì)不足，更從根本上顛覆了人們對(duì)于夯土應(yīng)用局限性的傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)知。

李燁：這個(gè)項(xiàng)目具有里程碑式的意義。以這個(gè)項(xiàng)目為契機(jī)馬丁設(shè)計(jì)了可以半自動(dòng)配料夯筑的夯土機(jī)器人，幾千年的夯土工藝從傳統(tǒng)的人工夯土從此進(jìn)入到半機(jī)械化時(shí)代。

整個(gè)建筑是混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)，夯土在這里作為脫離結(jié)構(gòu)框架并且自承重的表皮出現(xiàn)。為了節(jié)省高昂的人工費(fèi)用和減少運(yùn)輸污染，馬丁在項(xiàng)目地周邊建了夯土工廠，利用機(jī)器人預(yù)制夯土模塊，并設(shè)計(jì)了一體化的生產(chǎn)流程。最終夯土建筑呈現(xiàn)出令人贊嘆的效果，使一個(gè)巨大的建筑物在廣闊的田野中毫不突兀，安靜自然的與環(huán)境融為一體。

14 內(nèi)景/Interior view

Comments

MU Jun:Manual construction, due to its high input of human labor and low precision, is a critical challenge for industrialized application of conventional rammed-earth technology. In this regard, Martin Rauch ingeniously introduced traditional rammed-earth technique into the modern prefabricated wall construction system. In a temporary factory near the site, self-developed automated machine system can quickly build up high quality rammed-earth walls up to 80m in a single process. In addition, depending on the requirements of different locations of the building, tectonic elements can be embedded, and rammed-earth units can be cut into required lengths and connection chamfering. After at least 4-6 weeks of shaded drying, rammed-earth units will be shipped to the construction site, and, just like any other prefabricated walls, can be freely hoisted and laid up, then connected to the main structural framework. The prefabricated rammed-earth technology used in Ricola Kr?uterzentrum has effectively avoided the shortcomings of traditional rammed earth with regard to drying and shrinkage, construction efficiency, and technique precision, which has fundamentally changed the conventional understanding of the application constraints of rammed earth. (Translated by SHANG Jin)

LI Ye:This project is a milestone of its kind. Taking this project as an opportunity, Martin designed a robot to automatically distribute the earth compound and semi-mechanically compact it. Thus rammed-earth techniques of traditional manual work for thousands of years have been replaced mostly by machines.

The structure of the building is concrete-frame. Rammed earth plays a role as self-supporting skin that is almost independent from the frames, just connected with some friction-fit brackets. In order to save expensive costs and reduce polluting transportation, Martin built a factory for rammed earth close to the project site. He used robotic production line to make pre-fabricated rammed earth modules, and also designed an integrated procedure including transportation and on-site assembly. The finished building had a very amazing effect - the massive construction appeared not in the least abrupt, but peacefully merged into the nature and the environment. (Translated by WANG Xinxin)

Ricola Kr?uterzentrum (Herb Center), Laufen, Switzerland, 2014

Architects: Herzog & de Meuron